四級(jí)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作

1、 四級(jí)寫(xiě)作的評(píng)分原則、標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 應(yīng)試技巧 考前備戰(zhàn)四級(jí)寫(xiě)作的評(píng)分原則 四級(jí)寫(xiě)作與六級(jí)寫(xiě)作的評(píng)分原則是一樣的，具體如下： （1）大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試的目的是檢查考生是否達(dá)到大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱規(guī)定的四級(jí)和六級(jí)教學(xué)要求，對(duì)作文的評(píng)分應(yīng)以此要求為準(zhǔn)則。 （2）大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試作文題采用總體評(píng)分(global scoring)方法。閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)分(reward scores)，而不是按語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的錯(cuò)誤數(shù)目扣分。 （3）從內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言兩個(gè)方面對(duì)作文進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判。內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體。作文應(yīng)表達(dá)題目所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容，而內(nèi)容要通過(guò)語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)。要考慮作文是否切題，是否充分表達(dá)思想，也要考慮是否用英語(yǔ)清楚而確切地表達(dá)思想，也

2、就是要考慮語(yǔ)言上的錯(cuò)誤是否造成理解上的障礙。 （4）避免趨中傾向。該給高分的給高分，包括滿分；該給低分的給低分，包括零分。一名閱卷人員在所評(píng)閱的全部作文卷中不應(yīng)只給中間的幾種分?jǐn)?shù)。 考生應(yīng)從四項(xiàng)評(píng)分原則中得到如下啟示： （1）不能僅僅滿足于不犯或少犯語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，而要著眼于通過(guò)寫(xiě)作來(lái)有效表達(dá)自己的思想，從整體上把握文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、遣詞造句與表達(dá)意圖，這樣才能給閱卷人一個(gè)好的總體印象。 （2）對(duì)文章內(nèi)容與語(yǔ)言都要重視。如果內(nèi)容充實(shí)而表達(dá)不清，或語(yǔ)言華麗而無(wú)實(shí)際內(nèi)容，都會(huì)影響得分。四級(jí)寫(xiě)作的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)滿分為15分。共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。具體評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：2分 - 條理不清，思路紊亂，語(yǔ)

3、言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò) 誤，且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。5分 - 基本切題，表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，連貫性差，有較多的嚴(yán)重 錯(cuò)誤。8分 - 基本切題，表達(dá)思想比較清楚，文字尚連貫；但語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤 較多，其中有少量的嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。11分 - 切題，表達(dá)思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。14分 - 切題，表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性好?；旧蠠o(wú) 語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。零分 - 白卷；或作文與題目毫不相關(guān)；或只有幾個(gè)孤立的詞而無(wú) 法表達(dá)思想。 注意：字?jǐn)?shù)不足應(yīng)酌情扣分： 累計(jì)字?jǐn)?shù)在8189之間，扣1分； 累計(jì)字?jǐn)?shù)在7180之間，扣2分； 累計(jì)字?jǐn)?shù)在6170之間，扣3分； 累計(jì)字?jǐn)?shù)在5160之間，扣4分； 累計(jì)字?jǐn)?shù)在50以下

4、，最多給5分。應(yīng)試技巧 第一步：認(rèn)真審題，充分運(yùn)用第一步：認(rèn)真審題，充分運(yùn)用關(guān)鍵詞構(gòu)思法關(guān)鍵詞構(gòu)思法 第二步：寫(xiě)作高分須遵循的第二步：寫(xiě)作高分須遵循的5c法則法則 第三步：進(jìn)行詞匯拼寫(xiě)和語(yǔ)法第三步：進(jìn)行詞匯拼寫(xiě)和語(yǔ)法檢查檢查，并注意改，并注意改正方式正方式第一步：認(rèn)真審題，充分運(yùn)用關(guān)鍵詞構(gòu)思法第一步：認(rèn)真審題，充分運(yùn)用關(guān)鍵詞構(gòu)思法 充分利用提前發(fā)卷時(shí)間來(lái)做作文部分的審題和構(gòu)思工作 注意審題一定要仔細(xì)，按要求寫(xiě)作，不得擅自改動(dòng)題目，給定的提綱不得有遺漏，否則會(huì)按比例扣分。尤其注意，不要因?yàn)槭孪茸约罕尺^(guò)或練過(guò)哪篇相似的文章而死搬硬套。否則后果很嚴(yán)重。 考生只要花三五分鐘做一下構(gòu)思即可，即想象一下每

