工程碩士研究生實用英語教程-讀寫譯-(課文和翻譯)

1、unit 1 graduate education 研究生教育TEXTGraduate Study Challenges and Strategies for Success反思：讀研的挑戰(zhàn)與成功策略Linda Weston Kramer, RN, BSN, CCRN琳達(dá)·威斯頓·克萊默(1) The decision to pursue graduate studies should not be taken lightly. Decisions should be made after serious consideration of personal and prof

2、essional goals. One must evaluate the variety of programs offered, whether traditional on campus versus online classroom, cost of continuing education, financial aid availability, employment while in school, time allotment to complete studies, computer program technical skills, and computer/library

3、access, to obtain a master's degree. Graduate programs should help the student acquire 3 core competencies.(1)繼續(xù)讀研的決定不應(yīng)太草率，必須先慎重考慮個人及職業(yè)發(fā)展目標(biāo)。為了獲得碩士學(xué)位，你必須評估學(xué)校提供的研究生教育的多樣性，不管它是傳統(tǒng)的校園教學(xué)還是網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂；你還必須評估繼續(xù)接受教育的費用，是否可以獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)資助，能否兼職，完成學(xué)業(yè)的時間分配，個人計算機(jī)能力，學(xué)校計算機(jī)及圖書館資源等各類因素。研究生教育應(yīng)該幫助學(xué)生獲得三種核心能力。(2) Michael Woolcock,

4、a professor of Social Science and Development Policy and Research Director of the Brooks World Poverty Institute in University Of Manchester, lists these 3 skills as detective (data collection, analysis, and interpretation), translator (reframing given ideas for diverse groups), and diplomat (negoti

5、ation, conflict mediation, and deal making). Benefits of a master's degree include intellectual improvement, personal development, acquisition of enhanced verbal/writing skills, advancement in career positions, and networking with peers and colleagues. According to Wai-Ching Leung, a senior regi

6、strar in Public Health Medicine, Newcastle City Health Trust, UK and also a prolific writer, graduates of master's degrees are required to show originality, knowledge application, and awareness of critical issues on a higher level than undergraduates.(2)邁克爾·沃爾考克是曼徹斯特大學(xué)社會科學(xué)和發(fā)展政策學(xué)教授以及布魯克斯世界貧困

7、問題研究所的項目主任。他將這三種能力列為：偵探能力（數(shù)據(jù)收集、分析、詮釋），翻譯能力（將已有觀點闡述給不同的群體），外交能力（談判、斡旋、取得共識）。碩士學(xué)位帶來的好處包括智力的提升、個人的成長、口語/寫作技巧的增強(qiáng)、職業(yè)的發(fā)展以及人脈關(guān)系的建立。根據(jù)梁偉澄先生的觀點，在原創(chuàng)性、知識應(yīng)用、洞察關(guān)鍵問題的能力方面，碩士生需表現(xiàn)出比本科生更高的水準(zhǔn)。梁先生是英國紐卡斯?fàn)柺薪】敌磐袡C(jī)構(gòu)公共健康醫(yī)藥部門的資深醫(yī)師，同時也是一位多產(chǎn)作家。(3) The first challenge is understanding which kind of graduate study will prepare a

8、nd meet basic individual needs. Time constraints are another factor because interaction with professors, current graduate students, and counselors are necessary in making that initial decision. Online degree acquisition boasts of schedule flexibility, students setting their own pace, no travel time,

9、 and 24/7 Web interaction. But there are still deadlines and assignments that must be met while trying to meet the demands of daily living. Online students often feel isolated from other students and faculty. Similarities and differences of various graduate programs must be assessed by the potential

10、 student. Students must balance work, family, and school demands where feelings of being rushed and fatigued are common. Often, everything else in your life takes precedence over school. Failure to complete a course or degree is usually caused by social or family reasons rather than academic reasons

