中考英語語法講解資料及練習(xí)第10講時態(tài)_(二)

1、中考英語語法講解資料及練習(xí)第10講：時態(tài)_(二)清華大學(xué)英語系測試：為中學(xué)英語量身定做.官方網(wǎng)站： 清華大學(xué)英語教授50年研究成果中考英語語法講解資料及練習(xí)第10講：時態(tài) (二) 時態(tài)的運(yùn)用比較復(fù)雜，好多同學(xué)因?yàn)樽鲱}時不知應(yīng)用哪種時態(tài)而撓頭皮。其實(shí)你只要把易混的時態(tài)掌握好，對你來說時態(tài)就沒有什么難點(diǎn)可言了。而你易混的時態(tài)無非是一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時，一般過去時和過去完成時的比較罷了。這有何難?看看下面的分析，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)一切"as easy as A B C"。 一般過去式和現(xiàn)在完成時： 一般過去式只是表示事情發(fā)生在過去，陳述一個事實(shí)，它可以和確定的表示過去的時間狀語如：las

2、t night, in 1999, three days ago等連用。而現(xiàn)在完成時表示某一完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況，所以它不能和確定的表示過去的時間狀語連用。 如： We have seen that film. 我們已看過那部電影。 對現(xiàn)在造成的影響是我們對影片已有所了解。 We saw the film last night. 昨天晚上我們看了那部電影。只說明昨天晚上看電影這一事實(shí)。 注意：有些時間狀語，如this morning,tonight, this month 等，既可用于一般過去時，又可用于現(xiàn)在完成時，但所表達(dá)的意義有所不同。用于現(xiàn)在完成時表示包括

3、現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)，而用于一般過去式則與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)。如： I have read this book this April.(說話時仍然為四月。) I read this book this April. (說話時四月份已過。) 一般過去式和過去完成時的比較： 一般過去式表示過去時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，而過去完成時在過去某一時間或動作之前已完成的動作或狀態(tài)，即"過去的過去"。當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一動作發(fā)生在某一動作之前時，常用此時態(tài)。 如： He had finished his homework before nine o'clock.九點(diǎn)之前他已經(jīng)完成了作業(yè)。實(shí)際上，一般現(xiàn)在時

4、和過去完成時常搭配使用。如： When he got home, his daughter had already gone to bed. 當(dāng)他到家的時候，他的女兒早已去睡覺了。在帶有after和before引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的復(fù)合句中，由于從句的動作和主句的動作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，所以可以用一般過去時代替過去完成時。如：He called on me soon after he had finished his homework. 他做完作業(yè)后不久便來拜訪我。也可以說： He called on me soon after he finished his homework.哇塞，我

5、們終于學(xué)完了所有時態(tài)，摩拳擦掌，試試趁熱打鐵！ 練習(xí)： 1. Zhao Lan _ already _ in this school for two years. A. was.studying B. will . study C. has .studied D. are studying 2. They usually _ TV in the evening. A. watch B. will watch C. are watching D. watches 3. Judy _ the Great Wall twice, and now she still _ to go there. A.

6、 went to , wanted B. goes to , wants C. has gone , wants D. has been to, wants 4. She will find him a kind man when she _ more about him. A. knows B. know C. will know D. is going to know 5. -What are you going to give our teacher for Teacher's Day? -I'm not sure. Maybe I _ him some flowers.

7、 A. have given B. will give C. gave D. give 6. -Tom _ out. -Oh, is he? What time _ he _ out? A. is, did, go B. went, is ,going C. has gone, did, go D. is going, does, go 7. It's nine o'clock now, they _ an English class. A. have B. are having C. having D. will have 8. -" Where is Li Lei

8、?" -" He _ his sports shoes in the room. He _ football with his friends." A. is putting on , is playing B. puts on, will play C. is putting on , will play D. put on, played 9. Miss Smith with her parents _ China since _. A. have been in , two years ago B. has gone to, two years C. hav

9、e been to, two years D. has been in, two years ago 10. When I knocked at the door, my mother _. A. is cooking B. cooked C. was cooking D. cooks 實(shí)踐： 1. Jack's father is _ doctor. A. a B. an C. some D. / 2. He often does some washing _ Sunday. A. at B. in C. on D. by 3. This room is ours, and that