5、段大致寫(xiě)什么，可以記幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞提示自己，在接下來(lái)的二十分鐘里面按照這幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞提示的內(nèi)容擴(kuò)展就行。 一般來(lái)說(shuō)，四級(jí)作文要求不少于120詞，最好能寫(xiě)到150到180詞；六級(jí)作文要求不少于150詞，最好寫(xiě)到180到200詞。就句子數(shù)目來(lái)說(shuō)，如果分三段，每段也就三到五句話，平均四句一段。那么整篇文章大約10個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞就可以做好構(gòu)思。 以2009年6月六級(jí)寫(xiě)作真題為例。 directions: for this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled on the importance of a name. you

6、should write at least 150 words following the outline given below。1. 有人說(shuō)名字(或名稱)很重要2. 也有人覺(jué)得名字(或名稱)無(wú)關(guān)緊要3. 我認(rèn)為 構(gòu)思第一段時(shí)，想到可以來(lái)一句鋪墊的話，如“名字重不重要是個(gè)有爭(zhēng)議的話題”，可以寫(xiě)下controversial或topic，作為關(guān)鍵詞；下一句是“有人說(shuō)名字(或名稱)很重要”，可以先寫(xiě)下important。再往后想兩條理由或例證即可。理由如“好名字容易被記住，因而可以給人來(lái)更多機(jī)會(huì)”(關(guān)鍵詞remember或opportunity)，和“按照傳統(tǒng)理論起的名字可能會(huì)對(duì)人起到暗中庇護(hù)的作

7、用”(關(guān)鍵詞tradition或shelter)；例證如“有人認(rèn)為毛澤東偉大是因?yàn)槊志痛髿?，bill gates有錢(qián)是因?yàn)樗拿挚梢员硎锯n票，姓表示很多大門(mén)，很多大門(mén)都來(lái)錢(qián)，所以有錢(qián)”。 第二、三段情同此理。其實(shí)第一段想好了，后兩段也就容易了。比如第二段可以將第一段的理由或例證反過(guò)來(lái)用，第三段可以總結(jié)或折中一下。字?jǐn)?shù)還是比較容易寫(xiě)夠的。on the importance of a namethere is no denying the fact that it is a controversial topic whether names are important or not. some

8、 hold the positive view. they claim that a good name, or a name that can be easily remembered, can bring one a lot more opportunities than others. some chinese may also believe that a name designed according to the traditional theory of five elements can bring good luck. others, however, hold the op

9、posite view. they argue that a name is nothing but a code to distinguish one from another. a person “good” name may not be as successful as the name indicates. in the same way, a person who has a common or casually given name can also achieve tremendous success. personally, i believe that both sides

10、 have something right, so we should not go to extremes. on the one hand, we have to admit that a well designed name can help a person to some extent. on the other hand, we should not exaggerate the effect of a name on a persons fate. anyway, a persons success mainly depends on his hard work and desi

11、rable personalities. (186 words)第二步：寫(xiě)作高分須遵循的第二步：寫(xiě)作高分須遵循的5c法則法則1、字跡清楚，段落明朗、字跡清楚，段落明朗(clear)：字體不要太大，也不要太小，以行間距的三分之一到二分之一為合適；另外，大小要一致，不要忽大忽??；字母的傾斜方向要一致，不要東倒西歪；要抵著給出的虛線寫(xiě)，不能上竄下跳；總之，要給閱卷人清楚、工整的感覺(jué)。段落一般為三段，采用段首縮進(jìn)式，即每段開(kāi)頭空4至8個(gè)字母的格，每段段首縮進(jìn)的量要一致，要讓閱卷人一目了然。2、內(nèi)容完整，緊扣提綱、內(nèi)容完整，緊扣提綱(complete)：一般來(lái)說(shuō)，四、六級(jí)寫(xiě)作都會(huì)給出三點(diǎn)漢語(yǔ)提綱，考生應(yīng)