11、.(3)你首先面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是了解哪一類的研究生培養(yǎng)計劃能滿足個人基本需求并為其做好準(zhǔn)備。另外一個挑戰(zhàn)是時間限制，因為與教授、在讀研究生及顧問們的交流是做出這個最初決定的必要過程。讀網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)位可以有彈性學(xué)習(xí)時間，學(xué)生可以制定自己的學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)度，無需花時間往返校園，并且可以每天24小時進(jìn)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)交流。但是，在盡力滿足日常生活要求的同時，學(xué)生們?nèi)匀灰瓿筛黝愖鳂I(yè)及面對各種截止期限。接受遠(yuǎn)程教育的學(xué)生還常常覺得與老師和其他同學(xué)隔絕開了。準(zhǔn)備讀研的學(xué)生必須評估各類研究生教育的相似與不同。學(xué)生們必須在工作、家庭和學(xué)校要求之間找到平衡，而這三點常常使學(xué)生們有逼迫感與疲憊感。通常的情況是，生活中的其它事情都比學(xué)業(yè)重要。

12、所以不能完成學(xué)業(yè)或獲得學(xué)位的原因經(jīng)常是來自社會與家庭，而不是學(xué)術(shù)。(4) There are several solutions for success. The first strategy for success is to choose the right school. The second strategy is time management. Keep a notebook to jot thoughts, ideas, and observations to use at a later time. Make "to-do" lists, crossing

13、out tasks as they are completed. Ramesh B. Navuluri, a family nurse practitioner in Lea Regional Medical Center, Hobbs, New Mexico compared the basics of time management to our heart's rhythm using the PQRSTU mnemonic. P is for Prioritizing events that are controlled by others and those controll

14、ed by you. Q is to Question the task's effectiveness, efficacy, and efficiency. This involves knowing the "why's" to enable accomplishment. R is Recheck your list of completed and unfinished tasks and/or events as soon as possible. S is Self-reliance in knowing what you can or cann

15、ot do as well as can or cannot control. The key here is to be realistic, adaptive, creative, and persistent. T is Treating yourself. Take a break to clear your mind. Restart working after feeling ready or refreshed. Finally, U is You can do it. I always think of Rob Schneider from "Saturday Nig

16、ht Live" when I hear that phrase! However, it is very motivational to ascertain that you can do it, whether by yourself or as a team with others. The third and final strategy for success is stress management. There are many ways to destress, but it has to be something that is enjoyable and mean

17、ingful. Physical activity, singing, crafts, music, meditation, traveling, and massages are various outlets for relieving stress.(4)獲得成功有幾種方法。成功的第一條策略是選對學(xué)校。第二條策略是管理好時間。用筆記本草草記下以后要用到的想法、觀點和觀察，將待辦的事情列成清單，每完成一件就將其從清單中劃掉。來自新墨西哥州霍布斯里亞區(qū)域醫(yī)療中心的一名家庭護(hù)士，拉梅什.納烏盧瑞，將治療肺炎的設(shè)備PQRSTU一詞用于比較時間管理的基本概念和我們心臟的節(jié)奏。P是Prioritiz

18、ing，確定被他人及你自己掌控的那些事情的優(yōu)先處理次序。Q是Question，質(zhì)疑任務(wù)的有效性、效果及效率。這點涉及到要知道“何以”來確保任務(wù)的完成。R是Recheck，盡快重新核查你的待辦清單，哪些任務(wù)或事情已經(jīng)完成，哪些尚未完成。S是Self-reliance，自信，知道自己能做什么與不能做什么，能控制什么與不能控制什么。這里的關(guān)鍵是要務(wù)實、變通、創(chuàng)造與堅持。T是Treating yourself，善待自己。休息一下以保持頭腦清醒，感覺到準(zhǔn)備好、精力充沛了再重新開始工作。最后，U是You can do it，你能做到。這句話總使我想起“周六夜現(xiàn)場”中的鮑勃.施耐德！然而不管你是通過自己還是

