語(yǔ)言學(xué)期末考試考點(diǎn)一覽

1、Chapter1Linguistics考點(diǎn)1:定義（與擇題或填空題|）Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Languagedistinguisheshumanbeingsfromanimalsbecauseitisfarmoresophisticatedthananyanimalcommunicationsystem.Linguistics:thescientificstudyofhumanlanguages.Itstudiesnotjustonelanguageofanyones

2、ociety,butthelanguageofallhumanbeings.（判斷題）注：語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究的是所有人類的語(yǔ)言，并不是局限于如英語(yǔ)等某一門語(yǔ)言。Languageisvocal1） Theprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.2） Writingsystemscameintobeingmuchlaterthanthespokenforms.Wordisthesmallestunitthatcanbeused,byitself,asacompleteutterance.詞是能夠獨(dú)立構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整語(yǔ)句的最小單位考點(diǎn)2：Designfeatures語(yǔ)言的定義特征

3、（分析大題）Designfeatures:thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguagesofanimals.（定義填空題）語(yǔ)言的四個(gè)Designfeatures也是區(qū)別人類語(yǔ)言好動(dòng)物語(yǔ)言的特征A、Arbitrariness任意性Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.語(yǔ)言形式的符號(hào)與所表示的意義無(wú)天然的聯(lián)系。Differentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameob

4、jectindifferentlanguages.（語(yǔ)素音義關(guān)系的任意性）Arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel:languageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel.(語(yǔ)言在句法層面是圭任意性)【判斷題】Thelinkbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeaningisamatterofconvention語(yǔ)言的形式和意義的連接是約定俗成，即規(guī)約性任意性具有兩個(gè)層面，而非anylevel!(判斷題)ArbitrarinessfMakeslanguagepotentiallycreativelanguage-conv

5、entionfMakeslanguagesystematicB、Duality雙重性，二元性Humanlanguageisproductiveorcreativeduetodualityandrecursiveness(遞歸也(R空題)Thestructuralorganizationoflanguageintotwoabstractlevels:Atthelowerlevel(thesecondarylevel):meaningfulunitsAtthehigherlevel(theprimarylevel):meaninglesssegmentsExpressionofduality:1.

6、 Combinemeaninglesssoundsintomeaningfullinguisticunits2. CombinesmallunitsintobigunitsC、Creativity創(chuàng)造性Languageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Wecanuseittocreatenewmeanings.(recursesentence)Recursiveness:itreferstotherulewhichcanbeappliedrepeatedlywithoutdefinitelimit.D、Displacemen

7、t移位性Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofcommunication.（定義填空題）移位性指人類語(yǔ)言可以讓使用者在交際時(shí)用語(yǔ)言符號(hào)代表時(shí)間上和空間上并不可及的物體，時(shí)間或觀點(diǎn)。動(dòng)物語(yǔ)言與人類語(yǔ)言移位性的表現(xiàn)（|判斷題|）Suchanimalsareunderaimmediatestimuluscontrol”.Humanlanguageis,onthecontrary,stimulusfree.（動(dòng)物語(yǔ)言

8、會(huì)受到直接刺激控制）Ourlanguageenablesustocommunicateaboutthingsthatdonotexistordonotyetexist.考點(diǎn)3:FunctionsofLanguage語(yǔ)言的功能A、Theinformativefunction（信息功能）Informativefunction:themajorroleoflanguage;languageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenuseittocommunicatenewinformation.B、InterpersonalFunction（人際功能）Interpe

9、rsonalFunction:themostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguage,bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.eg:DearSir,DearProfessor,Johnny,yours,yourobedientservant等表稱呼的C、Theperformativefunction（施事功能）:Theperformativefunction:Thismeanspeoplespeakto“dothings“orperformactions.用說(shuō)話表示行為D、Theemotivefu

10、nction（情感功能）：Theemotivefunction:oneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitiscrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.口標(biāo)志性語(yǔ)句：swearword（誓言）、obscenities（侮辱之詞）、involuntaryverbalreactionstoapieceofartorscenery、conventionalwords/phrases,eg:- God,Damnit,Whatasight,Wow,