12、嚴(yán)格按照三點(diǎn)寫(xiě)成三段。不要有遺漏，也不要隨意改變提綱要點(diǎn)的順序。因?yàn)殚喚砣艘?0秒左右的時(shí)間打出分?jǐn)?shù)，所以不希望看到與提綱嚴(yán)重背離的作文。3、首保正確，再求閃光、首保正確，再求閃光(correct)：這一條是最核心的，因?yàn)樵趯?xiě)作時(shí)間和篇幅都比較短的情況下，考生寫(xiě)出的內(nèi)容幾乎是一樣的，唯一的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)幾乎就是語(yǔ)言的質(zhì)量。要首先保證語(yǔ)法和拼寫(xiě)正確，哪怕用小詞、短句也可以。有能力的話再追求閃光的詞句。例如，有考生在寫(xiě)2009年6月的作文時(shí)，寫(xiě)出了這樣的開(kāi)頭句：there is no denying the fact that the vital of name has been a hotly de

13、bated topic in china. 注意：1）vital，是個(gè)形容詞，而這里應(yīng)該用名詞。作者可能想用一個(gè)牛詞來(lái)替換importance以顯示用詞多樣，結(jié)果弄巧成拙。2）name之前應(yīng)該有冠詞a，其實(shí)題目中都給了，結(jié)果這位同學(xué)忽略了，缺乏基本的語(yǔ)法意識(shí)。其實(shí)作文中常犯的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤除了冠詞錯(cuò)誤，還包括時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤、名詞和動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)錯(cuò)誤、代詞不一致錯(cuò)誤、詞性錯(cuò)誤以及句子主謂不完整錯(cuò)誤。4、先總后分，連詞用上、先總后分，連詞用上(coherent)：這里說(shuō)的是段落的結(jié)構(gòu)和連貫性的問(wèn)題。英語(yǔ)文章特別喜歡先總后分或開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山的格局，另外，段落之間和句子之間的形式連接手段特別明顯，即關(guān)聯(lián)詞用的很多。在寫(xiě)作的

14、時(shí)候，幾乎就是把給出的三點(diǎn)提綱作為每段的開(kāi)頭句，然后再加上兩三個(gè)擴(kuò)展句即理由或例證句就可以了。當(dāng)然有時(shí)候?yàn)榱苏撟C自然或擴(kuò)展字?jǐn)?shù)也可以加上一點(diǎn)鋪墊的句子。如2009年6月真題作文開(kāi)頭一句既可以是some people claim that names are of great importance. 也可以是there is no denying the fact that it is a controversial topic whether names are important or not. 然后再說(shuō)some hold the positive view。后面再加上兩三句論證的話。論證句

15、或擴(kuò)展句之間最好有連接詞，如first, second, besides, also, similarly, in the same way, however等等。 5、語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練，論據(jù)得當(dāng)、語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練，論據(jù)得當(dāng)(concise)：不要啰嗦，不要過(guò)于重復(fù)和堆砌。有些同學(xué)背誦了一些經(jīng)典的句型，為了湊字就全用上了，給人低層次的感覺(jué)。 應(yīng)盡量平時(shí)多練，以期在考場(chǎng)上也能很快想到一些有力的理由和貼切的例證。另外，要敢于表達(dá)自己的思想，不要一味地為了保證語(yǔ)言正確而裹步不前，只說(shuō)一些小學(xué)生的話。如有同學(xué)寫(xiě)09年真題第一段時(shí)寫(xiě)道：some people think that names are important

16、. they say that, if a person has a name, we can remember him. if he does not have a name, we cannot remember him. 這樣的作文倒是沒(méi)有語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤，但肯定也得不了高分。第三步：進(jìn)行詞匯拼寫(xiě)和語(yǔ)法檢查，第三步：進(jìn)行詞匯拼寫(xiě)和語(yǔ)法檢查，并注意改正方式并注意改正方式 應(yīng)該在下筆寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候就謹(jǐn)慎，仔細(xì)，避免錯(cuò)誤，但即便這樣，錯(cuò)誤也是會(huì)有的，包括語(yǔ)法和拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤，尤其對(duì)于平時(shí)缺乏練習(xí)的同學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)。那么就需要留幾分鐘通讀一下，檢查和改正。注意，要改的是一些語(yǔ)法或拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤，而不是作內(nèi)容上的大的改動(dòng)，換言之