19、與他人進(jìn)行團(tuán)隊合作，確定自己能夠做到是非常勵志的。成功的第三條也是最后一條策略，是處理好壓力。減壓的方法有很多，但必須是令人愉快及有意義的。體育活動、唱歌、手工、音樂、冥想、旅游以及按摩等都是舒緩壓力的多種渠道。(5) Graduate study can be very challenging but rewarding. Studies show that graduate program graduates subscribe to occupation-related journals, participate in national organization, and read pr

20、ofessional journals. I have my own ABC mnemonic to use once the decision to further your education is made. A is Assess your personal and professional goals. Many jobs now require a master's degree. B is Buy into your decision! Weigh all of the pros and cons before choosing. And finally, C is Ch

21、arge ahead, keeping your goal in sight!(5)讀研非常有挑戰(zhàn)性，同時也令你獲益匪淺。研究顯示，讀研期間的研究生會訂閱與職業(yè)相關(guān)的雜志，加入全國性的組織，并閱讀專業(yè)期刊。一旦你做出繼續(xù)深造的決定，我的ABC方法可以供你參考。A是Assess，評估你自己的個人和職業(yè)目標(biāo)?，F(xiàn)在許多工作都要求你擁有碩士學(xué)位。B是Buy into，相信你的決定！但是在做出決定之前，務(wù)必權(quán)衡所有的利弊。C是Charge ahead，勇往直前，朝著目標(biāo)努力！Before applying to graduate school, you should consider seriously

22、 your personal and professional goals. You must be fully aware of the various potential challenges that you might be faced with when you study in graduate school. Once the decision is made, you must be clear that everything else in your life cannot take precedence over your studies. You must also le

23、arn to use strategies for success, to prioritize events, to be realistic, self-reliant, adaptive and persistent. Only in this way can you complete your courses and obtain your masters degree successfully. 在申請研究生院之前，你應(yīng)該認(rèn)真考慮你的個人及職業(yè)目標(biāo)。你必須充分意識到你在研究生院學(xué)習(xí)所要面臨的各種潛在挑戰(zhàn)。一旦做出決定，你必須清楚生活中一切其它事情都不可以優(yōu)先于你的學(xué)業(yè)。你還必須學(xué)會運

24、用成功策略，學(xué)會優(yōu)先考慮事情，學(xué)會面對現(xiàn)實、自力更生、自我調(diào)整及堅持不懈。只有這樣，你才能夠順利完成學(xué)業(yè)并獲得碩士學(xué)位。Note :1. Linda Weston Kramer : a registered nurse (RE), a consultant with Dimensions of Critical care Nursing, also a critical care (重癥護(hù)理) educator at Norton Suburban Hospital in Louisville, Kntucky2. 24/7: an abbreviation which stands for

25、"24 hours a day, 7 days a week"3. Rob Schneider: an American comic actor4. "Saturday" Night Live": a weekly Late-night 90-minute American variety show on NBC-unit 2 Lifestyle and Health 生活方式和健康The Working couch Potato: How Get out of the sedentary Rut職場沙發(fā)土豆：如何克服久坐不動的習(xí)慣Justin

26、 Wolf賈斯廷·沃爾夫(1) In the modern day people are increasingly choosing to adopt a sedentary lifestyle. Meaning they eat while sitting, they play video games and watch television while sitting, they travel sitting, and they even work sitting! Students are subjected to long periods of being immobile,

27、 and they lose concentration because of it. Many adults go to work only to sit for hours and hours at a desk. Then they go home while sitting in a car, eat at the table, do their bills or maybe some homework, and then spend many hours staring at a television or playing video games until they go to b

28、ed. Obviously, people, both young and old, are becoming sedentary, and hence those people are experiencing health problems, such as obesity and heart disease. These ailments, in turn, cause many psychological problems such as depression or anxiety. Therefore, in order to restore good mental and phys