11、Ugh我的媽呀，老天爺啊，暈E、Phaticcommunion（寒暄功能）Theuseoflanguagetoestablishanatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontact.E.g.Greetings,Farewells,andCommentsontheweather,etc.F、Therecreationalfunction（娛樂(lè)功能）Theuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit- suchasababy'sbabblingorachanter'schanting.G、Metalingualfunction（元

12、語(yǔ)言功能）Metalingualfunction:ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself,talkingabouttalkandthinkingaboutthinking.- Tobehonest;onsecondthought;totellyouthetruth;asamatteroffact;thatistosay;- Suchexpressionsareusedmostfrequentlywhenwewanttoexpatiatethemeaningofformerclausesinanotherwayinargumentation.Itmakesth

13、elanguageinfinitelyself-reflexive（自我反身性）考點(diǎn)4:MainbranchesofLinguistics（考查定義?。?. Soundfphonetics語(yǔ)音2. Soundsfphonology音系學(xué)3. Word-morphology形態(tài)學(xué)4. Words/sentencefsyntax句法學(xué)5. Meaningfsemantics語(yǔ)義學(xué)6. Meaninginacontextfpragmatics語(yǔ)用學(xué)（languageinuse）Macrolinguistics（微觀語(yǔ)言學(xué)）Psycholinguistics心里語(yǔ)言學(xué)Sociolinguistics社

14、會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)考點(diǎn)5：distinctionsinlinguisticsA、Descriptivevs.Prescriptive描述性與規(guī)定性PeoplesayX.Descriptive（Todescribethelinguisticfactsobserved）Don't'sayX.Prescriptive（Tolaydownrulesfor“correct"linguisticbehavior）ModernlinguisticsismostlyDescriptive.現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)更多的是描述某些現(xiàn)象TraditionEnglishbelongstoPrescriptive.

15、古代英語(yǔ)則有許多條條框框B、Synchronicvs.diachronic共時(shí)性與歷時(shí)性（判斷題）Asynchronic（共時(shí)的）description,thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintime,takesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation（staticstate）.?AGrammarofModernGreek;?TheStructureofShakespeare'sEnglish?EnglishExamined:TwoCenturiesofCommentontheMother-Tongue.?Prote

16、anShape:AStudyinEighteenth-centuryVocabularyandUsage.?TheCategoriesandTypesofPresent-DayEnglishWord-Formation.Diachronic（歷時(shí)的）:thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.（dynamicstate）?Pejorative（輕蔑語(yǔ)）SenseDevelopmentin.English?PejorativeSenseDevelopmentinEnglish.C、Langue&parole語(yǔ)言和言語(yǔ)Langue（la

17、nguage）:說(shuō)話者的語(yǔ)言能力thegeneralizedrulesoflanguageParole（speaking）:語(yǔ)言上的實(shí)際表現(xiàn)theapplicationofrulesD、CompetenceandperformanceCompetence:theidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage（語(yǔ)言能力）Performance:theactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations（語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用）Langue-paroleCompetence-performanceLangueisasocialproduc

18、tandasetofconventionsforacommunitySaussurelooksatlanguagefromCompetenceisdeemedasapropertyofthemindofeachindividualN.Chomskydealswithhisissuesasociologicalorsociolinguisticpsychologicallyorpointofviewpsycholinguistically.Wordsarethemoststableofalllinguisticunits,inrespectoftheirinternalstructure.就詞的

19、內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)而言，詞是所有語(yǔ)言單位中最穩(wěn)定的。Chapter2SpeechsoundWhatarethethreecavitiesofthevocaltract?Thepharyngealcavity:咽月空Theoralcavity:口月空Thenasalcavity:鼻腔G:velar(軟腭音)：舌后部抬升抵住軟腭所發(fā)出的音kg?w?kasin'cat'gasin'get'?asin'sing'wasin'wet前元音：由舌的前部發(fā)出舌尖抵下齒，舌前部向硬腭抬起i:ie?考,點(diǎn)1:Consonants輔音Vowels元音ftlMJUier

20、<ufE'IhueArtl仁uihUIuriBilabialJLaAiioAlvesImjtPalatal飛1甌GlottalPhtd1mntrirativgfV9dKZS3h*ppmidmaitr(W)JJwl.iivt-ralI左邊：voiceless右邊：voicedStop爆破音Nasal鼻音Fricative摩擦音Lateral邊音Affricate塞擦音會(huì)描述輔音,（填空題門找出兩個(gè)輔音共同的特點(diǎn)）eg:pvoicelessbilabialstopbvoicedbilabialstop他們的共同特點(diǎn)是都具有bilabialstop考點(diǎn)2:元音的描述FrontCentr

