商務(wù)英語復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上Unit One.英譯漢：1. trading bloc 貿(mào)易集團2. import share 進(jìn)口額度3. production and distribution sharing 合作生產(chǎn)和分配共享4. global reorientation 全球性的重新定位5. conduct international business 從事國際商務(wù)6. insurance company 保險公司7. provide for efficient transportation 提供便利交通8. forge a network of global linkages 形成全球網(wǎng)

2、絡(luò)（聯(lián)網(wǎng)）9. international investment 國際投資10.use and acceptance of the common coinage采用和接納同一貨幣制度.漢譯英1. 貿(mào)易慣例 business practice2. 石油危機 oil shock3. 市場份額 market share4. 完成交易 carry out transaction5. 以市場為基礎(chǔ)的商業(yè)交易 market based business transaction6. 跨國公司 multinational corporation7. 國際貿(mào)易量 volume of international

3、trade8. 主要經(jīng)濟大國 major economic powers9. 提高生活水平 improve the standards of living10. 股票市場 stock market11. 年銷售額 annual sales12. 國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 gross domestic productUnit Two.英譯漢1. patterns of world trade 世界貿(mào)易格局2. bulky or perishable goods 大件貨物或易腐爛商品3. a heavy consumer of natural resources 自然資源的主要消費者4. an elite g

4、roup of merchants and entrepreneurs 商業(yè)和企業(yè)家的精英群體5. outlaw strip mining of coal 立法禁止采礦6. resist foreign investment in one's industry 抵制外國在某國工業(yè)方面的投資7. undertake steps to limit oil consumption 采取措施限制石油消費8. impose tariffs and quotas on imported items采取對進(jìn)口商品征收關(guān)稅和實行配額9. International Bauxite Associatio

5、n (IBA) 國際鋁礦協(xié)會10. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)石油輸出國組織.漢譯英1. 初級產(chǎn)品 primary commodities2. 價格下跌 price drop3. 勞動成本 labor costs4. 生產(chǎn)國和消費國 producing and consuming nations5. 糧食主要出口商 dominant exporters of grains6. 國際收支 balance of payments7. 第三方 a third party8. 批量生產(chǎn) mass-produce9. 比較成本

6、理論 theory of comparative advantage10. 金屬含量 metal content11. 期貨交割 futures delivery12. 商品期貨交易 commodity futures trading13. 采取保護(hù)主義措施 take protectionist measures14. 消費國 consuming countries15. 運輸費用 transportation expenses16. 減緩對石油的依賴 lessen ones dependence on oil17. 炸糖加工設(shè)備 sugar processing facilities18.

7、外匯 foreign exchange.短文翻譯The theory of international trade has changed drastically from that first put forward by Adam Smith. The classical theories of Adam Smith and David Ricardo focused on the abilities of countries to produce goods more cheaply than other countries. The earliest production and tr

8、ade theories saw labor as the major factor expense that went into any product. If a country could pay that labor less, and if that labor could produce more physically than labor in other countries, the country might obtain an absolute or comparative advantage in trade.國際貿(mào)易理論自從亞當(dāng)史密斯第一次提出后就發(fā)生了很大的變化。亞當(dāng)

9、和大衛(wèi)的傳統(tǒng)理論強調(diào)了國家所具有的比其他國家便宜生產(chǎn)商品的能力，最早的生產(chǎn)貿(mào)易理論把勞動力視為獲得產(chǎn)品的主要支出因素。如果某個國家可以支付較少的勞動力費用。同時在體力勞動中比其他國家生產(chǎn)的多的話，這個國家就可能在貿(mào)易當(dāng)中獲得絕對和相對的優(yōu)勢。 Subsequent theoretical development led to a more detailed understanding of production and its costs. Factors of production are now believed to include labor (skilled and unskille

10、d), capital, natural resources, and other potentially significant commodities that are difficult to reproduce or replace, such as energy. Technology, once assumed to be the same across all countries, is now seen as one of the premier driving forces in determining who holds the competitive edge or ad

