大學(xué)英語跨文化復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上大學(xué)英語跨文化復(fù)習(xí)資料第一章：文化 (1) Culture (from intercultural communication perspective): is the deposit of knowledge, experience, belief, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of peo

2、ple in the course of generations through individual and group striving.（從跨文化交際學(xué)角度定義文化：文化是個人和群體在種族發(fā)展過程中所獲得的知識、經(jīng)驗、信仰、價值觀、行為、態(tài)度、階級、宗教、時間觀、角色、空間觀、宇宙觀和藝術(shù)品的集合。） (2) Culture Identity: refers to ones sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.（文化身份：認(rèn)為自己歸屬于某一文化或民族群體的感覺。） (3) Subculture: refer

3、s to a culture that exists within dominant culture, and is often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.（亞文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其劃分通常基于經(jīng)濟(jì)地位、社會階層、民族、種族或地理區(qū)域。） (4) Co-culture: refers to groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics, perceptions, valu

4、es, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.（共文化：指具有獨特的交際特征、感知特點、價值觀、信仰和行為，區(qū)別于其他群體、社團(tuán)以及主流文化的群體或社團(tuán)。）(與其他民族群體有差異性，但是有共同性)(5) Subgroup: usually does not involve the same large number of people and is

5、 not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do.（亞群體：相對于亞文化和共文化群體，亞群體通常規(guī)模不大，也不一定有文化群體世代相傳積累的價值觀念和行為模式。）Case AnalysisCase 2: P11White Dress Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they

6、 see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dres

7、s of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.Case 4: P21Coconut-skating Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and its learned. People may invent different ways for thi

8、ngs even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture.Case 6 P30Hippies Case analysis: Hippies could be defined as a subgroup, as the hippies culture tends to be temporary. In modern American society, hippies culture could al

9、so find traits, but it has wide spread influence on American value system.第二章：交流和跨文化交流交流的九大要素(1) Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息發(fā)出者/信息源：信息發(fā)出者/信息源指傳遞信息的人。）(2) Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反應(yīng)的任何信號。）(3)

10、Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message.（編碼：編碼指信息發(fā)出者選擇言語或用非言語的方式發(fā)出有目的的信息的行為。）(4) Channel/Medium: It is the method used to deliver a message.（渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指發(fā)送信息的方法。）(5) Receiver: A receiver is any person w

11、ho notices and gives some meaning to a message.（信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且賦予信息某些含義的人。)(6) Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.（解碼：解碼指信息接受者賦予其收到的言語或符號信息意義的行為。）(7) Feedback: The response of a receiver to a senders message

12、is called feedback.（反饋：反饋指信息接收者對信息源信息所做出的反應(yīng)。）(8) Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise.（干擾：干擾指妨礙信息交流的各種因素。包括外界干擾，生理干擾，心理干擾和語義干擾。）(9) Context: A context is the setting or

13、situation within which communication takes place , including physical context, social context and interpersonal context.（語境：語境指交際發(fā)生的環(huán)境，包括自然語境，社會語境和人際語境。）(10) Intercultural communication: It is the communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter t

14、he communication event.（跨文化交際：跨文化交際指的是那些在文化認(rèn)知和符號系統(tǒng)上存在差異的人們之間的交際。這些差異足以改變整個交際事件。）(11) International communication: it takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized.（國際交流：國際交流是指發(fā)生在國家和政府之間而非發(fā)生在個人之間的交際；此種交際非常正式和儀式化。）(12) Interracial communication:

15、 It occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.（跨種族交際：跨種族交際是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者來自不同的種族的交際。）(13) Interethnic communication: It is the communication between or among people from different ethnic groups in a country or culture.（跨民族交際：跨民族交際是指來自一個國家或文化內(nèi)部的不同民族群體的人們之間的

16、交際。）(14) Intracultural communication: it is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture.（文化內(nèi)交際：文化內(nèi)交際是指同一文化內(nèi)部的成員之間的交際。）（15）交際的定義：Latin word “communication” share with make common refer to the act of conveying intended meaning to another entity through the use of mutually und

17、erstood signs and semioticrules.Case AnalysisCase 12: P61Why Dont You Eat the Pizza? This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication. In Malaysia, where most people are Muslims, people think the left hand

18、is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and can not be used to pass food. Knowing nothing about the cultural difference, the American student puts himself in an embarrassing situation.第三章：文化在知覺上的影響(1) Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their env

19、ironment.（感覺：感覺是人們意識到周圍環(huán)境的神經(jīng)過程。)(2) Perception: It is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and especially people and their behaviors through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information. (知覺：知覺是一種人們通過各種感覺來覺察事物、事件、人和人的行為的過

20、程。它是解釋感覺信息更為高階的認(rèn)知過程。) (3) Selection: It is a process in which we screen out what we need from all the stimuli and information around us.（選擇：選擇是從周圍選擇的刺激信息中篩選出所需要的信息的過程。) (4) Organization: It is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way. （

21、組織：組織是把從周圍選擇的刺激信息，以一種有意義的方式整理，組合的過程。）(5) Interpretation: It refers to attach meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding.（釋義：釋義是賦予感覺信息意義的過程，類似于解碼過程。）Case AnalysisCase 15: P74Observations on a Soldier This case can reflect the basic model of human perception. Human being is equipped to sens