21、alBackUngroundedRoundedUngroundedTenseLaxTenseLaxTenseLaxTenseLaxHighMidLow參見(jiàn)P36ClassificationofRPandGApurevowelsEg:love入midbacklaxungroundedvoel,點(diǎn)|:會(huì)判斷broadtranscription寬式音標(biāo)與narrowtranscription嚴(yán)式音標(biāo)的區(qū)另1Jeg:peakpi:kbroadtranscriptionnarrowtranscription卜點(diǎn)|Minimalpairs（最小對(duì)立體）Fourrequirementsforidentify

22、ingminimalpairs:a.彼此的語(yǔ)音數(shù)量相等*1) Theyhavethesamenumberofsoundsegments.(dipdisk)b.彼此的意義不同2) Theyaredifferentinmeaning.bad)3)Theydifferonlyinonesoundsegment.c.彼此僅存在一個(gè)語(yǔ)音的差異*(bit語(yǔ)音差異出現(xiàn)在4) Thedifferentsoundsoccurinthesamepositioninthestrings.d.同一位置上pill/bill;pill/till;till/kill;kill/dill/;dill/gillcut/but;

23、big/peg;peak/leapPhones(首素)Phone:aphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Allophones:variationinthepronunciationofphonemesindifferentpositions.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Theminimaldistinctivespeechso

24、unds-PhonemesVariantsofaphonemearecalledallophonesofthesamephoneme.thenon-distinctivespeechsoundsTworequirementsforphonestofallintothesamephoneme:滿足allophones的兩個(gè)條件：1) allophonesofthesamephonemeshouldbeincomplementarydistribution.必須形成互補(bǔ)關(guān)系/l/l/V(clearl)eg:leadl/V(darkl)eg:feelNotallthephones(sounds)in

25、complementarydistributionareconsideredtobeallophonesofthesamephoneme-theyhavenophoneticsimilarity.(成互補(bǔ)分布的不定都屬于同音位)2) theymustbearphoneticsimilarity.發(fā)音近彳以忤點(diǎn)|Assimilation(同化)(1) withinasyllablecank?n?tentht?n即nsinks?kn(2) Acrosssyllables音節(jié)內(nèi)P42ex.2-1-2-3?/+nasaln/+dental?/_+velar跨音節(jié)P43ex.2-4nasalizatio

26、n鼻音化dentalization齒音化velarization軟腭化pan?caken<?kvelarsun?glassesn?gvelar(3)Acrosswordboundaries跨過(guò)詞的界限P43ex.2-5Youcan?keepthemHecan?gonown<?kvelarn一？gvelarfivepastpcusl|*|必IlfpEStb*lovetoIwtaTIE司匚.hastohjeztadrascanbeshown|e.losefive-nilluizfnivinl-*liiisfaivriil£edgetoedgeed3taed3fetftaeds

27、Chapter3Morphology考點(diǎn)1:定義!Morphology形態(tài)學(xué):thestudyofword-formation,ortheinternalstructureofwords,ortherulesbywhichwordsareformedfromsmallercomponentsMorphemesMorphemes（語(yǔ)素）：Thesmallestmeaningfulcomponentsofwords.smallestunitthatcarriesmeaningPhoneme（詞素）：smallestunitthatcandistinguishmeaning考點(diǎn)2:詞素的分類A、in

28、termsoftheircapacityofoccurringaloneFreemorphemes自由語(yǔ)素Boundmorphemes黏著語(yǔ)素B、Poly-morphemicwordsotherthancompoundsmaybedividedintorootsandaffixes.rootthepartleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved詞根stemthepartleftwhenacertainaffixisremoved詞干affixthepartwhichisattachedtootherwords;usuallyboundmorphemes詞綴C、Inflec

