口譯基本策略研究PPT通用課件

1、口譯基本策略研究華中科技大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 許明武1內(nèi)容1. 口譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2. 影響口譯的因素3. 口譯基本策略4. 口譯技能自主練習(xí)22006-2011期間相關(guān)期刊發(fā)表口譯論文統(tǒng)計(jì)期刊名論文數(shù)中國翻譯80中國科技翻譯27上海翻譯20外語教學(xué)與研究6各外國語大學(xué)/學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)47合計(jì)1803論文涉及主題口譯教學(xué)（ “萬方數(shù)據(jù)資源系統(tǒng)” “中國知網(wǎng)” 774（2012.3）口譯策略與技巧口譯理論跨學(xué)科研究譯員主體性研究西方介紹書評(píng)41. 口譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)李越然（1983）提出“準(zhǔn)、順、快”；鐘偉合（1998）歸納為 “忠實(shí)、及時(shí)”；王學(xué)文（2001）則倡導(dǎo)“信、達(dá)、速”；王大偉（ 2000）現(xiàn)場(chǎng)口譯與筆譯不同，由于

2、時(shí)間壓力，我們不應(yīng)以筆譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來衡量口譯工作。即口譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要低于筆譯。 52. 影響口譯的因素Interpreters aptitudePsychological behavior of interpreterInterpreters experienceBefore-hand preparationsQuality of the speechScope of knowledge63. 口譯基本策略林超倫（2004）針對(duì)“沒聽懂”提出“別停下、別露餡、別著急、別太久”和 “問、扔、補(bǔ)”三步法；胡庚申（1993）提出口譯中小息的八大策略：“合理分配注意力、控制表達(dá)節(jié)奏、利用腦外記憶、變通表達(dá)方法

3、、插入間歇語、善用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)條件、臨時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移注意力、緩和緊張氣氛” ；王大偉（2000）指出“在筆譯中人們往往要?jiǎng)h除一些可有可無的詞，避免不必要的重復(fù)，以求文字精煉。但在口譯中，即使是一流的譯員也往往會(huì)重復(fù)用字?！?73.1 思考時(shí)間的延宕Brown & Yule(1983)話語中的短停頓為0-0.5秒，長(zhǎng)停頓為1-2秒，超長(zhǎng)停頓為2-3秒的時(shí)間范圍。林超倫（2004）認(rèn)為在實(shí)戰(zhàn)口譯中，停頓1秒好像是喘氣，很自然，超過了就有點(diǎn)長(zhǎng)，如果超過2秒鐘，會(huì)讓聽眾為譯員擔(dān)心。瓊赫伯特（1984）認(rèn)為，譯員在口譯時(shí)如果停頓時(shí)間太長(zhǎng)，會(huì)給人一種別扭的感覺。譯員可以把剛才的話換種說法重復(fù)一遍，措辭修改一下再說一遍，還

4、可以用小品詞填補(bǔ)空隙時(shí)間。許明武（2008）思考時(shí)間的延宕：譯語添補(bǔ)策略、譯語重復(fù)策略、譯語延長(zhǎng)策略。83.1.1 譯語添補(bǔ)策略所謂譯語添補(bǔ)策略是指譯員在將源語轉(zhuǎn)化為目標(biāo)語的過程中添加的的內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容包括小品詞、語用常用語甚至若干連續(xù)語句。如：瓊赫伯特（1984）關(guān)于我剛才所說的；我的意思是說；關(guān)于議程中所討論的這個(gè)問題的范圍；我想就這個(gè)問題談?wù)勎覀€(gè)人的一些看法胡庚申（1992）It goes without saying.; under that circumstances; I would like to say a few words about.; That is one thing

5、. On the other hand.林超倫（2004）這一點(diǎn)；這些；等等；這一點(diǎn)很重要；這方面的問題9例（1） 那么您作為新任總理，您認(rèn)為當(dāng)前最迫切需要解決的問題是什么？最有挑戰(zhàn)性的性的問題是什么？As the new premier of the State Council, what do you think are the most pressing problems at present, and what are the most challenging problems that are to be addressed?例（2）聯(lián)合國是主權(quán)國家的組織，臺(tái)灣是一個(gè)地方，僅僅是中國

