語法復(fù)習(xí)1： 基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)(句子成分與句子分類)

1、基礎(chǔ)語法復(fù)習(xí)一（P1-10）（句子成分；簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句）一、句子成分概述（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要 成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。（二）成分導(dǎo)圖概覽：【例句】主語：Two thirds of the water is absorbed.謂語： 1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語： He practices running every morning.2、復(fù)合謂語： You may keep the book for two weeks. 【注】由系動(dòng)詞加表語也構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語。如：We are students.

2、表語： Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）The speech is exciting.（分詞）Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞）The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語）Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）The truth is t

3、hat he has never been abroad.（表語從句）賓語： They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代詞）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語）I enjoy

4、 listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句）賓語補(bǔ)足語： His father named him Dongming.（名詞）They painted their boat white.（形容詞）Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語）We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in the lab i

5、n good order.（介詞短語）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）定語： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名詞）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）Our monitor is always t

6、he first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）狀語： Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance exa

7、mination.（不定式短語）He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語）Wait a minute.（名詞）Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語從句）【鞏固訓(xùn)練一】一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. Th

8、ey went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12.

9、Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.1

10、9. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.二、用符號(hào)劃出下列短文各句中的主語（）、謂語（）、賓語（）：I hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every da

11、y I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him

12、. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.三、用符號(hào)劃出下列短文各句中的

13、定語（）、狀語（）、補(bǔ)語（）：Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the par

14、ty. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regard

15、s to your parents. 四、選擇填空：1. _ will leave for Beijing.A. Now there the man B. The man here nowC. The man who is here now D. The man is here now2. The weather _.A. wet and cold B. is wet and coldC. not wet and coldD. were wet and cold3. The apple tasted _.A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet4. He

16、got up _ yesterday morning.A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter5. The actor _at the age of 70.A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded6. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest.A. We, us B. Us, we C. We, our D. We, we7. He found the street much _.A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. c

17、rowdedly8.I think _necessary to learn English well.A. its B. it C. that D. that is9. The dog _ mad.A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the army.A. that B. when C. in which D. where二、句子的種類（一）句子的分類導(dǎo)圖【例句】判斷下列句子所屬：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in

18、 classHow clever the boy is! He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at

19、 the Great Wall.（二）簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型及用法簡(jiǎn)介：英語基本句型有五個(gè)：SV，SVCs，SVO，SVOiOd，SVOdCo，其共有特征是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)(SV)。I、(SV)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)(主語不及物動(dòng)詞)1此句型中，“V”是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面無賓語，如：My right arm hurts.。但通常有后續(xù)成分或稱狀語(A)，即 SVA，如：She lived happily. The sun rises every morning.2在有些句子中，主語或謂語或某一部分可以省略，如：Hope to see you again soon.(省略主語)Who called?Jane (did)(

20、省略謂語)II、(SVCs)主系表結(jié)構(gòu)(主語系動(dòng)詞主語補(bǔ)足語)1此句型中的“V”是連系動(dòng)詞，“Cs”是主語補(bǔ)足語，或稱表語。充當(dāng)主語補(bǔ)足語的有名詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞ing形式或ed形式、不定式及名詞性從句等，如：My first name is Bill.；Life is colorful.；Seeing is believing.；Our belief is that things will improve.。2常見的連系動(dòng)詞有下列幾類：(1)表示“判斷”：be；(2)表示“變得”、“成為”：become，come，go，fall，get，grow，prove，tur

21、n等；(3)表示“保持著某一狀態(tài)”：hold，keep，lie，remain，rest，sit，stay等；(4)表示“看起來”、“好像”：appear，look，seem等；(5)表示“實(shí)感”：feel，sound，taste，smell等。She is a teacher and I am a doctor.Spring comes and all trees turn green. He stayed awake all night.You dont look happy. Whats the matter? Their plan sounds wonderful.III、(SVO)主謂

22、賓結(jié)構(gòu)(主語及物動(dòng)詞賓語)1“V”是及物動(dòng)詞，后面需跟一個(gè)賓語，可充當(dāng)賓語的有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、v.ing結(jié)構(gòu)及名詞性從句等，如：I understand the program.She asked to see the manager.2這種結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)必須跟狀語，意義才完整(即SVOA)，如：We accepted their advice in buying a new car. She completed the assignment just as the bell was ringing.IV、(SVOiOd)雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)(主語雙賓動(dòng)詞間接賓語直接賓語)1此句型中的“V”稱為雙賓

23、及物動(dòng)詞，其后需跟間接賓語“Oi”(通常指人)和直接賓語“Od”(通常指物或事)。2此類動(dòng)詞大都具有給予的意義，常見的有：allow，award，bring，buy，choose，fetch，find，get，give，hand，leave，lend，offer，owe，pass，pay，promise，recommend，refuse，render，return，sell，send，show，take，tell等，如：I gave him the book.Ill return you the dictionary soon.3有時(shí)間接賓語可移至直接賓語之后，但要加相應(yīng)的介詞，如to，for

24、，of等，試比較：Betty gave her daughter an apple.Betty gave an apple to her daughter.Father bought him a bike.Father bought a bike for him. He asked me a question.He asked a question of me.V、(SVOdCo)復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)(主語賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞賓語賓語補(bǔ)語)該句型中，謂語動(dòng)詞雖有賓語，但句子意義仍不完整，需加補(bǔ)語“Co”補(bǔ)足其意義。 充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)語的有名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式短語及分詞等，如：We found the h

25、ouse empty.Our neighbors built their wall high.常用的這類動(dòng)詞有：appoint，believe，call，catch，choose，consider，elect，fancy，feel，find，hear，imagine，judge，keep，leave，make，name，need，prefer，prove，see，think，vote等。【注】其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴(kuò)展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。（三）并列句的分類 1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等連接。e.g. T

26、he teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John. 2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interestin

27、g.4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（四）高考考點(diǎn)探討1、簡(jiǎn)單句的五大句型是最基本的句型。雖然近幾年單純考查這種基礎(chǔ)句型的題不多，但是在閱讀中有時(shí)需借助于劃分句子成分去理解，在書面表達(dá)中，沒有最基本的遣詞造句的能力是不可能用地道的英語句子來表達(dá)清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑問句和感嘆句是高考命題的熱點(diǎn)之一。有時(shí)把祈使句與反意疑問句結(jié)合于一體來考查。一個(gè)題目，幾個(gè)考點(diǎn)，是近幾

28、年命題的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。3、高考對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和各種復(fù)合句的考查常表現(xiàn)在對(duì)連詞的選擇和使用上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它連接名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句的連接詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞。4、各種主從復(fù)合句的考查常常與動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)聯(lián)系在一起，以賓語從句與狀語從句最為明顯，時(shí)間從句與條件從句中，如果主句是將來時(shí)，從句則用一般式表將來，這一點(diǎn)在高考中經(jīng)常考查。如：We will go outing if it doesnt rain tomorrow。練習(xí)二、簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、判斷下列句子是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：（ ）1. We often study Chinese histor

29、y on Friday afternoon.（ ）2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.（ ）3. There is a chair in this room, isnt there?（ ）4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.（ ）5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.（ ）6. He was fond

30、of drawing when he was yet a child.（ ）7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.（ ）8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it?（ ）9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.（ ）10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.二、判斷下列短文中各句是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：I hope you are very w

31、ell（）. Im fine, but tired（）. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm（）. August is the hottest month here（）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（）. We

32、 grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（）. But he employs more men for the harvest（）. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（）. It

33、 doesnt often rain in the summer here（）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（）. Every evening we pump water from a well（）. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（）. Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（）. These parties often make us very

34、happy（）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（）. Its great（）! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion（）. Some of my friends drink beer（）. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party（）. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（）. There are five diff

35、erent time areas in the States（）. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（）. How many different time areas do you have in China（）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（）. Please give my best regards to your parents（）. 三、選擇填空：1. Give me one more minute _ Ill be able to finish it.A. and

36、B. or C. ifD. so2. Its the third time that John has been late, _?A. hasnt he B. isnt he C. isnt itD. hasnt it3. _ joyful he was to meet his brother again!A. How B. What C. What aD. What an4. Let us pass, _?A. shant we B. shall we C. wont weD. will you5. I suppose hes serious, _ ?A. do I B. dont I C.

37、 is heD. isnt he6. You had better not smoke here, _?A. will you B. had you C. shall youD. have you7. Train as hard as you can _ youll win the swimming competition.A. then B. but C. andD. or8. Im sorry to have to say this, _ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.A. and B

38、. but C. soD. because9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and _.A. Henry hasnt too B. Henry also has not either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry10. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, _ others enjoy swimming.A. or B. forC. whileD. so11. - Do you feel like

39、 going out _ would you rather have dinner at home? - Id like to go out.A. or B. and C. but D. so12. - “_ is the temperature today?”-“Its 38 degrees.”A. Which B. HowC. How hot D. How high13. - Your uncle isnt an engineer, is he?- _.A. Yes, he isnt B. No, he isntC. No, he isD. He is14. _ friendly _ to

40、 everyone!A. How, is she B. What, is sheC. How, she is D. What, she is15. Mary went to bed early, _ she felt very tired.A. or B. soC. forD. yet16. Mother _ a dress when she cut her finger.A. was making B. makesC. is makingD. made17. He lay in bed _ read something borrowed from library.A. but B. andC

41、. orD. yet18. - Id really like some lunch but I have so much work to do. - _ what you want and I can get it for you.A. Tell me B. If you would say to meC. You will tell meD. If you tell me19. As he is strong, _ can lift one hundred pounds.A. yet heB. but heC. andD. he20. - I thought you had an umbre

42、lla.- I had, _ Ive lost it.A. sinceB. butC. becauseD. so21. _ down the radio - the babys asleep in the next room.A. Turning B. To turnC. Turned D. Turn22. - I dont like chicken _ fish.- I dont like chicken _ I like fish very much.A. and, andB. and, butC. or, andD. or, but23. - Would you like to come

43、 to dinner tonight? - Id like to, _ Im too busy.A. andB. soC. asD. but24. Would you like a cup of coffee _ shall we get down to business right away?A. andB. thenC. orD. otherwise25. She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later.A. arrivingB. to arriveC. having arrived D. and arrived26. “Cant you

44、read?” Mary said _ to the notice.A. angrily pointing B. and point angrilyC. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointed27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, _, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.A. whomB. whereC. whichD. while28. _ it with me and Ill see what I can do.A. When leftB. Lea

45、vingC. If you leaveD. Leave29. - Alice, you feed the bird today, _?- But I fed it yesterday.A. do youB. will youC. didnt youD. dont you30. _ him and then try to copy what he does.A. MindB. Glance atC. Stare atD. Watch 四、按要求完成下列句子：1. He dares to tell the truth.（改為否定句）2. They have lived here for more

46、than ten years.（對(duì)畫線部分提問）3. There will be a sports meet at the end of this month, _?（改為反意疑問）4. You must be careful with your pronunciation.（改為祈使句）5. They went for a walk after supper yesterday evening.(改為一般疑問句)6. It is an interesting story.（改為感嘆句）7. This magazine comes out（出版）every other week.（對(duì)畫線部分提

47、問）8. They could hardly believe his words, _?（完成反意疑問）9. The moon is shining brightly.（改為感嘆句）10.Our English teacher is always encouraging us to speak English in class. （對(duì)畫線部分提問）【參考答案】練習(xí)一：一、1、主語，定語；2、間接賓語；3、謂語，狀語；4、定語；5、狀語，狀語；6、定語，表語；7、賓語，狀語；8、謂語，主語；9、謂語；10、主語，表語；11、謂語，賓語；12、狀語；13、形式賓語，真正賓語；14、賓語、定語；15

48、、插入語，狀語；16、賓語(間賓+直賓)；17、狀語，狀語；18、形式主語，表語，賓補(bǔ)；19、賓補(bǔ)；20、表語二、略三、略四、15 CBDBB 610 ACBAB練習(xí)二：一、1、簡(jiǎn)單句；2、復(fù)合句；3、簡(jiǎn)單句；4、簡(jiǎn)單句；5、并列句；6、復(fù)合句；7、并列句；8、復(fù)合句；9、簡(jiǎn)單句；10、簡(jiǎn)單句二、I hope you are very well（復(fù)合句）. Im fine, but tired（簡(jiǎn)單句）. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm（并列句）. August is the hotte

49、st month here（簡(jiǎn)單句）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（并列句） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（簡(jiǎn)單句）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（并列復(fù)合句）. We have a lot

50、 of machines on the farm（簡(jiǎn)單句）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（復(fù)合句）. But he employs more men for the harvest（簡(jiǎn)單句）. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（簡(jiǎn)單句）. It doesnt often rain in the summer here（簡(jiǎn)單句）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（

51、簡(jiǎn)單句）. Every evening we pump water from a well（簡(jiǎn)單句）. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（簡(jiǎn)單句）.Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（簡(jiǎn)單句）. These parties often make us very happy（簡(jiǎn)單句）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（簡(jiǎn)單句）. Its great（簡(jiǎn)單句）! Americans

52、eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion（簡(jiǎn)單句）. Some of my friends drink beer（簡(jiǎn)單句）. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party（復(fù)合句）. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（簡(jiǎn)單句）. There are five different time areas in the States（簡(jiǎn)單句）. In my state we are four

53、teen hours behind Beijing time（簡(jiǎn)單句）. How many different time areas do you have in China（簡(jiǎn)單句）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（簡(jiǎn)單句）. Please give my best regards to your parents（簡(jiǎn)單句）.三、15 ACADD 610 BCBDC 1115 ADBCC 1620 ABADB 2125 DDDCD 2630 ADDBD四、1. He doesnt dare to tell the truth. 或He dare no

54、t tell the truth. 2. How long have they lived here? 3. wont there 4. Be careful with your pronunciation. 5. Did they go for a walk after supper yesterday evening? 6. What an interesting story (it is)! 或How interesting the story is! 7. How often does this magazine come out? 8. could they 9. How brigh

55、tly the moon is shining! 10. Who is always encouraging us to speak English in class?基礎(chǔ)語法復(fù)習(xí)二定語從句（一）定語從句一般由關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)1、關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, which, that, as2、關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞必須位于從句之首，主句先行詞之后，起著連接先行詞和從句的作用， 同時(shí)在從句中又充當(dāng)句子成分。e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.（關(guān)系代詞who在從句中作主語）The comrade