29、tionalmorphemes曲折詞Derivationalmorphemes派生詞題目形式：考查詞語(yǔ)的分析，如：organizations這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)詞干是？答：organization（詞干，去掉具有語(yǔ)法意義的部分）詞根是？答：organizeHcation分析詞綴意義Chapter4FromWordtoText考點(diǎn)1：DefinitionofsyntaxSyntaxisthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.句法學(xué)是研究句子內(nèi)部組成/成分間的關(guān)系考點(diǎn)2:種句法關(guān)系（給出例子，寫出反

30、映的句法關(guān)系RelationsA、縱向關(guān)系【RelationofSubstitutabilityORVerticalRelationofSubstitutabilityreferstoclassesorsetsofwordssubstitutableforeach在相同結(jié)構(gòu)的句子中，語(yǔ)法othergrammaticallyinsentenceswiththesamestructure.上可以互相替的詞類或語(yǔ)詞的集合e.g.Thesmiles.manboygirlB、橫向關(guān)系【AssociativeRelations（聯(lián)想關(guān)系）ORParadigmaticRelations（縱聚合關(guān)系）】Yes

31、terday.eg:Hewentthere-lastweek.Thedaybefore.C、同現(xiàn)關(guān)系【RelationofCo-occurrenceWordsofdifferentsetsofclausesmaypermit,orrequire,theoccurrenceofawordofanothersetorclasstoformasentenceoraparticularpartofasentence.同現(xiàn)關(guān)系指小句中不同集合的詞語(yǔ)允許或要求和另一集合或類別中的詞語(yǔ)一起組成句子或句子的某一特定部分。eg:(Precededby)NP(followedby)Jthestrongmansmi

32、lesJtheprettygirlLcriestheyoungboysings考點(diǎn)3:IC的縮寫Immediateconstituents直接成分(選擇題)TodismantleagrammaticalconstructioninthiswayiscalledIMMEDIATECONSTITUENTANALYSISorICanalysis.直接成分分析法(a)Treediagram樹形圖(分析題)DetNNPDetThegirlatetheapplePhrasal-levelS=NP+VPVP=V+NPNP=Det+NWord-levelDetthe,a,etc.Ngirl,apple,etc

33、.Vate,took,etc.(b)Bracketing括號(hào)法(The)(girl)(ate)(the)(apple)Bracketingisnotascommoninuse,butitisaneconomicnotationinrepresentingtheconstituentstructureofagrammaticalunit.向心結(jié)構(gòu)和離心結(jié)構(gòu)（選擇題）考點(diǎn)4:EndocentricandExocentricConstructionEndocentricConstructions(向心結(jié)構(gòu))isonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalentt

34、othatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e.,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinablecentreorhead.?verbphrases動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)?gerundialphrase動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)Swimminginthelakeis.?participialphrase分詞短語(yǔ)(bridge)damagedbeyondrepair.?infinitivephrase不定式(mypurposeis)tocheerupeverybody.?complexverbalphrase復(fù)合動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)HewillbelivinginBei

35、jing.ExocentricConstructions(離心結(jié)構(gòu))Agroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole,thatis,thereisnodefinable“Centre"or"Head"insidethegroup,usuallyincluding:- thebasicsentence(subject+predicate)- theprepositionalphrase- thepredicate(verb+ob

36、ject)construction- theconnective(be+complement)construction區(qū)別：向心結(jié)構(gòu)至少有一個(gè)head;Coordination并列關(guān)系twoormoreheadsEndocentricConstructionsl(所有的并列結(jié)構(gòu)都屬于向心結(jié)構(gòu)，"and"、"or"、“but”)Subordination從屬關(guān)系onehead離心結(jié)構(gòu)則沒(méi)有head考點(diǎn)5:predicate與predicator的區(qū)別Predicate述謂成分：amajorconstituentofsentencestructureinab

37、inaryanalysisinwhichallobligatoryconstituentsotherthanthesubjectwereconsideredtogether.謂語(yǔ)是指在句子結(jié)構(gòu)二分法中除主語(yǔ)之外的其他所有成分。Predicateincludesconstituentssuchasverb,objectcomplement,etc.Predicator（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）：verborverbsincludedinapredicate.考點(diǎn)6:clause與phrase的區(qū)別(1) Clause有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)；phrase則沒(méi)有完整的句子(2) Clause功能上與句子相似；ph