6、的一個(gè)部分，它怎么能夠有這個(gè)資格去參加呢？.As we all know, the United Nations is an organization for sovereign states. Taiwan is only a regional economy; its a part of the Chinese territory. How can it be eligible for membership in the United Nations? 103.1.2 譯語重復(fù)策略在口譯中，即使是一流的譯員也往往重復(fù)用字，在便于聽眾理解的同時(shí)爭(zhēng)取更多喘息時(shí)間。所謂的重復(fù)，并不一定僅僅指重復(fù)

7、上文文字，也可以使用相似、相仿內(nèi)容，因此譯員也可選取更加合適的用詞，從而也有利于譯文更加嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、完善。例（3）但是這個(gè)事件非常重要，向全世界發(fā)出一個(gè)信息，就是中國政府不會(huì)為一個(gè)金融企業(yè)還債。But this incident is of great significance, for it has sent a signal, a message to the entire world, that is, the Chinese government will not repay the debts for the financial institution or financial firm.

8、 11例（4）美國在亞洲大力地推行資本的過分流動(dòng)，促成了危機(jī)的發(fā)生。而在危機(jī)發(fā)生以后通過國際金融組織給它貸款。The United States actually played a part for promoting the overflow of capital in Asia. Thats prompting the eruption of the crisis in Asia. And after the eruption of the crisis, the international financial institutions have come out to extend lo

9、ans to these countries. 123.1.3 譯語延長(zhǎng)策略譯語延長(zhǎng)策略將源語中比較短的成份在翻譯中拉長(zhǎng)，從而可以達(dá)到延長(zhǎng)譯員思維時(shí)間，減輕譯員心理壓力的目的。例（5）中國加強(qiáng)宏觀調(diào)控政策是在1993年。It was in the year 1993 that China stepped up its policy of macro-regulation and control.例（6）是不是雙方的關(guān)系有什么問題呢？還有中葡聯(lián)合聯(lián)絡(luò)小組討論澳門的過渡期問題方面，像終審權(quán)、交換儀式，還有駐軍方面，有關(guān)駐軍會(huì)會(huì)不像香港那樣會(huì)有先遣部隊(duì)到澳門嗎？謝謝。.Does that show

10、that there is any problem in the bilateral relation? And my second question: The joint liaison group.133.2 思考內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)化 在翻譯的過程中譯員難免會(huì)聽不清、聽不懂、聽懂卻不知怎樣翻譯或者發(fā)現(xiàn)翻譯譯文有誤等情況。這時(shí)譯員可以將思考內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)化。譯員在口譯過程中應(yīng)對(duì)自己翻譯起來困難或無法翻譯的內(nèi)容時(shí)采取的一系列策略。如：詢問策略、變通策略、糾錯(cuò)策略。143.2.1 詢問策略譯員會(huì)遇到濃重的口音、語言中存在著錯(cuò)誤、或者專業(yè)性學(xué)術(shù)性比較強(qiáng)的內(nèi)容。這時(shí)譯員可以采用詢問策略，減輕大腦思維壓力。1997年11

11、月1日江澤民主席在哈佛大學(xué)演講時(shí)，引用了莊子一句體現(xiàn)古代樸素極限理論的名言：“一尺之棰，日取其半，萬世不竭”，譯員當(dāng)時(shí)不解其意，只得請(qǐng)江主席作了進(jìn)一步解釋后才使口譯活動(dòng)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。例（7）我是日本經(jīng)濟(jì)新聞的記者，請(qǐng)問朱總理，對(duì)中國來說，現(xiàn)在最重要的是防范亞洲金融危機(jī)的影響，比如說開放金融市場(chǎng)，人民幣兌換實(shí)現(xiàn)完全自由化，怎么兌現(xiàn)？在兩千以前，有沒有可能完成？謝謝。譯員：對(duì)不起，在什么之前有沒有可能.朱镕基：兩千年譯員：謝謝15例（8） The missile tests of Taiwan would have an obvious effect on port activities, the