22、e the outside stimuli and perceive the outside world. And the perception follows a certain modelafter being gained through the five basic senses, information is processed through selection, organization and interpretation. In this case, Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft did observations on the soldier acc

23、ording to the basic model of human perception. They selected some useful information which they gained from outside world through their five basic senses, organized it in a reasonable logic and then attached meanings to it.Case 16: P84Different Responses to Noise This case can reflect different cult

24、ure can give different influences on human sensation. No two of people can assume that their sensations are the same, especially when they come from different cultures. Different social reality and living conditions can equip them with different way to sense the world. So it is very common for them

25、to have totally different sensations even towards the same condition. In this case, the German professor and Japanese professor have very different response to the noise produced by the same motor for the heating system because of their cultures and living habits.第四章：跨文化交際障礙(1) Anxiety: It occurs be

26、cause of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.（焦慮：當(dāng)人們不知道如何迎合他人對自己的期待，過多的關(guān)注自己情緒以至不能全心投入到交際事物中去時，就會產(chǎn)生焦慮。）(2) Uncertainty: It refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or others feelings and behaviors

27、 in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety. (不確定：不確定是指人們無法從認(rèn)知的角度去解釋交際活動中自己或他人的感覺及行為，這種認(rèn)知角度解釋能力的欠缺是某種引起焦慮的含糊情境導(dǎo)致的。)(3) Assuming similarity instead of difference: It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or

28、 that another persons situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is. （假定一致性：假定一致性是指認(rèn)為來自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的處境與自己的處境相似，而事實上卻并非如此。）(4) Ethnocentrism: It refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of ones own culture.（民族優(yōu)越感：民族優(yōu)越感指從本國文化的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出發(fā)，消極地審視另一文化。）(5) Stereotypes:

29、They refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.（文化定勢：文化定勢指基于明顯的或受到認(rèn)可的群體身份，對目標(biāo)群體中的個體成員所持有的正面或反面的判斷。）(6) Prejudice: It refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orien

30、tation.（偏見：偏見是指對于某一特定群體、種族、宗教、或性取向的無端地憎惡和懷疑。）(7) Racism: It refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.（種族主義：種族主義是指基于種族把性格特點或地位歸因于個人的任一政策、做法、信仰或態(tài)度。）Case AnalysisCase 21: P111A Danish Woman in New York This case can

31、 reflect assuming similarity instead of difference. When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”. In this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavio

32、r of leaving the baby alone, which is common in Denmark, is also appropriate in New York. Here, she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable in another culture. That is why the small conflict happens.Case 22: P11Ambiguous Time This case can reflect ethnocentrism. Cultures tra

33、in their members to use the categories of their own cultural experiences when judging the experiences of people from other cultures. They will believe that their culture is the center of the world and their standard should be the role model for the rest of the world. Concerning this case, somehow Ch

34、inese people have habitually referred 12:00 a.m. as the time around lunchtime, making 12 : 00 p.m. midnight. Fortunately, the way they tell other times are the same as that used in the States, so theres usually no misunderstanding between people from the two cultures. However, there is this one diff

35、erence and Fan learns it by paying a fine since she may hold that her culture is the center of the world.Case 23: P126Girl-ness This case can reflect one of the translation problems: the lack of conceptual equivalence, which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in differen

36、t languages. Different cultures may attach different meanings to the same thing or person. Concerning this case, we should know what young females call themselves is very different in China from the States. In China, girl means someone who is young and single. In a way, it makes a female sound more

37、desirable to be called a girl rather than a woman. For most people, woman means someone who is married and who probably is not young. In fact, most single Chinese females, such as university students, would be insulted to be called women. While in the West, in formal, public settings, it is customar

38、y to call any woman who is past puberty a woman, even though she may not be legally old enough to vote, marry, purchase alcoholic beverages, drive a car, or sign a contract. This terminology became widespread during the womens liberation movement in the 1960s. The term girl is sometimes interpreted

39、to be demeaning or disrespectful.第五章：言語的跨文化交際(1) Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language. 來自不同文化背景的人用言語進(jìn)行的交際即言語跨文化交際。 (2) Dialect is a form of language peculiar to a group of people, as distinguished fro

40、m the literary language of the whole people. 方言是某一群體特有的語言，與整個群體的言語不同。 (3) Sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style. （社會方言指由于社會階級或言語風(fēng)格不同而產(chǎn)生的方言。） (4) Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or lends languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 洋涇浜，是一種特殊的語言變體，指為貿(mào)易等目

41、的將兩種或幾種語言混合使用。 (5) When a pidgin language begins to acquire native speakers and becomes the permanent language of a region, it is called a Creole. 當(dāng)有人以洋涇浜為母語，并成為某一地區(qū)永久的語言時，它就成為克里奧耳語或混合語。 (6) Lingua franca refers to a specific language that is used as an international means of communication. 通用語指作為國際