29、ical health to sedentary individuals it must be ensured that those people get some exercise.(1)現(xiàn)如今，人們越來越青睞久坐不動的生活方式。他們坐著吃飯，坐著玩游戲看電視，坐著旅行，甚至坐著工作。學(xué)生們被迫久坐不動，其結(jié)果是注意力下降。很多成人去上班，連續(xù)幾小時坐在辦公桌旁。下班他們坐車回家，吃飯，做賬，寫作業(yè)，之后花數(shù)小時看電視，打游戲直到就寢。顯然，現(xiàn)在的男女老少都缺乏運動，其中一些人還面臨肥胖癥、心臟病一類的健康問題。這些疾病反過來又引起諸如抑郁或焦慮的心理問題。因此，要恢復(fù)人們的身心健康，這些人

30、必須參加運動。 (2) A study done by The North American Association for the Study of Obesity showed that there is, in fact, a correlation between the activity of a person and the presence or absence of certain health problems. To begin their study; they picked five moderately or severely sedentary workplaces

31、 with about but no more than one-hundred employees, in Prince Edward Island, Canada. The next step the study took required each employee, from each of the five workplaces, to be equipped with a pedometer-a device used to calculate the amount of steps a person takes daily-to display their daily physi

32、cal activity.(2)北美肥胖癥研究協(xié)會進(jìn)行的一項研究表明，一個人的活動量和某些健康問題的有無存在著相關(guān)關(guān)系。首先，他們在加拿大的愛德華王子島選了5個相當(dāng)缺乏體力活動的工作場所， 從中挑選了約100名員工著手研究，接著要求每位員工佩帶記步器一種能計算一個人每天所行步數(shù)的裝置，以期獲得他們的體力活動情況。(3) Their data makes it undeniably clear that there exists a correlation between physical activity and the health of individual people. The peo

33、ple with the fewest steps/day had the greatest BMI body mass index the worst diastolic blood pressure, and the largest waist circumference-all are indicators of obesity. Moreover, the study found that four out of every five people who work at a sedentary occupation namely, office jobs are obese.(3)他

34、們的研究數(shù)據(jù)說明人的體力活動和健康之間存在著高度相關(guān)。走路最少的人體質(zhì)指數(shù)最大，舒張血壓最糟糕，腰圍也最大，這些都是肥胖癥的指標(biāo)。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，從事辦公室工作的每5個人中就有4個體質(zhì)肥胖。(4) The study also found: "Participants who reported a prior diagnosis of one or more components of the metabolic syndrome hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, heart disease, or type 2 diabetes took fewe

35、r steps/day than healthy participants." Therefore, it can also be concluded that lack of activity, caused by a sedentary lifestyle, is likely to result in the diagnosis of one or more constituents of the metabolic syndrome. In short, getting little activity is a very unhealthy thing to do, so d

36、on't be sedentary!(4)該研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些曾診斷出代謝綜合癥的受試者比健康的受試者每天的步行量要小，這些代謝綜合癥包括高血壓，血膽脂醇過多，心臟病，或型糖尿病。因此可以說，久坐不動的生活方式所引起的缺乏運動很可能導(dǎo)致代謝綜合癥的出現(xiàn)?？傊顒恿刻『苡泻】怠?5) This study targeted sedentary work sites, but the problem of sedentary lifestyles extends to the home. Labor saving technologies such as dishwashers, va

37、cuums, and washing machines have made it so people are required to do very little in order to maintain a household. The schools even retain a sedentary model! Less than thirty-six percent of schools offer physical education classes. Hence students receive no physical activity, and lose focus because

38、 of that. If the schools want better students they need to find a way to make students more physically active.(5)該研究針對的是活動量小的職業(yè)場所，但久坐不動的生活方式已延伸至家庭生活。節(jié)省勞力的現(xiàn)代技術(shù)(像洗碗機(jī)、吸塵器、洗衣機(jī))使人們無需多少勞作就能打理好家務(wù)。學(xué)校甚至也保持久坐不動的模式。不到36的學(xué)校開設(shè)體育課。學(xué)生沒有體育活動，其結(jié)果是注意力下降。要培養(yǎng)出更好的學(xué)生，學(xué)校必須想辦法讓學(xué)生參加更多的體育活動。 (6) Another study by Dr. Joan Gan

39、dy of Oxford Brookes University suggested that "the average man stood to burn 180 fewer calories than the norm of energy a day, the average woman 142 fewer." Following that is the conclusion: to pass their time, people probably entertain themselves with technologies like video games and te