12、 two main ports, and it appears that it was designed this way. The exercise that comes up in the Taiwan Strait might have a similar effect as well, I must say. And if China maintains its continued acting in the best interests of the Taiwanese people, how does it justify the side effects of the tests

13、?譯員：I beg your pardon?The missile tests of Taiwan, which has an obvious effect on port activities.譯員: What activities?Ports, the seaports.譯員： Yeah, thank you.譯員：我知道中國在臺(tái)灣海峽進(jìn)行了導(dǎo)彈試驗(yàn)，很顯然會(huì)影響到他們港口的一些作業(yè)，所以我想請(qǐng)您介紹一下這些軍事演習(xí)會(huì)有一些什么樣的副作用，是否會(huì)影響臺(tái)灣的一些利益？163.2.2 變通策略變通策略是譯員不知如何翻譯、面臨卡殼危險(xiǎn)時(shí)所采用的應(yīng)對(duì)策略。例（9）在一次口譯中，原話中有“答謝”二字

14、，譯員馬上想到運(yùn)用reciprocate.這個(gè)句式（例如reciprocate your kindness.），但由于找不到合適的搭配用詞一時(shí)卡了殼，最后只好用thank in return替代。例（10）大的數(shù)目的翻譯一直是口譯的難題。如講話人說到“一年可以節(jié)約用電3,909,460度”，譯員最后只粗略的譯為“about four million kilo watt-hours”來變通。例（11）林超倫（2003）一次在重大場(chǎng)合擔(dān)任口譯，講話人用了fortuitous（偶然的）一詞，而這個(gè)詞是譯員平生第一次聽到，但講話人慷慨激昂的演講實(shí)在難以打斷進(jìn)程，只好跳過該詞，并根據(jù)上下文補(bǔ)齊了剩余部分

15、，使口譯活動(dòng)順利進(jìn)行下去。173.2.3 糾錯(cuò)策略口譯中難免會(huì)出現(xiàn)口誤、誤譯等失誤情況，譯員應(yīng)掌握一些自然、不影響譯文的流暢與連貫的糾錯(cuò)策略。例（12）我們必須下個(gè)月把這項(xiàng)工作完成。We must be, well, finish it next month.例（13）中葡之間的合作會(huì)在現(xiàn)在的基礎(chǔ)上更加順利地發(fā)展。The cooperation between China and Portugal will, built on the current basis, produce more smooth and greater results.183.3 使用口譯附加語口譯附加語是指譯員在口譯

16、活動(dòng)進(jìn)行的過程中有意或無意地在目標(biāo)語中加入源語中并未包含或隱指的內(nèi)容(詞、短語、句子以及非語言交際內(nèi)容等)，對(duì)譯語的流暢和質(zhì)量的提高起積極作用。193.3.1 增強(qiáng)連貫性和邏輯性例（14）1997年亞洲發(fā)生金融危機(jī),中國經(jīng)濟(jì)也面臨很大的困難,外貿(mào)出口幅度下降。1997年中國的出口增長(zhǎng)了20%，到1998年出口變成了零增長(zhǎng)，以至于負(fù)增長(zhǎng)。The Asian Financial Crisis broke out in 1997, and that presented China with lots of difficulties. For instance, our exports suffere

17、d a drastic decline. In 1997, our exports grew by 20 percent over the previous year. However, after the crisis had broken out, in 1998, our foreign exports suffered a zero growth rate, or even a negative growth rate.20例（15）有些協(xié)議，比如說，中日跨世紀(jì)的青少年交流計(jì)劃，中日中長(zhǎng)期的有關(guān)環(huán)保問題的合作，還有中日雙方關(guān)于高科技產(chǎn)業(yè)的合作等等，應(yīng)該在雙方的實(shí)際行動(dòng)中很好地加以落實(shí)。

18、The agreements such as the exchange program between the young people of China and Japan and the medium-and long term cooperation in the area of environmental protection as well as the cooperation in high-tech areasall these agreements should be implemented fully.213.3.2 填補(bǔ)沉默（緩延標(biāo)記語）例（16）我對(duì)于今天的表決結(jié)果既感到