42、間交流手段的一種特殊語言。 (7) Taboo refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive and impolite. 禁忌語指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不禮貌行為。 (8) Euphemism is Taboos linguistic counterpart because it substitutes the offensive and disturbing vocabulary. 委婉語是替代具有冒犯性的不禮貌的禁忌語詞語。 (9) Jargon

43、 refers to the special or technical vocabularies developed to meet the special needs of particular professions such as medicine and law. （行話指演變而來的專門的或科技詞匯，用以滿足特殊職業(yè)的特殊需要，例如醫(yī)藥和法律。）（10）Verbal Communiication Styles(言語交際的風(fēng)格)1.Direct and Indirect Styles(直接與間接的風(fēng)格)2.Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement Styl

44、es(自夸式和自謙式風(fēng)格)（自夸式）The self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about ones accomplishments and abilities.(自謙式) The self-effacement verbal style,on the other hand emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself via verbal restraints,hesitations and modest talk.3.Elaborate Exac

45、ting and Succinct Style（詳盡的，確切的，簡潔的）詳盡的eg：Arab，Middle Eastern and Afro-American（黑人）確切的eg：americans簡潔的eg：Japan、China，and some Native American cultures4.personal and Contextual styles(個人的和風(fēng)格)The personal nature of our language does not distinguish status or rank via pronoun usageA contextual style hig

46、hlights ones role identity and status.In cultures that employ a contextual style, the social context dictates word choice especially personal pronous.5.Instrumental and Affective Styles（工具性的和情感性的風(fēng)格）Gudykunst and Ting-Toomey define an instrumental verbal style as sender-based and goal-outcome basedAn

47、 affective communication style is receiver and process oriented .Case AnalysisCase 28 P148Two Different Communication Styles The dialogue takes place between a young couple who have been dating for a short time. The man is a U.S. student, and the woman is from an Asian culture. Note the misunderstan

48、ding that results as a consequence of the use of direct and indirect modes of communication.In all likelihood, Jim is not going to get much of an answer from Michiko. She continues throughout the dialogue using rather general answers to Jims very specific and direct questions about her feelings towa

49、rd the United States. Michiko might believe that Jim is being far too direct and invading her privacy. Besides, the fact that she has traveled halfway around the world should lie indicative of her desire to be here, right? There must he something about the United States that attracted her. Michiko c

50、annot possibly say something critical about the United States because she would lose face, as would Jim, as a native. She relies on imprecise and indefinite answers.第六章：非言語交際(1) Nonverbal communication: It refers to the messages sent without using words. （非言語交際：不運(yùn)用言語語言傳遞信息被稱為非言語交際。)(2) Proxemics: It

51、 refers to the study of spatial relations.（時空行為：時空行為對空間關(guān)系的研究。）(3) Kinesics: It refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body positions, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relation to communication.（身勢語行為：身勢語（也稱體態(tài)語），指手勢、面目表情、眼神交流、身體姿勢、肢體運(yùn)動和問候方式以及他們與交際的關(guān)系。）(4) Chronemics: It is

52、 the study of how people perceive and use time.（時間行為：對于人們?nèi)绾卫斫夂屠脮r間的研究。）(5) Paralanguage: It is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning.（輔助語行為：為增強(qiáng)其含義，伴隨言語語言產(chǎn)生的可聽到的聲音符號系統(tǒng)。）(6) Haptics: It refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact.（觸覺行為：指通過身體接觸來交流。）

53、(7) Chromatics: It refers to the study of color use in affecting peoples perceptions, behaviors and impressions of others.（色彩學(xué)：色彩學(xué)指對于影響人們認(rèn)知、行為和他人印象的色彩的研究。）(8) Olfactics: It is the study of communication via smell.（氣味行為：研究氣味對于交流的影響的學(xué)科。） (9) Oculesics: It is the study of communications sent by the eye

54、s.（目光語：對于由眼睛所傳達(dá)的信息的研究。不同的文化對于交際時眼神的接觸有不同的要求。）(10) 非言語交際定義：Nonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least three reasons.First, nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.Second, nonverbal behavior is significant because it spontaneously

55、 reflects the subconsciousness.A third reason that we cannot avoid communicating.Nonverbal communication can be open to many interpretations.Case AnalysisCase 33: P171Are Americans Indifferent? This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual intercultural communi

56、cation, especially facial expression differ according to different cultures. Compared to most Chinese, Americans like to smile a lot and to have causal and rich facial expressions in their daily lives, even though they have some misfortune. In this case, because of the different opinions about facia

57、l expressions in intercultural communication, the American lady talked about her fathers sickness and death in a smiling way to show she still has the optimistic way to treat the future life, which is misunderstood as being indifferent and selfish by the Chinese.Case 36: P184Dont Put Your Hand on My

58、 Arm This case can reflect different cultures have different opinions to spatial relations. Different cultures have very different opinions about an individuals unconsciously structuring the microspace immediately surrounding the physical body. Some cultures can have relatively close distance when c

59、ommunicating while other cultures cannot. Some western cultures consider body touch between people of the same gender to be cultural taboo and a symbol of being homosexual. In this case, Sam is from western cultures and knows the social taboo of body touch very clearly, so he wouldnt let others misunderstand Marks