40、levisions, and that those sort of entertainment gadgets are also causing people to be only entertained by stimulate received while sedentary. Hence technology has made it so that people are no longer required to partake in physical activity to get through life, and thus people have a predominantly s

41、edentarily conditioned lifestyle.(6)牛津布魯克斯大學(xué)瓊·甘地博士的一項研究表明，一般男士每天消耗的卡路里比正常值要少180，一般女士則少142。由此可以推斷: 為了消遣，人們一般玩電子游戲、看電視，而這類娛樂性設(shè)施使得人們只對坐在那里享受刺激感興趣。所以說，技術(shù)使人們生活中的體力活動減少，人們也就漸漸習(xí)慣了坐多動少的生活方式。(7) That lack of physical activity also affects the psychological well-being of an individual. There have been ma

42、ny studies showing that there is a parallel between physical health and mental well-being. Exercise releases endorphins or feel-good chemicals into the blood stream which reach the brain to make a person feel exulted. In addition, Exercise lowers blood pressure, which, in turn, makes a person less p

43、rone to stress. There is, as well, hundreds of studies and about thirty narrative reviews that suggest that exercise could cure clinical and subclinical depression or anxiety. Accordingly, exercise is an ample solution to improving mental well-being and helps people better compose themselves for a t

44、ask such as school or a job.(7)體力活動不夠還會影響人的心理健康。許多研究表明，身心兩方面的健康有很多相似之處。運動釋放出內(nèi)啡肽（體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的一種起鎮(zhèn)痛作用的荷爾蒙），這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)進(jìn)入血液，到達(dá)腦部，使人產(chǎn)生興奮感。此外，運動可以降低血壓，增強(qiáng)人的抗壓能力。數(shù)以百計的研究和對30例口頭報告的研究也表明，運動能治愈臨床及亞臨床抑郁癥和焦慮癥。因此，運動是改善心理健康的有效手段，它幫助人們在面對學(xué)業(yè)和工作負(fù)擔(dān)時鎮(zhèn)定情緒。(8) There are two ways to eliminate the affects of sedentary habits on peopl

45、e's health. First and foremost is the effort an individual can take to make themselves healthful. They can go for a jog, walk instead of driving, join the health club, or for students join an athletic squad. Next comes the solutions employers and schools can instigate to make their employees and

46、 students healthier. Schools can have more recess, have longer breaks between classes, and require Physical Education as a class. Employers can have their employees get up about every hour and walk a lap around the building, have health requirements, or maybe do something creative thing like buildin

47、g a chair/bike which employees must pedal for a half of an hour before getting a lunch break. In short, people need to get exercise by whatever means possible.(8)兩種方法可以消除久坐不動的習(xí)慣對健康的不良影響。首先，個人要做主觀努力。可以去慢跑、散步、參加健身俱樂部, 或者(對學(xué)生來說)參加一個運動隊。其次，雇主和學(xué)校要想辦法讓員工和學(xué)生健身。學(xué)校要給學(xué)生更多休息時間，課間休息可以再長點，并開設(shè)體育課。雇主可以讓員工每隔一小時圍著辦公

48、樓走一圈，提出員工健康要求，或者讓他們做一些富有創(chuàng)造性的勞動，例如做一個椅子自行車，在午餐之前騎半個小時的自行車等?？傊?，人們需要運動，不管何種方式都行。The issue of the sedentary culture of today can only be solved by modern people adopt a healthy amount of exercise to their lifestyles. The job market of today requires mostly sedentary undertakings, and that has caused man

49、y people working at a sedentary job to lose their good health. Not only does the job market have this issue, but at home and school people are becoming more and more sedentary. At home this is due to the development of labor-saving devices like dishwashers and entertainment centered on techs such as

50、 television and video games. These sedentary habits cause health issues and, in turn, psychological issues. The only way to eliminate the effects of a sedentary lifestyle is for individuals to take the time to get a healthy amount of exercise, and cut back on their daily dose of inactivity.hyper cho