19、內(nèi)心的沉重，也感到還是高興，比去年的情況還是好啊，三分之二的多數(shù)通過了這兩個(gè)報(bào)告。這完全反映人民群眾對(duì)我們的工作，包括我們國務(wù)院的工作還是不滿意。我們一定會(huì)根據(jù)這個(gè)表決的結(jié)果更加警醒我們自己，來改善我們的政法工作、反貪污的工作。但是我認(rèn)為，這個(gè)并不表示人民群眾對(duì)我們喪失信心，人民群眾是信任我們的。Well, after seeing the results of the votes, actually I feel that it is quite serious. But on the whole I feel quite happy because it is a big improvem

20、ent over the situation last year. Both reports were adopted with over two-thirds majority. Of course, this still shows that people are less satisfied with the work of the government, particularly the State Council. We would use the voting result as a constant reminder and urge that we should work ev

21、en harder to strengthen our work in the judicial field and carry out anti-corruption work even better. But I dont think this reflects the loss of confidence among the general public on the ability of the government to wipe out corruption. 22例（17）美國記者： um嗯十年以后有人認(rèn)為就是全世界會(huì)有三個(gè)大貨幣：歐元，美元，但是亞洲不知道會(huì)不會(huì)有日元還是人民幣

22、，（a）你覺得人民幣有這個(gè)可能性嗎？（b）Uh你覺得人民幣有沒有這個(gè)可能性嗎? 如果行的話，那中國還這給(個(gè))采雀(取)咳um（clearing his throat）什么措舍(施)? 謝謝。Some people believe there will emerge three major currencies in the world, that is, one is Euro and the American dollar. Um (1)do you think there will be one major currency emergence in Asia? (2)Do you th

23、ink it will be Japanese Yen or the Chinese RMB? (3)Uh, do you think there is a possibility for Chinese RMB (4)to become one of the major currencies in the world? If so, what measure(s) will China government take to make that happen?233.3.3 糾正錯(cuò)誤例（18）我們研究所是一個(gè)多學(xué)科、綜合性的科研單位。目前主要開展以下四個(gè)方面的研究工作，一個(gè)是核磁共振波譜學(xué)，一

24、個(gè)是原子分子物理學(xué)，還有一個(gè)是應(yīng)用聲學(xué)。Ours is a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary research institute. At present, our current researches are mainly focused around the following four areas. They are Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Atomic and Molecular Physics, Applied Acoustics, as well as Ionospheric Phys

25、ics. (胡庚申，1993)243.3.4 協(xié)助交流例（19）A:我們這里也提供刮刮卡The writer: We also provide a sort of lottery card which gives you a chance to win a prize. You can rub off the surface of the card to find out whether you have won something, you know? (Looking at C, the listener, unconfidently)C: oh, scratch card例（9）中涉及到

26、三個(gè)人，分別為：講話者(A)，譯員(B)和聽者(C)。譯員(B)不知道如何翻譯“刮刮卡”，只好邊描述邊作出刮卡的動(dòng)作，經(jīng)過一番描述后，他還用了一個(gè)話語標(biāo)記語“you know”和一個(gè)非語言交際中的副語言“l(fā)ooking at C”來協(xié)助交流。從聽者（C）的回應(yīng)可見，他明白了譯員對(duì)刮刮卡的解釋并給出了正確的英文表達(dá)，因此譯員（B）成功的完成了其口譯任務(wù)。25例（20）Shopkeeper: 這把吉他的品柱是巴札鎳銀合金做的，不容易變形The writer: Because this part (pointing at “品柱”) is made of a kind of nickel-silve

27、r alloy (bazar metal), it is very stable. By the way, whats the exact English name of this stuff? (Looking at the face of Frank with curiosity) Frank: (With the guitar in his hands) Umperfectohyeahit is Fretmade of bazar metal 263.3.5 模糊和變通例（19）中的譯員(B)在解釋描述“刮刮卡”的時(shí)候，使用了弱化修飾語“a sort of”來幫助描述。弱化修飾語指諸如s

