分布式數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)sql語(yǔ)句ppt課件

1、第四章 SQL引言 IBM SYSTEM R SEQUEL ANSI 規(guī)范 SQL 1990 ISO 規(guī)范 SQL 1992 SQL3 (SQL99)體系構(gòu)造 View Table File SQL DDL 包括完好性與平安性 DML SQL DDL 需求創(chuàng)建的構(gòu)造 Table View Index Create table, view, index E.g. Create Table DEPT ( DEPT# Number, DNAME Char(5), Budget Number( 7,2);SQL DDL 續(xù) 索引 Create index on ( ) E.g. Create inde

2、x I1 on EMP (E#); Create index I2 on EMP (Ename); 獨(dú)一性索引 E.g. Create unique index I1 on EMP (E#); SQL DDL 續(xù) 聚集索引 元組按照索引值順序，物理上盡能夠的存儲(chǔ)在一同 , 在索引值上執(zhí)行掃描scan操作時(shí)可以減少 I/O. E.g. Create cluster index CI1 on EMP (E#);根本查詢塊 典型的 SQL 查詢語(yǔ)句格式:select A1, A2, ., Anfrom r1, r2, ., rmwhere P Ais 代表屬性 ris 代表關(guān)系 P 是謂詞.Sele

3、ct 子句 select 短語(yǔ)用于列出一切要查詢的結(jié)果屬短語(yǔ)用于列出一切要查詢的結(jié)果屬性性. 例如查找例如查找 DEPT 關(guān)系中一切部門名字關(guān)系中一切部門名字select dnamefrom DEPT 留意留意: SQL 大小寫無(wú)關(guān)大小寫無(wú)關(guān)Select 子句-續(xù) SQL 的查詢結(jié)果中允許有反復(fù). 運(yùn)用 distinct 消反復(fù). 例如：查找 DEPT 關(guān)系中一切不同名的部門名字select distinct dnamefrom DEPTSelect 子句-續(xù) select 短語(yǔ)中可以包含 數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式 . 例如: select S#, Sname, Status 2from S.Where 子

4、句 where 短語(yǔ)由給出謂詞，其謂詞由出如今短語(yǔ)由給出謂詞，其謂詞由出如今from 短語(yǔ)中的關(guān)系的屬性組成短語(yǔ)中的關(guān)系的屬性組成. 查找一切居住在查找一切居住在 London 并且形狀大于并且形狀大于 20的供應(yīng)商的供應(yīng)商號(hào)的供應(yīng)商的供應(yīng)商號(hào)select S# from Swhere city=London AND status 20 比較操作結(jié)果可以用邏輯操作比較操作結(jié)果可以用邏輯操作 and, or, 和和 not相連相連.Where 子句-續(xù) between 比較操作. 查找形狀在 20 和 30 之間的供應(yīng)商的商號(hào)(也就是說(shuō)要, 20 并且 30)select S#from S wh

5、ere status between 20 and 30From 子句 from 短語(yǔ)列出的關(guān)系在執(zhí)行時(shí)要被掃描. 查找 employee department的結(jié)果 select from EMP, DEPT where emp.D#=dept.D#重命名操作 SQL 運(yùn)用別名 alias name對(duì)關(guān)系和屬性重命名:old-name new-name 查找一切供應(yīng)商的名字、商號(hào)和形狀; 將 S# 重命名為 number、將 sname 重命名為 nameselect sname name, s# number, statusfrom S元組變量 from 短語(yǔ)運(yùn)用別名定義元組變量短語(yǔ)運(yùn)用別

6、名定義元組變量. 查找一切已供應(yīng)零件的供應(yīng)商名字和零件號(hào)查找一切已供應(yīng)零件的供應(yīng)商名字和零件號(hào). select sx.sname, spx.P# from S sx, SP Spx where sx.S#=spx.s#串操作 SQL 含有串匹配操作. 末拌有兩個(gè)特殊的符號(hào)描畫: %. 代表恣意長(zhǎng)的子串. _. 代表恣意的單字符. Find the names of all suppliers whose city name includes the substring “Main.select snamefrom s where city like %Main%串操作-續(xù) SQL 包括其他串操

7、作例如 concatenation (using “|) converting from upper to lower case (and vice versa) finding string length, extracting substrings, etc.排序 List in alphabetic order the names of all suppliers locating in London cityselect distinct snamefrom Swhere city=Londonorder by sname desc 表示降序， asc 表示升序；缺省時(shí)升序 E.g.