11、vantage. International trade is now seen as a complex combination of thousands of products, technologies, and firms that are constantly innovating to keep up with or get ahead of the competition. Modern trade theory has looked beyond production cost to analyze how the demands of the marketplace alte

12、r who trades with whom and which firms survive domestically and internationally. The abilities of firms to adapt to foreign markets, both in the demands and the competitors that form the foreign markets, have required much of international trade and investment theory to search out new and innovative

13、 approaches to what determines success and failure. Finally, as world economies grew and the magnitude of world trade increased, the simplistic ideals that guided international trade and investment theory have had to grow with them. The choices that many firms face today require them to directly mov

14、e their capital, technology, and know-how to countries that possess other unique factors or market advantages that will help the firm keep pace with market demands. Unit Three.英譯漢1. corporation bond 公司債券2. close column 收盤匯率欄3. cross deal 套匯交易4. enter into a contract 簽訂合同5. foreign exchange community

15、 外匯界6. two sets of quotations 兩組標(biāo)價7. post savings certificate 郵政儲蓄憑證8. in a written legal form 用書面的法律形式9. an unwritten code of conduct 為成文行為準(zhǔn)則10. handle sth. in an informal manner 用非正規(guī)方式處理某事11. the bank nominated by the purchaser 買方指定的銀行12. apply the indirect quotation system 采用間接標(biāo)價法13. make payment

16、 upon delivery 交貨付款14. International Monetary Market (IMM) 國際貨幣市場.漢譯英1.短期國庫券 treasury bill2.外匯交易日 foreign exchange dealers3.外匯匯率 foreign exchange rate4貨幣主管當(dāng)局 monetary authorities5.簽定合同 make a contract6.套匯匯率 cross rate7.政府債券 governmental bond8.起息日 value date9.電匯匯率 telegraphic transfer rate10.立即交貨 imm

17、ediate delivery11.直接標(biāo)價法 direct quotation system12.期貨市場 futures market13.波動匯率 fluctuate exchange rate14.外國證券 foreign security.短文翻譯The exchange of currency is necessary for international trade and commerce. The purpose of exchange rate systems is to provide a free and liquid market for the world's

18、 currencies while providing some degree of stability and predictability to currency values. The modern history of the international monetary system has seen periods of success and failure in the accomplishments of this purpose.The gold standard, which was in wide use during the early years of the tw

19、entieth century, was a highly restrictive system. The ability to convert currency to gold imposed restrictions on the ability of countries to run inflationary monetary policies or conduct imbalanced trade for substantial periods of time. But the gold standard was also inflexible, and many have argue

20、d that it slowed economic growth unduly by limiting the amount of money that could be put into growing economies.The Bretton Woods Agreement signed in 1944, in anticipation of the reconstruction of the world economy after World War , was an international monetary system in which the U.S. dollars was

21、 the centerpiece and literally "goog as gold". Although it worked well for 25 years, it saw its natural decline as the world economy changed and world currency markets needed to change with it. The result, the floating exchange rate system in use today, reflects the dominance of market eco

22、nomies, market forces, and the growth in international commerce. Two of the most influential multilateral institutions in operation today, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, arose from the Bretton Woods Agreement. 國際貿(mào)易需要貨幣兌換。匯率體制目的是在為世界的各種貨幣提供自由流動的市場。同時在某種程度上使貨幣值具有穩(wěn)定性和可預(yù)測性。從國際貨幣體制的近

23、代史中可以看到實現(xiàn)此目的所經(jīng)歷了很多的成功和失敗。在20世紀(jì)早期，廣泛的使用黃金的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是一種具有很多限制的體系，能否把貨幣轉(zhuǎn)換為黃金，它制約了國家長期實行限制通貨膨脹的貨幣政策和處理失衡的貿(mào)易能力，但黃金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也缺乏靈活性。許多人認(rèn)為它減慢了經(jīng)濟發(fā)展投資的金額，以致于極大地延緩了經(jīng)濟的增長。布雷頓森林協(xié)議是在1944年簽署的。它的目的是在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后重建經(jīng)濟，此協(xié)議是一種國際貨幣體系，在這個體系當(dāng)中，它重點強調(diào)了美元和黃金一樣堅挺的作用.雖然布雷頓森林個協(xié)議在過去的25年中發(fā)揮了很好的作用。但它的作用在下滑，因為世界經(jīng)濟發(fā)生變化，世界經(jīng)濟市場也要隨之改變。結(jié)果浮動匯率的體系今天已被采用，它反