28、ort of，kind of，a bit等的表達(dá)。這是一種模糊和變通策略。在此策略下，由聽者（C）的回應(yīng)可見，他明白了何為刮刮卡，譯員（B）成功的完成了口譯任務(wù)。例（20）中筆者也是運(yùn)用了筆者用了一個(gè)弱化修飾語（a kind of），并借助非語言交際中的副語言（“l(fā)ooking at”和面部表情“curiosity”）變通的解決了問題，使得口譯活動(dòng)順利進(jìn)行。273.4 口譯輸出多樣性例（21） 復(fù)旦大學(xué)還有7個(gè).基地、9個(gè)、25個(gè)博士后科學(xué)研究流動(dòng)站。(梅德明, p203)譯1：It has 7 key social science research centers of Ministry o

29、f Education, 9 national basic science research and training institutes and 25 post-doctoral research stations.譯2：Steps should be taken to further improve the doctoral programs in HEIs and efforts should be made to steadily increase the number and size of post-doctoral programs. (吳冰, p48)28例（22）a. 新時(shí)

30、期的中國外交也貫徹了以人為本、執(zhí)政為民這一宗旨。(吳鐘明, p31)譯1：Chinas diplomatic work in the new era has carried out the principle of putting people first and administration for the people. b. 為此,我們正在積極落實(shí)科學(xué)發(fā)展觀，以人為本、執(zhí)政為民(梅德明, p347)譯2：That is why we talk about following a scientific approach of development, put people first in

31、 administration, 29例（23）a. 本屆政府認(rèn)為科教興國是本屆政府的最大任務(wù)科教興國。(王大偉, p25)譯1：Finally I like to add that this government maintains that to revitalize China through science and education will be the most important task for the government.b. 實(shí)行科教興國戰(zhàn)略 (梅德明, p358)譯2：implementing the strategy of developing the countr

32、y by relying on science and educationc. 科教興國戰(zhàn)略 (吳冰, p272)譯3：the strategy of developing the country by relying on science and education30例（24）a. 現(xiàn)在請(qǐng)朱镕基總理先講幾句話。 朱彤譯：Now Id like to give the floor to Premier Zhu Rongji for a few opening remarks. b. 現(xiàn)在先請(qǐng)溫總理講幾句話。 戴慶利譯：Now I would like to invite Premier We

33、n to make a few remarks. c. 現(xiàn)在請(qǐng)溫總理先講幾句話。 費(fèi)勝潮譯：Now I would like to hand over the microphone to Premier Wen. d. 現(xiàn)在先請(qǐng)溫總理講話。 費(fèi)勝潮譯：Now Premier Wen will make a few opening remarks.313.5 口譯輸出相似性例（25）a.在和平共處五項(xiàng)原則的基礎(chǔ)上，擴(kuò)大共同利益的匯合點(diǎn)，妥善解決分歧。(吳冰, p339)譯1：We will broaden the converging points of common interests and

34、 properly settle differences on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, b. 我們應(yīng)該牢牢把握中美的大局，妥善解決分歧，(吳鐘明, p30)譯2：We should take a firm hold of the overall interests of China-US relations and settle our differences properly32例（26）a. 今年，對(duì)于中國來說，是不平凡的一年。我們經(jīng)歷了兩件大事：第一件事是汶川特大地震災(zāi)害造成了巨大的生命財(cái)產(chǎn)損失。

35、(溫總理于第63屆聯(lián)大一般性辯論會(huì)上的演講)譯1：For China, this has been a special year. We experienced two major events. One was the devastating earthquake in Wenchuan, which causes grave losses of life and property. b. 此時(shí)刻，我不禁想起在汶川地震災(zāi)區(qū)的親身經(jīng)歷。(溫總理劍橋大學(xué)演講)譯2：I am reminded of the experience that I had in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province after the devastating earthquake there last May.33例（27） a. 尊重國家主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整，尊重各國自主選擇社會(huì)制