8、order by sname desc集合操作 union, intersect, 和 except 集合操作自動(dòng)消反復(fù)集合操作-續(xù) Find all cities where have a supplier, a part, or both:(select city from S)union(select city from P) Find all cities where have both a supplier and a part.(select city from S)intersect(select city from P) Find all cities where have a

9、 supplier but no P.(select city from S)except(select city from P)聚集函數(shù) avg min max sum count聚集函數(shù)-續(xù) Find the average QTY that is supplied by supplier s1. select avg (QTY) from SP where s#= s1 Find the number of tuples in the supplier relation. select count (*) from S Find the number of suppliers who s

10、upply part. select count (distinct s#) from SP聚集函數(shù)-續(xù) Find the number of part for each supplier.select sname, count (distinct p#)from S, SPwhere S.s# = SP.s#group by sname留意: select 短語(yǔ)中出如今聚集函數(shù)外面的屬性必需求在 group by 列表中聚集函數(shù)-續(xù) Find the number of all suppliers who have supplied part more than 600.select s#,

11、 avg (QTY)from SPgroup by s#having avg (QTY) 600聚集函數(shù)-續(xù) Note: having 短語(yǔ) 和 where短語(yǔ)的不同處 select d#, avg (SAL)from EMP where age 600空值 元組的某些屬性有能夠取空值, 記為 null null 表示一個(gè)未知的值或者表示一個(gè)不存在的值. 任何涉及 null 的算術(shù)運(yùn)算的結(jié)果是 null E.g. 5 + null returns null 聚集函數(shù)計(jì)算中將忽略空值空值-續(xù) is null 謂詞用于判別空值. E.g. Find all Employee number whic

12、h appear in the EMP relation with null values for d#.select E#from EMPwhere d# is null 任何與 null 的比較運(yùn)算結(jié)果是 unknown E.g. 5 null or null null or null = null空值-續(xù) Total all part quantityselect sum (QTY)from SP 上述語(yǔ)句忽略空值 QTY 假設(shè)沒(méi)有非空的 QTY，結(jié)果是null 除了 count(*) ，一切聚集函數(shù)計(jì)算都忽略 null values .嵌套子查詢 SQL provides a mech

13、anism for the nesting of subqueries. A subquery is a select-from-where expression that is nested within another query. A common use of subqueries is to perform tests for set membership, set comparisons, and set cardinality.舉例 Find all employees who have worked in sales department.select distinct Ena

14、mefrom EMPwhere d# in (select d# from DEPT where Dname=sale)集合比較 Find all employees whose salary greater than some managers salary .select Enamefrom EMPwhere sal some (select sal from EMP where E# in ( select mgr from DEPT)集合比較-續(xù) Find the names of all employees whose salary greater than all managers

15、 salary . select Enamefrom EMPwhere sal all(select sal from EMPwhere E# in ( select mgr from DEPT)集合比較-續(xù) Definition of set comparison F some r t r s.t. (F t) F all r t r (F t) Where can be: 集合比較-續(xù)056(5 some) = true050) = false505(5 some) = true (since 0 5)(read: 5 some tuple in the relation)(5 some)

16、 = true(5 = some (= some) in However, ( some) not in集合比較-續(xù)056(5 all) = false6104) = true546(5 all) = true (since 5 4 and 5 6)(5= 5000)刪除 Delete all suppliers who are in Londondelete from Swhere city = London Delete all suppliers who supply part p2.delete from Swhere s# in ( select s# from SP where p

17、#=p2)Note: Here has some problem with constraints that will explained in Chapter 8 Delete the record of all employees with salary below the average .delete from EMPwhere SAL 4000update EMPset SAL = SAL 1.05where SAL 4000 The order is important更多舉例 Find all employees who have the lowest salary in eac