38、rase只是在語(yǔ)法上不Chapter5Meaning（SenseRelations涵義關(guān)系）考點(diǎn)1定義（選擇和填空）I、Synonymy同義關(guān)系Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.（Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.）n、Antonymy反義關(guān)系A(chǔ)ntonymymeansoppositenessofmeaning;wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningareantonyms.出、Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系（MeaningInclusiveness意義

39、內(nèi)包關(guān)系）Hyponymyisamatterofclassmembership.（AisincludedinB.）Super9£dinate_上也f:TheupperterminthissenserelationHyponym:ThelowertermsCo-hyponyms同下義詞:membersofthesameclass?Cf.:chairandfurniture,roseandflowerWhatarecharacteristicsofhyponymy?（判斷題）上下義詞都可缺失！1. asuperordinatemaybeasuperordinatetoitself.個(gè)上坐

40、標(biāo)詞同時(shí)是它自己的上坐標(biāo)詞?auto-hyponym自我下義詞：animalisahyponymofitself2. asuperordinatemaybemissing上坐標(biāo)詞會(huì)缺損（判斷題）-red,green,blue,black,white3. hyponymsmaybemissing下義詞也會(huì)缺損（判斷題）uncles:叔叔，伯伯，舅舅,姑父考點(diǎn)2:Typesofsynonyms同義詞類型1. Dialectalsynonyms:-synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialectsBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishAutumn

41、=falllift=elevatorluggage=baggagelorry=truckpetrol=gasolineflat=apartment2. Stylisticsynonyms:synonymsdifferinginstyle-Somewordstendtobemoreformal,otherscasual,andstillothersneutralinstyle.- daddy,dad,father,maleparent- start,begin,commence- kid,child,offspring-kickthebucket,die,passaway,decease翹辮子，

42、嗚呼，仙逝，去世3. Differinginemotivemeaning(mendatoryVs.derogatory)tough-mindedruthlessresoluteobstinateshrewdsly,craftychildlikechildishstout,plumpfleshy,tubbyslender,slimlean,skinny4. Collocationsynonyms-Differintheircollocation,i.e.,inthewordstheygotogetherwith.Thisisamatterofusage.-rottentomatoes,addle

43、deggs,rancidbacon5. SemanticallydifferentsynonymsDifferslightlyinwhattheymean.Surprisehastwosynonyms:amazeandastound,while“amaze"usedinanyoccassionifyouwanttoconvey.surprised,disbelief.bothnegativeandpositivefeelings,“astound“usedsometimesbutmoreonbiggeroccassions.- Iwasthatthemayorhadtakenbrib

44、es.A.amazedB.astounded- Iwasathisconduct.A.amazedB.astounded考點(diǎn)3:Typesofantonymy:反義詞特征(百擇或填空)1. Gradableantonymy等級(jí)反義關(guān)系hotVs.cold2. Complementaryantonymy互補(bǔ)反義關(guān)系maleVs.female3. Converseantonymy對(duì)比反義關(guān)系teacherVs.pupil心點(diǎn)4:給出一對(duì)反義詞，判斷其屬于那種反義類型Gradableantonymy等級(jí)反義關(guān)系?goodbad?bigsmall一等級(jí)反義關(guān)系的特征I.Gradable等級(jí)的Thenu

45、mberofapairdifferintermsofdegree.Thedenialofoneisnotnecessarilytheassertionoftheother.(good-bad)每對(duì)反義詞的成員表示的性質(zhì)是程度上的差別。對(duì)一方的否定并不一定是對(duì)另一方的肯定。?Canbemodifiedbyvery.?Mayhavecomparativeandsuperlativeforms.?Canhaveintermediategroundlikemedium.2 .Differentnorms不同的規(guī)范ThereisnoabsolutecAterionbywhichwemaysaysomet

46、hingisgoodorbad,bigorsmall.Thecriterionvarieswiththeobjectdescribed.沒(méi)有絕對(duì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可用來(lái)判斷某物good還是bad,big還是small,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)隨對(duì)象而改變。?Abigcar-asmallplane.3 .Havingacoverterm有覆蓋詞Onememberofapair,usuallythetermforthehigherdegree,servesasthecoverterm.一對(duì)反義詞中，那個(gè)表示較高程度的單詞通?？梢杂米髡麄€(gè)性質(zhì)的覆蓋詞。?old&young?Howoldareyou?*Howyoungare