24、映了市場經(jīng)濟的市場力和國際貿(mào)易增長的主導(dǎo)地位。當(dāng)今具有影響力的兩個國際多邊機構(gòu)，國際貨幣基金組織和世界銀行，它們都是從布雷頓森林協(xié)議中提出的。 Unit Four.英譯漢1. accelerated depreciation 加速折舊2. Research subsidy 科研津貼3. Foreign portfolio on loans 外國有價證券投資4. Strategic objective 戰(zhàn)略性目標(biāo)5. Various regional sales offices 不同地區(qū)的銷售部6. share capital outlay and "know-how" 分擔(dān)

25、資本支出和專有技術(shù)7. Renew the contract with the distributors 與經(jīng)銷商續(xù)簽合同8. Receive a commission on products sold 因賣出產(chǎn)品而獲得傭金9. Foreign market entry 打入外國市場10. Achieve the highest possible efficiency 達(dá)到可能的最高的生產(chǎn)效益11. Obtain the maximum return on investment 最大限度或得投資收益12. Be authorized to manufacture the product und

26、er license授權(quán)憑許可證生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品13. Make an acquisition of an existing manufacturing plant收購現(xiàn)存的加工廠14. Acquire part or all of the equity of an existing foreign company購買外國現(xiàn)有公司的全部或部分的股份15. International Telephone and Telegraph 國際電話電報公司.漢譯英1.經(jīng)濟一體化 economic integration2.勞動權(quán)利法 night-to-work law3.資本流通性 mobility of ca

27、pital4.投資鼓勵措施 investment incentive5.采取戰(zhàn)略性方針 take a strategic approach6.投資預(yù)期收益 expected return on an investment7.投標(biāo)一億九千萬美元 make a 190 million bid8.得到專利使用費 receive royalty payments9.授予國外經(jīng)銷權(quán) authorize foreign distribution10.現(xiàn)金流量預(yù)測 cash flow projection11.培訓(xùn)津貼 training allowance12.收益率 rate of return13.許可

28、證貿(mào)易的缺點 drawback of licensing14.集中各種資源 pool all ones resources15. 不同合作者 respective partner.短文翻譯A joint venture can be defined as the participation of two or more companies in an enterprise in which each party contributes assets, owns the entity to some degree and shares risk. (The venture is also con

29、sidered long term.) The reason for establishing a joint venture can be divided into three groups:(1)government suasion or legislation, (2)one partner's needs of other partners' skills, and (3) one partner's needs for other partners' attributes or assets. Equality of the partners has

30、the majority of ventures; each partners contributions-typically consisting of funds, technology, plant, or labor-also vary.The key to a joint venture is the sharing of a common business objective, which makes the arrangement more than a customer-vendor relationship but less than an outright acquisit

31、ion. The partners rationales for entering into the arrangement may vary. An example is new United Motor Manufacturing Inc.(NUMMI), the joint venture between Toyota and GM. Toyota needed direct access to the U.S. market. While GM benefited from the technology and management approaches provided by its

32、 Japanese partner.Joint ventures may be the only way in which a firm can profitably participate in a particular market. For example, India restricts equity participation in local operations by foreigners to 40 percent. Other entry modes may limit the scale of operation substantially; for example, ex

33、ports may be restricted because of tariff barriers. Many Western firms are using joint ventures to gain access to eastern and central European markets.Joint ventures are valuable when the pooling of resources results in a better outcome for each partner that if each were to conduct its activities in