51、le sterol emia-unit 3 Food CrisisAct Now Eat Later 行動起來，抵御全球糧食危機(jī)Jeffrey D. Sachs 杰弗瑞·德·薩克斯 The world saw it coming but did little. now the global food shortage has become a crisis. Here's how to end it.通過許多自然和社會現(xiàn)象我們知道將會爆發(fā)全球糧食危機(jī)，但是人類沒有未雨綢繆。當(dāng)全球食品匱乏逐漸演變成糧食危機(jī)我們就要認(rèn)真考慮如何應(yīng)對。(1) The world econ

52、omy has run into a brick wall. Despite countless warnings in recent years about the need to address a looming hunger crisis in poor countries and a looming energy crisis worldwide, world leaders failed to think ahead. The result is a global food crisis. Wheat, corn and rice prices have more than dou

53、bled in the past two years, and oil prices have more than tripled since the start of 2004. These food-price increases combined with soaring energy costs will slow if not stop economic growth in many parts of the world and will even undermine political stability, as evidenced by the protest riots tha

54、t have erupted in places like Haiti, Bangladesh and Burkina Faso. Practical solutions to these growing woes do exist, but we'll have to start thinking ahead and acting globally.(1)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)遇到了難以逾越的障礙。盡管近年來無數(shù)跡象向人們發(fā)出警告， 貧窮國家的饑荒和全世界范圍內(nèi)的能源危機(jī)已經(jīng)逼近。但是各國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人未能未雨綢繆：其后果是全球性的糧食危機(jī)。在過去的兩年里，小麥、玉米和大米的價格已經(jīng)翻了一番多。自從200

55、4年初以來石油的價格是原來的三倍多。食品價格上漲和能源價格猛增即使不會使世界上很多地方的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展停止，也會放慢它們的速度，甚至?xí)碚紊系牟环€(wěn)定。發(fā)生在誨地、盂加拉國以及西非國家布基納 法索的抗議和暴亂已經(jīng)證實了這一點。解決這些日益嚴(yán)重的災(zāi)難不是沒有實際的方法，但是需要我們?nèi)祟愄崆皽?zhǔn)備，并一同行動起來：(2) The crisis has its roots in four interlinked trends. The first is the chronically low productivity of farmers in the poorest countries, caused

56、by their inability to pay for seeds, fertilizers and irrigation. The second is the misguided policy in the U.S. and Europe of subsidizing the diversion of food crops to produce biofuels like corn-based ethanol. The third is climate change; take the recent droughts in Australia and Europe, which cut

57、the global production of grain in 2005 and '06. The fourth is the growing global demand for food and feed grains brought on by swelling populations and incomes. In short, rising demand has hit a limited supply, with the poor taking the hardest blow.(2)這種全球性的危機(jī)源于以下四個相互聯(lián)系的方面、第一，在最貧窮落后的國家，農(nóng)民的生產(chǎn)力長時期

58、以來都很低，這主要是因為他們貧困沒有錢買種子、肥料和灌溉土地。第二，美國和歐洲國家的誤導(dǎo)政策。這政策在經(jīng)濟(jì)上支持一些企業(yè)把糧食加工成生物燃料，比如把玉米加工成乙醇。第三，氣候變化。在澳大利亞和歐洲出現(xiàn)的旱災(zāi)，使得2005和2006年全球的糧食產(chǎn)量減少。第四，世界上越來越多的人口對糧食的需求在逐漸增長?？傊?，對糧食的需求量越來越高，但是產(chǎn)量是有限的，其結(jié)果是貧困的人遭受的打擊最大。(3) So, what should be done? Here are three steps to ease the current crisis and avert the potential for a gl

59、obal disaster. The first is to scale-up the dramatic success of Malawi, a famine-prone country in southern Africa, which three years ago established a special fund to help its farmers get fertilizer and high-yield seeds. Malawi's harvest doubled after just one year. An international fund based on the Malawi model would cost a mere $10 per person annually in the rich wo