10、 one is _. A. they B. them C. their D. theirs 4. Tom is _ boy in his class. A. tall B. taller C. tallest D. the tallest 5. "Can you come here next Friday?" "Sorry, I _." A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. may not 6. Did you _ the football match last night? A. see B. wa

11、tch C. look D. read 7. There _ many high buildings in this city. A. is B. are C. have D. has 8. John has two brothers. One is an artist, _ is a scientist. A. the others B. another C. the other D. others 9. The man asked the policeman _. A. let hime to go B. to let him to go C. let him go D. to let h

12、im go 10. Please _ page 54 and read lesson Twelve. A. turn to B. turn into C. turn in D. turn on 11. He did not go home _ he finished the work. A. of B. because C. until D. since 12. The old man was _ tired that she couldn't walk on. A. so B. too C. very D. quite 13. We are busy _ our lessons th

13、ese days. A. prepare B. preparing C. to prepare D. prepared 14. I'll go with you if I _ free tomorrow. A. will be B. shall be C. am D. was 15. Do you know _? A. where does he live B. where he lives C. he where lives D. he lives where 清華大學(xué)英語系測試：為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做.官方網(wǎng)站： 清華大學(xué)英語教授50年研究成果初中英語語法知識難點(diǎn)整理英語語法知識難

14、點(diǎn)（一） （一） 形容詞和副詞 I 要點(diǎn) A 形容詞 1、 形容詞的用法 形容詞是用來修飾、描繪名詞的，通常在句中作定語、表語或賓補(bǔ)，有時還可作狀語。如： He is honest and hardworking. I found the book interesting. 某些形容詞與定冠詞連用表示一類人作主語時，謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如： The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city. The English like to be with their families. 多個形容詞作定語修飾名詞的順序： 冠詞+序數(shù)詞+基

15、數(shù)詞+性質(zhì)狀態(tài)（描述性）+形狀大小+新舊老少+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞。如： the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers. 2、 形容詞比較等級的形式 （1） 規(guī)則形式 一般說來，單音節(jié)詞及少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞在后加-er; -est 來構(gòu)成比較級和最高級；其他雙音節(jié)詞及多音節(jié)詞在前加more, most.如： great-greater-greatest busy-busier-busiest important-more important-(the)most important （2） 不規(guī)則形式 good (well)-

16、better-best bad (ill)-worse-worst many (much)-more-most little-less-least （3） 形容詞比較等級的用法 表示兩者的比較，用形容詞的比較級+than. 如： He is cleverer than the other boys. This one is more beautiful than that one. 表示兩者以上的比較，用"the +形容詞最高級（+名詞）+of(in) "如： He is the cleverest boy in his class. 表示兩者是同等程度，用"as

17、 +形容詞原級+as". 如： He is as tall as I. I have as many books as you. 越 越 例如：The more I learn, the happier I am. You can never be too careful. 越小心越好 又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly. 你怎么贊揚(yáng)這個老師也不過分。 I have never spent a more worrying day. 那一天是最令我擔(dān)心的一天。 I have never had a better dinner.

18、這是我吃過的最好的一頓飯。 My English is no better than yours. 我的英語和你的英語都不怎么樣。 B副詞 1、 副詞的種類 （1） 時間副詞 如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等 （2） 地點(diǎn)副詞 如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。 （3） 方式副詞 如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, pol

19、itely, nervously等。 （4） 程度副詞 如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。 2、 副詞比較等級的用法 其用法與形容詞相似，只是副詞最高級前可省略定冠詞。如： Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully. We must work harder. 3、 某些副詞在用法上的區(qū)別 （1） already, yet, still already表示某事物已經(jīng)發(fā)生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事發(fā)生，主要用于否定句和疑問句；stil

20、l表示某事還在進(jìn)行，主要用于肯定句和疑問句，有時也可用于否定句。如： We've already watched that film. I haven't finished my homework yet. He still works until late every night. （2） too, as well, also, either too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑問句，too和as well多用于口語，一般放在句末，而also多用于書面語，一般放在句中與動詞連用。either用于否定句和否定的疑問句，往往放在句末。如： He went there

21、 too. He didn't go there either. I like you as well. I also went there. (3) hard, hardly hardly意為"幾乎"與hard在詞義上完全不同。如： I work hard every day. I can hardly remember that. (4) late, lately lately意為"最近、近來"，late意為"晚、遲"。如： He never comes late. Have you been to the museum