17、，是改一些詞或詞組，而不是改整個(gè)句子或段落，因?yàn)槟菢訒?huì)造成卷面混亂，導(dǎo)致低分。要想避免內(nèi)容上的錯(cuò)誤，構(gòu)思時(shí)就要想好，落筆時(shí)就要謹(jǐn)慎。還有改正錯(cuò)誤要注意方式，盡量不要用涂改液或涂改帶，以免有作弊嫌疑，也不要在一個(gè)詞上涂畫(huà)太多，影響卷面整潔。一般可以用一條斜線劃掉錯(cuò)詞，然后在其上方寫(xiě)出正確的，或者用膠帶或刀片之類輕輕將錯(cuò)詞去掉，然后在原位置寫(xiě)出正確的?？记皞鋺?zhàn) 寫(xiě)作模板 短文寫(xiě)作段落結(jié)構(gòu)中的常用句型 模擬練習(xí)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四、六級(jí)作文基本題型 分析建議類 原因分析類 對(duì)比/比較分析類 議論文 各抒己見(jiàn)類 理由陳述類 1) 提綱式作文 批駁分析類 舉例/列舉性說(shuō)明文 知識(shí)性說(shuō)明文 說(shuō)明文 對(duì)比說(shuō)明文 定義

18、說(shuō)明文 2) 段首句作文：議論文、說(shuō)明文、記敘文 3) 圖表作文：議論文、說(shuō)明文 4) 規(guī)定情景式作文：議論文、說(shuō)明文 5) 應(yīng)用文：議論文、說(shuō)明文、記敘文 寫(xiě)作模板 提綱式作文提綱式作文 辯論式議論文辯論式議論文 圖表式作文圖表式作文提綱式作文提綱式作文1 對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)式 (cf. )a有人認(rèn)為x 是好事，贊成x， 為什么？ b 有人認(rèn)為x 是壞事， 反對(duì)x，為什么？ c我的看法。 some people are in favor of the idea of doing x. they point out the fact that 支持x 的第一個(gè)原因。they also argue tha

19、t 支持x 的另一個(gè)原因。 however, other people stand on a different ground. they consider it harmful to do x. they firmly point out that 反對(duì)x 的第一個(gè)理由。 an example can give the details of this argument: 一個(gè)例子。 there is some truth in both arguments. but i think the disadvantages of x overweigh the advantages. in add

20、ition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, x also may x 的又一個(gè)壞處。 2 批駁觀點(diǎn)式 a一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)。 b 我不同意。 many people argue that 錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)。by saying that, they mean 對(duì)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的進(jìn)一步解釋。an example they have presented is that 一個(gè)例子。（according to a survey performed by x on a group of y, almost 80% of them 贊成

21、這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)或者受到這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)的影響）。 there might be some element of truth in these peoples belief. but if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 與錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)相反的觀點(diǎn)。there are a number of reasons behind my belief. (以下參照辯論文的議論文寫(xiě)法)。 3 社會(huì)問(wèn)題（現(xiàn)象）式 a一個(gè)社會(huì)問(wèn)題或者現(xiàn)象。 b 產(chǎn)生的原因 c對(duì)社會(huì)和我們生活的影響 d 如何杜絕。（如果是問(wèn)題的話）

22、e 前景的預(yù)測(cè)。 nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem. (x has increasingly become a common concern of the public). according to a survey, 調(diào)查內(nèi)容說(shuō)明這種現(xiàn)象的情況。（或者是一個(gè)例子）。 there are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon. 下面參照辯論式議論文的寫(xiě)法。 x has caused substa

23、ntial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects. 參照辯論式議論文的寫(xiě)法。 a dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent x from bringing us more harm. 參照辯論式議論文的寫(xiě)法。 based on the above discussions, i can easily forecast that more and more people will create

24、 a green campus(2009.12)1.建設(shè)綠色校園十分重要2.綠色校園不僅指綠色環(huán)境3.為了建設(shè)綠色校園我們應(yīng)該 free admission to museums(2009.6) 1. 越來(lái)越多的博物館免費(fèi)開(kāi)放的目的是 什么? 2. 也會(huì)帶來(lái)一些問(wèn)題 3. 你的看法 free admission to museums nowadays, an increasing number of museums are admission-free to visitors home and abroad. the hidden reason behind this is not hard

25、to analyze as theres a growing awareness for the authorities regarding the urgency of popularization of culture, knowledge and history with every average person in our society. only with free access to this live database, can most people fully enjoy what museums could offer to them. however, free ad

26、mission to museums might lead to some social problems as well. the most obvious problem is that it might give museums a very heavy economic burden which directly impedes the sustainable development of these organizations. as a result, our government has to work out other ways to collect funds from d

27、ifferent channels, which might be difficult to operate or control. on the other hand, free admission attracts too many visitors, some of which might not be well-purposed and do some conscious or unconscious damage to the valuable treasures which used to be well- preserved in the museums. as a univer

28、sity student, i am in favor of the free-admission conduct. yet it is proposed that some measures should be taken to solve the potential problems caused by it. for example, museums can make some regulations to guide the behavior of visitors or set some closed days for museums for regular maintenance.

29、 only in this way can free-admission to museums become a long-lasting phenomenon and have sustainable development. limiting the use of disposal bags (2008.12)1. 一次性塑料袋曾被廣泛的使用2. 造成的問(wèn)題3. 限制使用塑的意義 the internet(2008.6) 1. 有人認(rèn)為網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以讓學(xué)習(xí)、工作更有效率 2. 還有人認(rèn)為網(wǎng)絡(luò)讓青少年沉迷，進(jìn)而影響學(xué)習(xí) 3. 你對(duì)于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的看法辯論式議論文辯論式議論文模版1 some people

30、believe (argue, recognize, think) that 觀點(diǎn)1. but other people take an opposite side. they firmly believe that 觀點(diǎn)2. as for me, i agree to the former/latter idea. there are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. first of all, 論據(jù)1. more importantly, 論據(jù)2. most important of all, 論據(jù)3. in summary, 總結(jié)觀點(diǎn). as a

31、college student, i am supposed to 表決心. /from above, we can predict that 預(yù)測(cè).模版2 people hold different views about x. some people are of the opinion that 觀點(diǎn)1, while others point out that 觀點(diǎn)2. as far as i am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. for one thing, 論據(jù)1. for another, 論據(jù)2. l

32、ast but not the least, 論據(jù)3. to conclude, 總結(jié)觀點(diǎn). as a college student, i am supposed to 表決心. /from above, we can predict that 預(yù)測(cè). 模版3 there is no consensus of opinions among people about x（爭(zhēng)論的焦點(diǎn)）。some people are of the view that 觀點(diǎn)1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 觀點(diǎn)2。as far

33、as i am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses. the reasons are obvious. first of all, 論據(jù)1. furthermore, 論據(jù)2. among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. that is, 論據(jù)3. a natural conclusion from the above discussion is that總結(jié)觀點(diǎn). as a college student, i am su

34、pposed to 表決心. /from above, we can predict that 預(yù)測(cè). 圖表式作文圖表式作文 it is obvious in the graph/table that the rate/number/amount of y has undergone dramatic changes. it has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years (as x varies). at the point of x1, y reaches its peak value of (多少). what

35、is the reason for this change? mainly there are (多少) reasons behind the situation reflected in the graph/table. first of all, (第一個(gè)原因). more importantly, (第二個(gè)原因). most important of all, (第三個(gè)原因). from the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future. the tren

36、d described in the graph/table will continue for quite a long time (if necessary measures are not taken括號(hào)里的使用于那些不太好的變化趨勢(shì)). 短文寫(xiě)作段落結(jié)構(gòu)中的常用句型1 . “引言” 段落中的常用句型1)as is depicted/ shown/ described in the cartoon/ picture/ table/ bar chart/ pie chart, 2) is a very popular topic which is much talked about not

37、 only by but also by 3)there is no denying the fact that 4)as is known to all, 5)more and more people are realizing the importance of 6)from what i have mentioned above we can see clearly that （段落結(jié)尾用句）2. “正文” 段落中的常用句型1） 分析原因 there are two/ some good/ possible reasons for the reason for is that we ha

38、ve two good reasons for/ against the reasons for are obvious. to begin with, . in addition, . finally, 2） 提出建議與措施 my suggestions to deal with/ solve/ tackle/ relieve the problem are as follows. in the first place, . secondly, . finally, i suggest that first of all we should there are, i think, two p

39、ossible suggestions which worth making. on the one hand, . on the other hand, i suggest that the government should adopt/resort to strong measures to deal with the problem.for one thing, . for another, 3）論述不同看法 different people have different opinions on this question. some people believe that . oth

40、ers argue that . still others assert that people differ in their views on the problem. according to some of them, . in the eyes of others, 4） 發(fā)表見(jiàn)解 it is important/ necessary/ urgent/ difficult/easy/ expensive/ desirable/ advisable/ convenient/ comfortable/ presumptuous(膽大妄為的, 放肆的, 無(wú)禮 的) for sb. to d

41、o sth.5） 分析利弊 as a popular saying goes, “everything has two sides.”, we should analyze this phenomenon from twosides. on the one hand, . on the other hand, we, however, must see the problem/ matter in its right perspective(正確如實(shí)地). before we decide, we must weigh up the pros and cons(權(quán)衡利弊). i think,

42、we should debate the matter pro and con(從正反兩面來(lái)辯論).6） 舉例闡述 for example, for instance, lets take for example.7） 引證觀點(diǎn) it is generally believed/ accepted/ thought/ held/ assumed that in their eyes, according to them, in their opinions, as is often stressed in the available literature on this subject(正如有

43、關(guān)這個(gè)課題的現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)中常常強(qiáng)調(diào) 的), 8） 論述因果關(guān)系 causes/ produces/ brings about/ leads to/ results in 9） 論述相互關(guān)系 have/ has much/ something/ nothing to do with be closely related to be directly bound up with 3 圖表概述或描述中的常用句型1)as is shown by the graph/ in the table/ in the picture 2)figures/ statistics show that 3)it can

44、be seen/ shown/ concluded/ estimated from the table/ graph/ figures/ statistics that 4)(數(shù)量總計(jì)) a. 總計(jì)為 amount to/ add up to/ come to/ sum up to b. 占百分之幾 account for/ make up c. 占第幾位 rank (first, second, )5) (數(shù)量增減) increase/ rise / decrease/ fall/ drop from to 6) (be) times as + 形容詞 + as total output/

45、production ( 總產(chǎn)量) the annual output/ production of ( 的年產(chǎn)量) rise by per cent (上升百分之) the daily output (日產(chǎn)量) result in a diminished output (導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)量下降)7) compared with 8) there is/ was/ has been a rapid (sharp/ sudden/ steady/ gradual/ slow/ slight) rise (increase/ decrease/ decline/ fall/ drop) in be on

46、the rise (increase/ decline)4 . “結(jié)尾” 段落中的常用句型 in my opinion, personally, i in short/ in brief, in conclusion, as far as im concerned, to conclude, it seems clear that 模擬練習(xí)（1） 國(guó)學(xué)熱國(guó)學(xué)熱 sinologydirection: for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of “the rehabilitatio

47、n of sinology”. you should write at least 150 words following the outline given below：1、近年來(lái)，國(guó)學(xué)變得流行2、國(guó)學(xué)熱的意義是什么3、我們應(yīng)該文章寫(xiě)作思路：現(xiàn)象描述+意義闡述+個(gè)人評(píng)論第一段：(主題句：)in recent years, chinese traditional culture, as sinology, has become increasingly prevalent.(舉例法擴(kuò)展段落：exemplification) for instance, it is reported that m

48、any primary and secondary schools have set up courses of sinology, in which students are taught and required to recite classical work by chinese ancient educators and philosophers, like confucius.(或者以百家講壇為例進(jìn)行說(shuō)明：a good illustration is cctv lecture room, where famous scholars, such as yi zhongtian and

49、 yudan, give lectures on chinese ancient philosophies and literatures.)第二段：(主題句)it is of vital significance for the public to acquire knowledge on sinology. (起)for one thing, it is the essence of chinese civilization with more than 5000 years. thus, for individuals, they can enlarge their scope of k

50、nowledge, enrich their experience and adapt themselves to the complicated society. (承)for another, the rehabilitation of sinology can contribute to a harmonious society.第三段：(主題句)it is highly expected that all chinese people young and old- should inherit the merits of sinology. therefore,(起) in the f

51、irst place, we are well-advised to read books by ourselves or to attend lectures on this issue.(承) in the second place, we have the obligation to advocate and encourage others to learn. then, it is necessary for us to introduce sinology to the world. by doing so, not only can we inherit it, but also

52、 make it glorious and prosperous.模擬練習(xí)（2） 低碳生活低碳生活 low-carbon lifedirection: for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of “l(fā)ow-carbon life”. you should write at least 150 words following the outline given below：1、低碳生活方式受到人們的歡迎2、低碳生活的意義3、我們應(yīng)該 recently, low-carbon be

53、comes a high-frequency and fashionable word which gets the greatest concern in the world. low-carbon life means a kind of lifestyle in which people do their best to reduce energy consumption and carbon greenhouse gas emissions. it is of vital importance for the whole world to practice the low-carbon

54、 lifestyle. firstly, our natural resources and energy are limited; therefore, it is absolutely necessary for us to save and protect them. secondly, in order to protect our environment from serious greenhouse effect, we need a low-carbon emission. it is low-carbon life that enables our next generatio

55、ns to live a better and superior life. what we should bear in mind is that the earth is common home. thus, every one is well advised to practice this lifestyle and there are several ways for us to do this. firstly, every one is expected to cultivate their awareness of saving energy. then, we are als

56、o hoped to help our families and friends to live a low-carbon life. only by doing so can we hope to create a world where all humans enjoy a clean and tidy environment. (185words) 第一課 指代（reference） 在同一句中，代詞與其指代的前述名詞應(yīng)在人稱、數(shù)、格上保持一致。由于指代不符或不確而造成的錯(cuò)句在寫(xiě)作中是常見(jiàn)的，應(yīng)該注意以下幾種情況 1代詞與前述詞的人稱或數(shù)不符 students who wish to t

57、ake linguistics are asked to sign his name on a sheet of paper. 代詞his應(yīng)改為their， 與前述詞students保持復(fù)數(shù)第三人稱的一致。 each member of the board will have an opportunity to submit their own plan. 代詞their應(yīng)改為his，與前述詞each member保持單數(shù)第三人稱的一致。 2.代詞在句中的指代不明 people have tried to fight against the influence of tv commercial

58、s, but it often proves useless. 代詞it 在本句中并不指代前面的單數(shù)名詞influence，而是指 to fight against the influence of tv commercials （反對(duì)電視商業(yè)廣告）的這種努力，因此應(yīng)將it的意義具體化， 此句可改為：people have tried to fight against the influence of tv commercials, but this effort often proves useless. 3.代詞one 和you用于指代意義時(shí)的不同 if one wants to exce

59、l in athletics, you should watch your diet. 此句應(yīng)把代詞one和you的使用統(tǒng)一起來(lái)，有兩種改法： if one wants to excel in athletics, he should watch his diet. if you want to excel in athletics, you should watch your diet. 一般的規(guī)則是：用于泛指意義時(shí)， 常用he (him, his)，用于特定意義時(shí)才用you (you, your)。再如： when a person gets married, you take on ne

60、w responsibilities. 此句的改法同上，也有兩種改法，即： when a person gets married, he takes on new responsibilities.（泛指） when you get married, you take on new responsibilities.(特指) 第二 垂懸修飾語(yǔ) （dangling modifier） 垂懸修飾語(yǔ)是指一個(gè)句子中同其他詞沒(méi)有明顯修飾關(guān)系的成分。一般都出現(xiàn)在句子的句首，用作狀語(yǔ)。形式有分詞短語(yǔ)、介詞+動(dòng)名詞、不定式短語(yǔ)和省略性子句等四種。判斷該詞組是否為垂懸修飾語(yǔ)的基本原則是看它邏輯意義上的主語(yǔ)是否與