34、dividually. This is particularly the case when each partner has a specialized advantage in areas that benefit the venture. For example, a firm may have new technology yet lack sufficient capital to carry out foreign direct investment on its own. Through a joint venture the technology can be used mor

35、e quickly and market penetration achieved more easily. Similarly, one of the partners may have a distribution system already established or have better access to local suppliers, either of which permits a greater volume of sales in a shorter period of time. 合資企業(yè)是由兩個或多個公司組成的企業(yè)。各方都對此企業(yè)提供資金，部分的擁有該企業(yè)的實體

36、并分擔(dān)企業(yè)的風(fēng)險（合資企業(yè)也被視為一種長期的合作項目），建立合資企業(yè)的原因有3種：（1）政府鼓勵或者立法（2）一方需要合伙人的技術(shù)（3）一方需要合伙人的地位或資產(chǎn)。合伙人在合作之前無需地位平等，在某些合資企業(yè)中，每位合伙人持有相同的股份，合伙人所做的貢獻(xiàn)也不同，主要體現(xiàn)在所提供的資金、技術(shù)、工廠和勞動力等方面。合資企業(yè)的關(guān)鍵是有一個共同的商業(yè)目標(biāo)，它使得合伙者的關(guān)系遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不同于顧客和小販，但是卻還沒有達(dá)到全部收購的地步。合伙人參與合資的原因可能不同，例如，新聯(lián)合汽車制造公司（NUMMI），是由日本豐田和美國通用組建的合資企業(yè)。（Toyota）豐田需要直接的途徑打入美國市場，而通用受益于日本合作伙

37、伴提供的技術(shù)和管理方法。合資企業(yè)可能是公司進(jìn)入特定市場，并從中獲利的唯一途徑。例如，印度把外國人以合股的形式進(jìn)入地方商業(yè)運作的股份限制到40%，其他的運作方式也許會極大地限制其運作規(guī)模。例如，出口可能會受到關(guān)稅的限制，很多西方公司正在利用合資企業(yè)去打開東方和歐洲市場的大門進(jìn)入中歐市場。Unit Five.英譯漢1. discretionary income 可自由支配的收入2. operating suppliers 營業(yè)用品3. repair item 維修用品4. handle procurement 經(jīng)營采購5. personal selling 個人推銷6. production fa

38、cilities 生產(chǎn)設(shè)施7. new line of merchandise 新系列商品8. latest best-selling novels 最新暢銷小說9. product's final specifications 產(chǎn)品最終規(guī)格10. identify the buyer's needs 確定買方需要11. settle on a fair price 確立公平價格12. consumer's attitude and behavior 消費者的態(tài)度和行為.漢譯英1. 營銷組合 marketing mix2. 保養(yǎng)用品 maintenance goods3

39、. 購買動機 motivation to purchase4. 輔助設(shè)備 accessory equipment5. 銷售手冊 sales manual6. 形式效用 form utility7. 目標(biāo)市場 target market8. 產(chǎn)品的生命周期 products life cycle9. 符合消費者期望 meet the expectations of buyers10. 制定商品的初步設(shè)計 work up a preliminary design of the merchandise11. 國民生產(chǎn)總值 Gross National Product (GNP)12. 特色商品 sp

40、ecialty goods13. 采購部 purchasing department14. 自動售貨機 Vending machine15. 分銷渠道 channel of distribution16. 營銷手段 marketing approach17. 成品 finish product18. 銷售人員管理 sales force management19. 品味變化 changes in tastes.短文翻譯 About 20 billion in domestic and export sales are estimated to be lost by U.S. companies

41、 annually because of product counterfeiting and trademark patent infringement of consumer and industrial products. Counterfeit goods are any goods bearing an unauthorized representation of a trademark, patented invention, or copyrighted work that is legally protected in the country where it marketed

42、.The practice of product counterfeiting has spread to high technology and services from the traditionally counterfeited products: high-visibility, strong brand name consumer goods. In addition, a new dimension has emerged to complicate the situation. Previously, the only concern was whether a firm's product was being counterfeited; now, management has to worry