22、lately? II 例題 例1 Tom's father thinks he is already _ A high enough B tall enough C enough high C enough tall 解析：該題正確答案是B。修飾人高用tall, 而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修飾形容詞要放在形容詞后面。因此該題選B。 例2 _ the worse I seem to be. A When I take more medicine B The more medicine I take C Taking more of the medicine D More m

23、edicine taken 解析：該題正確答案為B。"the+形容詞比較級+ , the +形容詞比較級+"意為越，越。該句意為：吃的藥越多，我的病越是加重。 例3"I haven't been to London yet". "I haven't been there _". A too B also C either D neither 解析：該題正確答案為C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意為否定"兩者都不"，而C-either則用于否定句中，意為"也"。 例

24、4 Mr Smith was _ moved at the news. A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply 解析：該題正確答案為B。A. deep用于副詞時，修飾具體的深，如dig deep,而B-deeply則修飾表示感情色彩的詞，如該題為deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均為副詞，不能互相修飾。 （二） 介詞 I 要點(diǎn) 1、介詞和種類 （1） 簡單介詞，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。

25、（2） 復(fù)合介詞，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。 2、介詞和其他詞類的習(xí)慣搭配關(guān)系 （1） 和動詞的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。 （2） 和形容詞的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at （3） 和名詞的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等. 3、介詞短語可以有自己

26、的修飾語，這種修飾語通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少數(shù)幾個副詞。如： He came right after dinner. He lives directly opposite the school. 4、 某些介詞的意義與用法舉例 （1） at, on, in（表時間） 表示時間點(diǎn)用at,如at four o'clock, at midnight等；表示不確定的時間或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。 指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end

27、 of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。 指長于或短于一天的時段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。 （2） between, among（表位置） between僅用于二者之間，但說三者或三者以上中的每兩個之間的相互關(guān)系時，也用between, 如 I'm sitting between Tom and Alice. The village lies between three hills.

28、among用于三者或三者以上之間。如： He is the best among the students. （3） beside, besides beside意為"在旁邊"，而besides意為"除之外"。如： He sat beside me. What do you want besides this? （4）in the tree, on the tree in the tree 指動物或人在樹上，而on the tree 指果實(shí)、樹葉長在樹上 （5）on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way

29、 on the way 指在路上 in the way 指擋道 by the way 指順便問一句 in this way 用這樣的方法 （6）in the corner, at the corner in the corner 指在拐角內(nèi) at the corner 指在拐角外 （7）in the morning, on the morning in the morning 是一般說法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨 （8）by bus, on the bus by bus 是一般說法 on the bus 特指乘某一輛車 II 例題 例1 Do you know any o

30、ther foreign language_ English? A except B but C beside D besides 解析：A、B兩項(xiàng)except等于but，意為"除了"，C-beside意為"在旁邊"，不符合題意。而D-besides, 意為"除了之外，還有"。所以該題正確答案為D。該題意為：除了英語外，你還知道別的語言嗎？ 例2 He suddenly returned _ a rainy night. A on B at C in D during 解析：我們均知道，at night這一短語，但如果night前有修

31、飾詞，表具體的夜晚，則要用介詞on來修飾，故該題正確答案為A。 例3 I'm looking forward _your letter. A to B in C at D on 解析：該題正確答案為A。look forward to 為固定搭配，意為"期望、盼望"。 （三） 連詞 I 要點(diǎn) 1、 連詞的種類 （1） 并列連詞用來連接并列關(guān)系的詞、短語或分句，如and, for, or, bothand, eitheror, neithernor等。 （2） 從屬連詞用來引導(dǎo)從句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等

32、。 除了從屬連詞（引導(dǎo)狀語從句）外，還有其它可以用來引導(dǎo)從句的詞類。它們是連接代詞和連接副詞（引導(dǎo)名詞性從句），關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞（引導(dǎo)定語從句）。 2、 常用連詞舉例 (1)and 和，并且 They drank and sang all night. (2) bothand 和， 既也 Both my parents and I went there. (3) but 但是，而 I'm sad, but he is happy. (4) eitheror 或或， 要么要么 Either you're wrong, or I am. (5) for因?yàn)?I asked him

33、 to stay, for I had something to tell him. (6) however 然而，可是 Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go. (7) neithernor 既不也不 Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you. (8) not onlybut(also) 不但而且 He not only sings well, but also dances well. (9) or 或者，否則 Hurry up,

34、 or you'll be late. Are you a worker or a doctor? (10) so 因此，所以 It's getting late, so I must go. (11) although 雖然 Although it was late, they went on working. (12) as soon as 一 就 I'll tell him as soon as I see him. (13) because 因?yàn)?He didn't go to school, because he was ill. （14）unless

35、 除非，如果不 I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow. （15）until 直到 He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬間動詞用于not until 結(jié)構(gòu)) He stayed there until eleven. （16）while 當(dāng)時候，而 (表示對比) While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬間動詞) My pen is red while his is blue. （17）for 因?yàn)?He was ill, for he did

36、n't come. (結(jié)論是推斷出來的) （18）since自從 I have lived here since my uncle left. （19）hardly when 一就 I had hardly got to the station when the train left. （20）as far as 就 來說 As far as I know, that country is very small. You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里) II 例題 例1 John plays football _, if not bette

37、r than, David. A as well B as well as C so well D so well as 解析：該題意為：John踢足球如果不比David好的話，那也踢得和David一樣好。 和一樣好為as well as. 故該題正確答案為B。 例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, _, in fact, I was talking about my daughter. A when B where C which D while 解析：該處意為"然而"，只有while有此意思，故選D。 例3 W

38、ould you like a cup of coffee _ shall we get down to business right away? A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise 解析：該處意為"或者"，正確答案為C。 英語語法知識難點(diǎn)（二） （四）動詞時態(tài)、語態(tài) I 要點(diǎn) 1、 一般現(xiàn)在時 （1） 表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或現(xiàn)在存在的狀態(tài)，常與sometimes, always, often, every day等時間狀語連用。如： Sometimes, we go swimming after school. （2） 表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)

39、等。如： The earth goes round the sun. 2、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 (1) 表示說話時或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作，常與now, at present等時間狀語連用。如： What are you doing now? (2) 和always, continually等連用，表一種經(jīng)常反復(fù)的動作，常含有某種情感。如： He is always doing good deeds. 3、 現(xiàn)在完成時 主要表示動作發(fā)生在過去，對現(xiàn)在仍有影響，或動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去，常與just, already, so far, once, never 等詞連用。如: Have yo

40、u ever been to Beijing? 4、一般將來時 表示將來某一時間要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與tomorrow, next year等連用。如： I'll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning. We're going to see a film next Monday. 5、一般過去時 表示在過去某一時間或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等詞連用。如： It happened many years ago. 6、過去進(jìn)

41、行時 表示過去某一時刻或某一時期正在發(fā)生的動作。如： What were you doing this time yesterday? 7、 過去完成時 表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作。如： The train had already left before we arrived. 、一般過去將來時 表示說話人從過去的角度來看將來發(fā)生的動作。如： He said he would come, but he didn't. 、被動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)，以give為例。 II例題 例 I learned that her father _ in 1950. A had

42、died B died C dead D is dead 解析：該題正確答案為。從句中的謂語動詞動作雖然發(fā)生在主句謂語動詞的動作之前，但因從句中有明確的過去時間狀語in 1950, 所以不用過去完成時態(tài)，而用一般過去時態(tài)。 例 The five-year-old girl _ by her parents. A is looked B has looked for C is being looked for D has been looked 解析：該題正確答案為。在帶有介詞的動詞短語用于被動語態(tài)句中，介詞不能省，否則就變成了不及物動詞短語，而不能用于被動語態(tài)的句子中。 （五）動詞虛擬語氣 I

43、 要點(diǎn) 表示說的話不是事實(shí)，或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，而是一種愿望、建議或與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等。一般常用于正式的書面語中。 、 虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成 情景 條件從句的謂語動詞 主句的謂語動詞 與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 動詞過去式 （be要用were） should +動詞原形 would 與過去事實(shí)相反 had +過去分詞 should +have+過去分詞 would 與將來事實(shí)相反 、動詞過去時 、should +動詞原形 、were to +動詞原形 should 動詞原形 would 注：如果條件從句謂語動詞包含有were或had, should, could有時可將if省去, 但要倒裝。如： Had y

44、ou (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party. 、 虛擬語氣在各種從句的應(yīng)用 （） 在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等，其謂語形式是"should(可省) 動詞原形"，常用于以下三種句型中。 句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that 句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that 句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, de

45、sired, etc) that 如： It is strange that he (should) have done that. It is a pity that he (should) be so careless. It is requested that we (should) be so careless. （） 在賓語從句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等動詞后的賓語從句中，表間接的命令和建議。其謂語形式是"(should)+動詞原形"。如：

46、I suggest that we (should) go swimming. （） 在表語從句中，表示間接的命令，要求、請求、建議、決定等，主句中的主語通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。從句謂語形式是"(should)動詞原形"。如： His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once. （） 在同位語從句中，謂語形式是"(should)動詞原形"。如： We received order that the work be done at onc

47、e. （） 在It is time that句型中，其謂語動詞形式是"動詞的過去式"或 "should 動詞原形",should不可省。如： It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school. II 例題 例 We had hoped that he _ longer. A stays B have stayed C stayed D would stay 解析：該題正確答案為。had hoped表示"本希望"，同樣用法的動詞還有think, expect等，后面的句子需用虛擬語氣

48、 例 "Mary wants to see you today". "I would rather she _ tomorrow than today." A comes B came C should come D will come 解析：該題正確答案為。would rather后面的從句需用虛擬語氣，用動詞過去時表示。 例 Had she been older, she _ it better. A had done B might have done C might do D would do 解析：Had she been older = If

49、 she had been old. 故該題正確答案為。 （六）短語動詞 I 要點(diǎn) 英語中有許多短語動詞在意義上是一個整體，其用法有的相當(dāng)于及物動詞，有的相當(dāng)于不及物動詞，有的兼有及物動詞和不及物動詞的特征。英語短語動詞的構(gòu)成主要有以下六種： （） 動詞介詞 常見的有l(wèi)ook for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞后。如： Don't laugh at others. I didn't care about

50、 it. （） 動詞副詞 常見的有g(shù)ive up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。這類短語動詞的賓語如果是名詞，既可放在副詞前邊，又可放在副詞后邊；賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則要放在副詞前邊。如： You'll hand in your homework tomorrow. Please don't forget to hand it in. （） 動詞副詞介詞 常見的有l(wèi)ook down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up wi

51、th等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞后邊。如： All his money added up to no more than $100. After a short rest, he went on with his research work. （） 動詞名詞介詞 常見的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。這類短語動詞的賓語只能放在介詞后邊。如： You should pay attention to your handwriting. We should make full use of our time

52、. （） 動詞形容詞 常見的有l(wèi)eave open, set free, cut open等。這類短語動詞的賓語如果是名詞，則賓語可放在形容詞的前邊，也可放在后邊；賓語如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則必須放在形容詞前邊。如： The prisoners were set free. He cut it open. （） 動詞名詞 常見的有take place, make friends等。這類短語動詞用作不及物動詞。如： This story took place three years ago. I make friends with a lot of people. （7）辨析 give aw

53、ay(讓給，暴露)和 give up（放棄，停止） put away（放起，收起）和 put out （撲滅） turn up（出席，放大）和 turn on （打開） keep out（阻止）和 keep off （不讓靠近） make up（編造，補(bǔ)上）和 make out（辨認(rèn)） take off（脫，起飛）和 take out（拿出） II 例題 例 It is wise to have some money _ for old age. A put away B kept up C given away D laid up 解析：該題正確答案為。意為"存"；kee

54、p up意為"繼續(xù)"；give away意為"分發(fā)"；lay up"貯藏"。 例 Here's my card. Let's keep in _. A touch B relation C connection D friendship 解析：該題正確答案為A. keep in touch為短語動詞，意為"保持聯(lián)系"。 例 _! There's a train coming. A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on 解析：該題選A.

55、 look out 意為"小心"。 （七）動詞不定式 I 要點(diǎn) 、 不定式的形式。以動詞write為例。 、 不定式的句法功能 （） 作主語 To hear from you is nice. To be a good teacher is not easy. 不定式作主語時，為了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主語，而不定式置于謂語動詞后。如： It's nice to hear from you. It's not easy to be a good teacher. （） 作賓語 通常用于want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等詞后。如： I forgot to lock the door. Please remember