18、h department. Select Ename, d#, SAL From EMP Where SAL in (Select min(SAL) From EMP Group By d#) Note: Above statement has error, the correct is: Select Ename, d#, SAL From EMP Where (d#,SAL) in (Select d#,min(SAL) From EMP Group By d#)更多舉例-續(xù) Find all part number and its total quantity Select p#, su

19、m(QTY) totqty From SP Group By p#; or equivalently Select p#, (Select sum(QTY) From SP Where SP.p#=P.p#) totqty From P;嵌入 SQL The SQL standard defines embeddings of SQL in a variety of programming languages such as Pascal, PL/I, Fortran, C, and Cobol. A language to which SQL queries are embedded is

20、referred to as a host language, and the SQL structures permitted in the host language comprise embedded SQL.嵌入 SQL-續(xù) The basic form of these languages follows that of the System R embedding of SQL into PL/I. EXEC SQL statement is used to identify embedded SQL request to the preprocessorEXEC SQL Note

21、: this varies by language. E.g. the Java embedding uses # SQL . ; 嵌入 SQL-續(xù) Query single tuple EXEC SQL Select Ename INTO :ename From EMP Where e# = e1 Query set tuples There are dismached problem between host language with sub-language, using middle relation to solve this question. Note: “:ename cal

22、led host variable which need declared by special statement. 嵌入 SQL-續(xù)EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION; Char SQLSTATE6; Char P# 6; int Weight;EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION; P#=P2;EXEC SQL Select P.weight INTO :weight FROM P WHERE P.P#=:P#;If SQLSTATE=00000Then.Else. ; 嵌入 SQL-續(xù) The statement for SQLSTATE

23、EXEC SQL WHENEVER Conditon Not found no data was found 02000 Sqlerror an error occurred 舉例 Specify the query in SQL and declare a cursor for it EXEC SQLdeclare c cursor for select sname, cityfrom S, SP where S.s# = SP.s# and SP.QTY :amountFrom within a host language, find the names and cities of sup

24、pliers supply more than the variable amount quantity part.嵌入 SQL-續(xù) The open statement causes the query to be evaluatedEXEC SQL open c The fetch statement causes the values of one tuple in the query result to be placed on host language variables. EXEC SQL fetch c into :cn, :cc Repeated calls to fetch

25、 get successive tuples in the query result嵌入 SQL-續(xù) A variable called SQLSTATE in the SQL communication area (SQLCA) gets set to 02000 to indicate no more data is available The close statement causes the database system to delete the temporary relation that holds the result of the query.EXEC SQL clos

26、e c Note: above details vary with language. E.g. the Java embedding defines Java iterators to step through result tuples.游標(biāo)更新nCan update tuples fetched by cursor by declaring that the cursor is for updaten declare c cursor for select * from EMP where city = Parise for updatenTo update tuple at the c

27、urrent location of cursorn update EMP set SAL = SAL + 100 where current of c動(dòng)態(tài) SQL Allows programs to construct and submit SQL queries at run time. The dynamic SQL program contains a ?, which is a place holder for a value that is provided when the SQL program is executed.動(dòng)態(tài) SQL-續(xù) Example of the use

28、of dynamic SQL from within a C program.char * sqlprog = “update EMP set SAL = SAL * 1.05 where d# = ?EXEC SQL prepare dynprog from :sqlprog; char account 10 = “A-101;EXEC SQL execute dynprog using :account;ODBC Open DataBase Connectivity(ODBC) standard standard for application program to communicate

29、 with a database server. application program interface (API) to open a connection with a database, send queries and updates, get back results. Applications such as GUI, spreadsheets, etc. can use ODBCODBC - 續(xù) Each database system supporting ODBC provides a driver library that must be linked with the

30、 client program. When client program makes an ODBC API call, the code in the library communicates with the server to carry out the requested action, and fetch results. ODBC program first allocates an SQL environment, then a database connection handle.ODBC - 續(xù) Opens database connection using SQLConne

31、ct(). Parameters for SQLConnect: connection handle, the server to which to connect the user identifier, password Must also specify types of arguments: SQL_NTS denotes previous argument is a null-terminated string.ODBC 編程int ODBCexample() RETCODE error; HENV env; /* environment */ HDBC conn; /* database connection */ SQLAllocEnv(&env