47、you?(2)Complementaryantonymy互補(bǔ)反義關(guān)系alive-deadmale-female互補(bǔ)反義關(guān)系特征1.Complementary互補(bǔ)的Themembersofapairinthistypearecomplementarytoeachother.Notonlytheassertionofonemeansthedenialoftheother,thedenialofonealsomeanstheassertionoftheother.這種反義詞中的成員彼此互補(bǔ)。不但對(duì)一方的肯定意味著對(duì)另一方的否定，而且對(duì)一方實(shí)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文案的否定也意味著對(duì)另一方的肯定。(alive-dea

48、d)- Can'tbemodifiedbyvery.- Haven'tcomparativeandsuperlativeforms.- Haven'tintermediateground.2.Absolutenorms絕對(duì)的規(guī)范Thenorminthistypeisabsolute.Itdoesnotvarywiththethingawordisappliedto.互補(bǔ)反義詞依據(jù)的規(guī)范是絕對(duì)的，它不會(huì)隨著詞所指事物的不同而改變。-Thecriterionforseparatingthemalefromthefemaleisthesamewithhumanbeingsan

49、danimals.3.Nocoverterm無(wú)覆蓋詞?Thereisnocovertermforthetwomembersofapair.?一對(duì)互補(bǔ)反義詞成員沒(méi)有一個(gè)覆蓋詞。一Isitaboyoragirl*Howmaleisit?Gradableantonymy和Complementaryantonymy的特征GradableantonymyComplementaryantonymygoodbadbigsmallalive:deadmale:femaleGradableComplementary-Canbemodifiedbyvery.-Mayhavecomparativeandsuperl

50、ativeforms.-Canhaveintermediategroundlike-Can'tbemodifiedbyvery.-Haven'tcomparativeandsuperlativeforms.-Haven'tintermediateground.medium.?Differentnorms?AbsolutenormsAbigcar-asmallplane.-sexinhumanandanimal?HavingacovertermNocoverterm-Howoldareyou?-*Howmaleisit?(3)Converseantonymy反向反義關(guān)系(

51、Relationalopposites關(guān)系對(duì)立)?buy:sellgive:receivelend:borrowgo:come?parent:childhusband:wifeabove:belowThisisaspecialtypeofantonymyinthatthemembersofapairdonotconstituteapositive-negativeopposition.其中的成員并不構(gòu)成肯定否定的對(duì)立?Theyshowthereversalofarelationshipbetweentwoentities兩實(shí)體間的種反義關(guān)系-Onepresupposestheother.-Co

52、mparativedegrees,bigger:smallerbetter:worse所有的比較級(jí)兩個(gè)反義詞都屬于Converseantonymy反向反義關(guān)系Eg:better-worsehigher-lowerChapter8Languageinuse本章考點(diǎn)1:Semantics（語(yǔ)義學(xué)）與Pragmatic（語(yǔ)用學(xué)）的區(qū)別（定義題）Semantics:定義：Themeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomethingintrinsic,andinherent,i.e.,apropertyattachedtolanguageitselfTherefore,mea

53、ningsofwords,sentenceswereallstudiedinisolationfromlanguageuse.Pragmatics:定義：Itwouldbeimpossibletogiveanadequatedescriptionofmeaningifthecontextoflanguageuseisleftunconsidered.Therefore,contextistakenintoconsideration.（Pragmaticsisusuallyconcernedwiththemeaningsthatsentenceshaveinparticularcontextsi

54、nwhichtheyareused.）本章考點(diǎn)2:I、記住三個(gè)名稱（填空題或選擇題）locutionaryact（言內(nèi)行為）illocutionaryact（言夕卜行為）perlocutionaryact（言后行為）n、ThedefinitionofGrice'stheorylogicandConversationalImplicature定義：ConversationalImplicatureisatypeofimpliedmeaning,whichisdeducedonthebasisoftheconventionalmeaningofwordstogetherwiththecontext,undertheguidanceoftheCPanditsmaxims.出、合作原則(分析題之一)TheCooperativePrinciple(CP)合作原則Participantsofaconversationobservewillinglyorunwillinglytheprinciple:"Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordir