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1、第一節(jié) 語(yǔ)法測(cè)試指導(dǎo)在工程碩士研究生入學(xué)考試中,語(yǔ)法考試和詞匯考試合為一項(xiàng),共20分。其中,語(yǔ)法考試題5道題,占 10分。語(yǔ)法考試歷來(lái)在各種考試中都占有極大的比例,是檢驗(yàn)考生對(duì)根本語(yǔ)法掌握的能力的一種考核。學(xué)好語(yǔ)法不僅對(duì)做題有幫助,而且也對(duì)閱讀理解及完型填空有著極為重要的作用,因此,不可對(duì)之掉以輕心。第二節(jié) 語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)考試重點(diǎn)分析根據(jù)我們對(duì)歷年試題的分析研究,考試中的語(yǔ)法方面包括詞法和句法兩局部。詞法有動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、非限定動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞、副詞以及介詞、代詞以及連詞等;句法方面重點(diǎn)有:主謂的一致、倒裝句、名詞性從句、形容詞性從句和副詞性從句。由于語(yǔ)法和詞匯是兩個(gè)不可分割的局部
2、,語(yǔ)法條文主要通過(guò)詞匯才起作用,又因近年來(lái)多項(xiàng)選擇題的難度加深,主要表達(dá)在語(yǔ)法與較難詞匯交織在一起這個(gè)方面,所以考生必須在熟練語(yǔ)法的根底上積累詞匯。我們所指的“常考語(yǔ)法點(diǎn),是指在各類考試中出現(xiàn)頻率高的語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)。這些“考點(diǎn)主要是根底的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)及排除文化干擾而獲得英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)用能力方面的知識(shí)。英漢兩種語(yǔ)言千差萬(wàn)別,有相同、類似的地方,但更有不相同,完全排斥、互反的地方。從某種意義上說(shuō),學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言,就是學(xué)習(xí)克服語(yǔ)言差異,從而獲得目的語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)用能力。因此,那些容易使英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者難以克服的“差異也成了??蓟虮乜嫉墓こ獭Ul(shuí)善于排斥、區(qū)別這些差異,誰(shuí)就獲得了英語(yǔ)考試的得分技巧,誰(shuí)就會(huì)擁有一定的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力。雖然語(yǔ)法考試
3、覆蓋面廣,結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,但并非不可預(yù)測(cè)。根據(jù)我們對(duì)歷年來(lái)試卷的分析,“??颊Z(yǔ)法點(diǎn)主要是如下幾個(gè)方面:1時(shí)態(tài);2語(yǔ)態(tài);3 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞;4名詞;5、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;6、主謂語(yǔ)的一致;7、虛擬語(yǔ)氣;8、倒裝句;9、名詞性從句;10、定語(yǔ)從句;11、狀語(yǔ)從句。 轉(zhuǎn)貼于:考試大_工程第三節(jié) 時(shí)態(tài)一、概述在作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞用來(lái)表示動(dòng)作或情況、狀態(tài)發(fā)生時(shí)間的各種形式稱為時(shí)態(tài)。由于英語(yǔ)屬于曲折變化的語(yǔ)言,其動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的變化要通過(guò)詞的曲折詞形變化來(lái)表達(dá)的,因而也就有了現(xiàn)在式、過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞式三個(gè)根本詞形。下面根據(jù)這些時(shí)態(tài)常用的程度不同分別說(shuō)明它們的用法。二、各時(shí)態(tài)詳解1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要由動(dòng)詞原形表示,但第三人稱單數(shù)
4、后要加詞尾-s,另外be 和have要根據(jù)人稱的變化使用特殊的形式。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),還可用來(lái)表示普遍真理。The Yangtze rises in Qinghai. 長(zhǎng)江發(fā)源于青海。Actions speak louder than words. 行動(dòng)勝于言辭。We have friends all over the world. 我們的朋友遍天下。2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)是由助動(dòng)詞be加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的。主要表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)時(shí)刻這一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,有時(shí)候還用來(lái)表示一個(gè)最近按方案或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。How are things getting on with you?
5、 工作進(jìn)行的怎么樣?Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你接 。They are publishing a new version of the playscript by Taso Yu this autumn. 今年秋天他們要出版曹禺劇作的一個(gè)新譯本。3、一般將來(lái)時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞shall (will)加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。它表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。They will sit the post-graduate examinations next autumn.明年秋他們要參加工碩考試。The teacher will not let me
6、 go home before I have finished my homework.老師要我做完作業(yè)才能回家。4、一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)由動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式表示,動(dòng)詞be 根據(jù)人稱有was和were兩個(gè)詞形,規(guī)那么動(dòng)詞在詞尾加-d-或ed;其他動(dòng)詞參閱不規(guī)那么動(dòng)詞變化表, 該時(shí)態(tài)主要表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。Its a pity that you did not go to the movie. 很遺憾你沒(méi)有去看那部電影。Many people died in the tsunami that took place in Thailand. 很多人在泰國(guó)的那次海嘯中遇難喪生。 轉(zhuǎn)貼于:考試大_工
7、程碩士考試試 5、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是由助動(dòng)詞have和has加過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成的。主要表示此刻以前曾經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。如:Grain output has greatly increased in the past few years. 這幾年糧食產(chǎn)量有了很大增長(zhǎng)。The area has suffered from disastrous floods throughout its history.這個(gè)地區(qū)歷史上一直遭受水患之苦。注意:過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別:現(xiàn)完成時(shí)的根本特點(diǎn)是它和現(xiàn)在有密切的聯(lián)系,或是指迄今為止這一段時(shí)間的情況,或是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果等。而過(guò)去時(shí)主要強(qiáng)調(diào)
8、過(guò)去某時(shí)刻所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況,與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有任何聯(lián)系。如:Up till now we have planted over 10,000 apple trees. 到目前為止我們共種了一萬(wàn)多棵蘋(píng)果樹(shù)。I saw him a minute ago. 我前一會(huì)還見(jiàn)到他的。6、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)是由助動(dòng)詞be的過(guò)去式加上現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的,主要表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。At that time she was working as an assistant in a physics labatory.那時(shí)她在一家物理實(shí)驗(yàn)室做助手。They took us to see the chemical fi
9、bre mill that they were building. 他們帶我們?nèi)⒂^了他們正在修建的化纖廠。7、過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞had加動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成,主要表示過(guò)去某時(shí)刻前業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),其實(shí)就是指過(guò)去的過(guò)去。使用時(shí)往往要要在從句中或有一個(gè)明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。Before daybreak they had covered half the distance. 拂曉前他們已經(jīng)走完了大半路程。No sooner had the rain stopped than they set out again. 雨一停他們就又上路了。He had not learned any
10、 English before he came to the university. 上大學(xué)前他一點(diǎn)英語(yǔ)沒(méi)學(xué)過(guò)。8、一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞would加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成,主要表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間角度看以后將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。含這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)的句子常帶一個(gè)表示“過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的狀語(yǔ)。這個(gè)狀語(yǔ)或是一個(gè)短語(yǔ),或是一個(gè)句子。這個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)常用于:賓語(yǔ)從句或間接引語(yǔ)中。例如:When I thought about it, I wondered what their reaction would be. 當(dāng)我考慮這件事時(shí),我想知道他們的反響是什么。She told me that she would go on
11、trip to Europe the next day. 她告訴我,她第二天要去歐洲旅行。Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework. 無(wú)論他什么時(shí)間有空,他總是幫他媽媽干點(diǎn)家務(wù)活。No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多難,他總會(huì)堅(jiān)持不懈地把它干完。9、一般將來(lái)完成時(shí)一般將來(lái)完成時(shí)由shall (will) + have + 過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。主要表示在
12、將來(lái)某時(shí)業(yè)已發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如:After we finish this text, we'll have learned twenty texts. 這課課文結(jié)束后,我們就學(xué)了二十課課文了。By the next month, I'll have finished my task. 到下個(gè)月,我將完成任務(wù)。They will have hit the years target by the end of October. 到十月底他們就可完成全年的指標(biāo)了。10、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由havehasbeen加動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成,表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去的某個(gè)動(dòng)作延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或剛剛完成,
13、或許還要繼續(xù)延續(xù)。這種時(shí)態(tài)側(cè)重于這個(gè)動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性,或者說(shuō)不間斷性。例如:Ive been waiting for you for the whole morning. 整個(gè)上午我一直在等你。 It has been raining for three days. 雨連續(xù)下了三天。Where have you been? 你去哪兒啦?She has been busy preparing the exhibition since we met last time.自我們上次見(jiàn)面以來(lái),她就一直忙著籌備那個(gè)展覽。11、過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由had been加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成,表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前
14、開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻。例如: It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places. 傾盆大雨下了一周,在許多地區(qū)引發(fā)了山崩。At last they gor the telegram they had been expecting. 最后他們收到了他們一直盼望的電報(bào)。 第四節(jié) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 (Model Verbs) 又稱為情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞 (Model Auxiliaries)。英語(yǔ)中助動(dòng)詞主要有兩類:一是根本助動(dòng)詞,如h
15、ave, do, be;二是情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞,如may, must, need等。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與其他動(dòng)詞連用表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞可表達(dá)建議、要求、可能和意愿等。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。在英語(yǔ)的各種考試考試中,現(xiàn)在一個(gè)明顯的趨勢(shì)是呈現(xiàn)出復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)我們對(duì)歷年來(lái)試卷的分析,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞局部重點(diǎn)測(cè)試以下內(nèi)容: 1情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞完成式 2情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行式 3情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞完成進(jìn)行式 4某些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特殊用法一、一般情態(tài)動(dòng)詞1、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成式: 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成式即“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have + v-ed分詞,表示對(duì)過(guò)去行為或動(dòng)作進(jìn)行推測(cè)、評(píng)論或判斷。如:Since the ditch is
16、 full of water, it must have rained last night. 溝渠里的水都滿了,想必昨晚一定下雨了。You couldnt have met my grandmother. She died before you were born.你不可能遇到我奶奶,因?yàn)樗缭谀愠錾熬退懒?。I cant find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.我找不到鑰匙了,也許昨天丟到學(xué)校了吧。 當(dāng)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式是由ought to / should加完成式或否認(rèn)式ought not to /
17、 shouldnt加完成式時(shí),是表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的情況表示“責(zé)備、“不滿,分別表示“本應(yīng)該和“本不應(yīng)該。例如:You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.你本不應(yīng)該取笑他的。他不是你嘲笑是熱恰恰是你應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)的一個(gè)人。You should have finished your compositon by yesterday.你本應(yīng)該昨天前就把作文寫(xiě)完的。 neednt have v-edneednt have v-ed 表示過(guò)去做了某事,但沒(méi)有做的必要, 意為“本沒(méi)必要。例如:You
18、neednt have wakened me up; I dont have to go to work today.你本沒(méi)必要把我叫醒,因?yàn)槲医裉觳簧习唷Wⅲ罕硎就茰y(cè)過(guò)去某動(dòng)作發(fā)生的可能性時(shí),就表示的可能性程度而言,must最大,could其次,may更次之,might最小。2、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行式情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行式即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + v-ing形式,表示推測(cè)或評(píng)論某動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在是否正在進(jìn)行。例如:The light in his study is still on; he must be working now.他書(shū)房的燈還亮著,想必他現(xiàn)在還在工作。She shouldnt be wor
19、king like that. She is still very weak.她不應(yīng)該這樣干,她身體還這樣弱.He cant be telling the truth. 他說(shuō)的不可能是真話.3、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成進(jìn)行式情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞完成進(jìn)行式即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have been + v-ing 形式,表示推測(cè)或評(píng)論過(guò)去某動(dòng)作是否正在進(jìn)行或一直在進(jìn)行。例如:They are sweating all over. They must have been working in the fields.他們渾身是汗,準(zhǔn)是在地里一直干活來(lái)著。They may have been discussing this
20、 suggestion all the morning.今天上午他們可能一直在討論這個(gè)建議來(lái)著。二、特殊情態(tài)動(dòng)詞除了上述的根本情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之外,還有一些如would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。 The soldier would sooner die than surrender. 這個(gè)戰(zhàn)士寧死不降。If you dont like to swim, you may just as we
21、ll stay at home. 如果你不喜歡游泳,你也可以待在家里啊。這些短語(yǔ)后一般直接跟動(dòng)詞原形。但是當(dāng)would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引導(dǎo)的從句時(shí),從句就要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。對(duì)現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的假設(shè)用過(guò)去時(shí),對(duì)過(guò)去的假設(shè)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如:I would rather you went home right now.我倒寧愿你現(xiàn)在立刻回家去。I would sooner you hadnt asked me to speak yesterday. 我倒寧愿你昨天沒(méi)邀請(qǐng)我講話。三、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞中應(yīng)特別注
22、意的典的型結(jié)構(gòu)They must be in the library, arent they? 他們一定還在圖書(shū)館,對(duì)吧?They must have gone to the library, havent they? 他們一定去圖書(shū)館了,對(duì)吧?They must have been to the library yesterday, didnt they? 他們昨天一定去了圖書(shū)館,是不是?Let me do it, will you? 讓我來(lái)做,好么?Let me help you, may I? 請(qǐng)讓我?guī)湍悖梢詥??Dont move, will you? 請(qǐng)你別動(dòng)!Go quickly,
23、 can you? 你能不能快點(diǎn)?Lets go for a walk, shall we? 咱們?nèi)ド⒉?,好么?He used to live in the countryside, didnt/usednt he? 他過(guò)去住在農(nóng)村,對(duì)吧? 轉(zhuǎn)貼 第五節(jié) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成英語(yǔ)中主要有十個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài).二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與“連系動(dòng)詞 be+過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別1、如果強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作或句中有介詞by引導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,該句一般為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),否那么為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:The glass is broken玻璃杯碎了。系表結(jié)構(gòu)The glass was broken by the boy玻璃杯被那男孩打
24、碎了。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)2、如果句中有地點(diǎn)、頻率或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí),一般為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:The magazine is published in Shanghai這家雜志出版于上海。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)The door is locked門鎖著。系表結(jié)構(gòu)The door has already/just been locked門已經(jīng)/剛剛被鎖上。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)The shop is opened這家商店開(kāi)門了。系表結(jié)構(gòu)The shop is opened at 8 a.m. everyday這家商店每天上午八點(diǎn)開(kāi)門。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)3、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)除用于一般時(shí)態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)外,還可以用于其他各種時(shí)態(tài),而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的系動(dòng)詞be只有一般時(shí)態(tài)和完
25、成時(shí)態(tài)。所以以下句子都是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):The machine is being repaired. 機(jī)器正在修。A new school will be built here. 這里將要建一所新學(xué)校。 4、常用的過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)如下:過(guò)去分詞作形容詞引出的介詞不一定都是by, 因此我們?cè)S注意常用的固定搭配:be acquainted with熟悉 be annoyed with被(某人)煩擾be contented with be covered withbe disgusted with討厭 be gratified with善于,精通be satisfied with對(duì)感到滿意 be exhaus
26、ted with因.筋疲力竭be ashamed of感到羞愧, 慚愧be beloved of不如.be convinced of(認(rèn)識(shí)到)be made ofbe tired of(厭煩) be amazed at(感到什么吃驚)be astonished at驚訝于. be disappointed at對(duì)失望be surprised at對(duì)驚訝 be terrified at對(duì)感到恐怖be absorbed in全神貫注 be caught in淋雨 be interested in 對(duì)感性趣be devoted to致力于什么be known to為所知 be involved in
27、專心三、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的考點(diǎn)1、不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞和詞組come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeedIt took place before liberation.After the fire, very little remained of my house.This knife cuts easily. 這刀子很好用2、以下動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)意義, 而且常與wel
28、l, quite, easily, badly等副詞連用。lock ( 鎖 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 賣 ); read ( 讀 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (責(zé)備);ride (乘坐); write ( 寫(xiě) );let (出租)等。如:I was to blame for the accident. 那件事故我應(yīng)該承當(dāng)責(zé)任。Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。The car rides smoothly. 這車走起來(lái)很穩(wěn)。The case locks easily. 這箱子很好鎖。The book sells well. 這本書(shū)很暢銷。n
29、eed, require, want, worth (形容詞), deserve后的動(dòng)名詞必須用主動(dòng)形式。The door needs repairing. = The door needs to be repaired.This room needs cleaning. 這房間應(yīng)該清掃一下。This book is worth reading.這本書(shū)值得一讀。有些常用經(jīng)典被動(dòng)句型:It is said that 據(jù)說(shuō) It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道 It is believed that大家相信 It is hoped that大家希望 It is well known th
30、at 眾所周知 It is thought that大家認(rèn)為 It is suggested that據(jù)建議 It is taken granted that 被視為當(dāng)然 It has been decided that 大家決定 It must be remember that務(wù)必記住的是 It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday. 轉(zhuǎn)貼于:考試大_工程碩士考試第六節(jié) 主謂一致 主謂一致有許多原那么,概括起來(lái)不外乎三種一致原那么,即:語(yǔ)法形式一致;概念一致語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容上一致;毗鄰一致謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式和緊位于其前的主語(yǔ)一致。另外,根
31、據(jù)代詞應(yīng)該在人稱、數(shù)、性等方面與所指的詞保持一致,還有指代一致。 一、語(yǔ)法形式一致 1、單數(shù)主語(yǔ)、單個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)以及句子作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ),用and或bothand連接的動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)以及主語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞那么用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如: Serving the people is my great happiness. 為人民效勞是我最大的幸福。 Whether well go depends on the weather. 我們是否去要取決于天氣的好賴。 What I think and what I seek have been fai
32、rly reflected in my paper. 我所思考的和我所尋求的都在這個(gè)論文中表達(dá)了出來(lái)。 2、由as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than 等引起的結(jié)構(gòu)跟在主語(yǔ)后面,不能看作是并列主語(yǔ),該主語(yǔ)不受這些詞組引導(dǎo)的插入語(yǔ)的影響,主語(yǔ)如是單數(shù),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍然用單數(shù)形式。例如: The reading course book, plus i
33、ts reference books, is helpful to college students.教材加上參考書(shū)對(duì)大學(xué)學(xué)生是非常有益的。 The man together with his wife and children sits on the sofa watching TV.那個(gè)人和他妻兒老小坐在沙發(fā)上看電視。 3、有些代詞只能指單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,當(dāng)它們?cè)诰渥又凶髦髡Z(yǔ)時(shí),盡管在意義上是多數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍要用單數(shù)形式。這類代詞有either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something, anyo
34、ne, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等。例如: Neither likes the friends of the other. 兩人都不喜歡對(duì)方的朋友。 Everything around us is matter. 我們周圍的所有東西都是物質(zhì)。 4、當(dāng)and連結(jié)的兩個(gè)名詞是指同一個(gè)人或同一件事,and后的名詞前沒(méi)有冠詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式;在and后面的名詞前有冠詞,謂語(yǔ)就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如: The bread and butter is served for bre
35、akfast. 早飯供給黃油面包。 The bread and the butter are on sale. 正在出售黃油和面包。 5、當(dāng)one of, a portion of, a series of, a species of, a chain of 結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如: One of those students has passed the examination. 這些學(xué)生只有一個(gè)考試及格了。 A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use.為語(yǔ)音課提前
36、準(zhǔn)備了一系列錄音磁帶。6、由one and a half + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞或the majority of + 名詞作作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。例如: The majority of the damage is easy to repair. 大局部的損壞品都容易修理。 7、plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of等 + 可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),不可數(shù)名詞的謂語(yǔ)只用單數(shù),可數(shù)名詞的謂語(yǔ)視可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如: There is plenty of water in the pail
37、. 桶里還有好多水。 There are plenty of eggs in the box. 箱子里有好多雞蛋。 8、由more than one (或more than one + 單數(shù)名詞),many a + 單數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如: More than one student has passed the examination. 不止一個(gè)學(xué)生通過(guò)了這次考試。 Many a boy learns to swim before he can read. 許多孩子在認(rèn)字前就學(xué)會(huì)了游泳。 9、如果名詞詞組中心詞是“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù) + of + 名詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取
38、決于of后的名詞或代詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如: Over three-quarters of the land has been reclaimed. 四分之三多的土地已經(jīng)收回了。 Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan. 到場(chǎng)的三分之二的人都反對(duì)這個(gè)方案。 10、定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)與先行詞一致。例如: He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group. 被選出來(lái)代表該組的人他是其中之一?!癒eep cool is the first of the
39、 rules that are to be remembered in an accident.“鎮(zhèn)靜是事故發(fā)生時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)牢記的第一條原那么。 轉(zhuǎn)貼于:考試大_工程碩士考試 二、概念一致語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容上一致 1有些集合crowd, family, team, orchestra管弦樂(lè)隊(duì), group, government, committee, class, school, union, firm, staff, public等,它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容而定。如果它們
40、作為一個(gè)集體單位時(shí),動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式,如就其中的各個(gè)成員來(lái)說(shuō),那么謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如: His family is going to move. 他準(zhǔn)備搬家。 His family are very well. 他家人身體都好。 2、有些表示總體意義的名詞,形式上是單數(shù),而意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如people, police, militia, cattle, poultry家禽等。例如: The police
41、;are searching for a tall dark man with a beard. 警察正在搜尋一位膚色黝黑、長(zhǎng)胡子的高個(gè)子男人。 3、有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù),而意義上卻是單數(shù)。如news, means, works.還有許多以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱,如economics, physics, mechanics, politics等,它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如: Politics is a c
42、omplicated business. 政治學(xué)是一門復(fù)雜的東西。 Here is the news. 下面播送新聞。 4、用and連接的單數(shù)主語(yǔ),前面有each, every, many a, no等修飾時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)與each連用時(shí),應(yīng)不受each的影響,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如: Every boy and girl is treated in the same way.
43、0;每個(gè)男孩、女孩都是以同樣的方式對(duì)待的。 Many a boy and many a girl has seen it. 很多姑娘小伙子都見(jiàn)過(guò)。 The old workers and the young each have their own tools.青老年工人都各自有自己的工具。 5、表示重量、度量、衡量、價(jià)值的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式。例如: Twenty miles is a long
44、60;way to walk. 二十里地可是個(gè)不近的路程。 Three pints isnt enough to get me drunk. 三品脫還不至于把我灌醉。 the +形容詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),如主語(yǔ)指的是一類人,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;如果指的是單個(gè)人或抽象概念,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如: The departed was a good friend of his. 死者是他的一位好友。 三、毗鄰一
45、致就近原那么 1、由連詞or, neitheror, eitheror, not only also, nor等連接的并列主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式按毗鄰一致的原那么,與貼近它的主語(yǔ)一致。例如: Either you or he is no telling the truth. 不是你就是他沒(méi)講真話。 Not only the switches but also the
46、60;old wiring has been changed.不僅開(kāi)關(guān),連那些老化了電路都已經(jīng)更換了。 2、在there be 的結(jié)構(gòu)中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一般也采取就近原那么。例如: There is a desk and four benches in the office. 辦公室有一張桌子,四條長(zhǎng)凳。 There are two chairs and a desk
47、160;in the office. 辦公室有兩把椅子一張桌子。 四、代詞的指代一致 指代一致是指句中的代詞應(yīng)該在人稱、數(shù)、性等方面與所指的詞保持一致。也是考試中的一個(gè)??键c(diǎn)。 1、當(dāng)everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),相應(yīng)的代詞一般采用單數(shù)形式。例如: If anyone calls, tell him Ill
48、0;be back later. 如果有人找我,就說(shuō)我一會(huì)回來(lái)。 Everyone thinks he is the center of universe. 每個(gè)人都認(rèn)為自己是宇宙的中心。 2、由neither nor, not only but also, either or, not but, or等連結(jié)的并列主語(yǔ),其后的附加疑問(wèn)局部主
49、語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)代詞。例如: Neither you nor I am wrong, are we? 你我都沒(méi)錯(cuò),對(duì)吧? Both Tom and Jack came, didnt they? 湯姆和杰克都來(lái)了,對(duì)不對(duì)? 3、當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是one, 并要在句子中屢次出現(xiàn)時(shí),一般用第三人稱單數(shù)代詞來(lái)代替后面將出現(xiàn)的one或ones;當(dāng)one在句子中泛指人時(shí),在反意疑問(wèn)句中也可用you來(lái)代替。例如: 轉(zhuǎn)One should
50、160;never blame his friends even his friends committed some careless mistakes.當(dāng)朋友犯了疏忽的小錯(cuò)時(shí)不要老指責(zé)朋友的過(guò)失。 One cant be too careful, can you (one)? 一個(gè)人無(wú)論怎么樣小心都不為過(guò),對(duì)不對(duì)? 轉(zhuǎn)貼于第七節(jié) 倒裝 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前的這種語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象稱為倒裝。從倒裝的形式來(lái)
51、看,可分為全部倒裝(full inversion)和局部倒裝(partial inversion)兩種。前者是指整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)置于主語(yǔ)之前,而后者僅是指助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或be 動(dòng)詞等功能置于主語(yǔ)這前。 一、全部倒裝 1、句首為there be, stand, lie, exist, remain, appear, seem, come 等時(shí),引出全部倒裝。 There stands a stone bridge across
52、0;the river. There stands an old pine tree on the summit of the mountain. 2、句首為狀語(yǔ)方位詞或表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ): Then from the portable radio in the corner came the announcers voice.從角落里的便攜式收音機(jī)里傳來(lái)了播音員的聲
53、音。 At his side lay Eva Brown. 在他的身旁躺著的是愛(ài)娃.布勞恩。 3、以 here, there, now, then等開(kāi)頭的句子,位于常用 be, come, go, begin, follow 等,引出倒裝: There goes the bell. 鈴響了。 Here comes the bus. 汽車來(lái)了。 Now
54、0;come your turn. 現(xiàn)在輪到你了。 但是,如主語(yǔ)是代詞而不是名詞時(shí)那么不發(fā)生倒裝。 4、在表示動(dòng)作的簡(jiǎn)短句子里,為了生動(dòng),可把副詞放于句首引出倒裝。 Out rushed the dog from the gate. 一條狗從大門里嗖地一聲竄了出來(lái)。 Up went the rocket into the sky. 火箭嗖地一聲飛上了天空。 但:Away they went. 5
55、、在表達(dá)祝愿的句子里: Long live the friendship between American and Chinese people!中美人民的友誼萬(wàn)歲! May you succeed! 祝你成功! 6、在強(qiáng)調(diào)表語(yǔ)時(shí) Worst of all were the humiliations. 最令人難以忍受的是羞辱。 Such is the case. 情況就是這樣。
56、;二、局部倒裝 1、省略 if 的虛擬條件句中 Had I known what was going to happen,I would never have left her alone.如果我當(dāng)時(shí)知道可能發(fā)生的事的話,我就不會(huì)撇下她一個(gè)人在那里了。 Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world.沒(méi)有空氣和水,世界上就不會(huì)有生命。 2、在以 so肯定和 neither, nor否認(rèn)的句子中 He didnt fear new ideas, nor di
57、d he fear the future. 他不怕新想法,也不怕未來(lái)。 Ive had some good ideas, so have other men. 我有些新的想法,別人也會(huì)有啊。 Distrust can be contagious, but so can trust. 不信任有傳染力,同樣信任也具有傳染力。 3、當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)為否認(rèn)詞或帶有否認(rèn)意義的詞語(yǔ)時(shí),如never, little, often, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely, seldom, no sooner . than , in
58、 no way, at no time, under no circumstances, by no means, in no case.,采用局部倒裝。 Little does he care about money. 他很少關(guān)心錢。 Not until recently did I know what he had done. 直到最近我才知道他所做的事。 4、句首狀語(yǔ)由 only+副詞,only+介詞短語(yǔ),only+狀語(yǔ)分詞時(shí) Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing
59、. 直到昨天他才發(fā)現(xiàn)表丟了。 Only in our country can science serve the interests of the people. 只有在我們國(guó)家科學(xué)才能效勞于人民的利益。 5、在強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)時(shí) Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction. 我們應(yīng)該為社會(huì)主義建設(shè)作出更大的奉獻(xiàn)。 Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid.從廢棄
60、液體中我們能提取有用的化學(xué)肥料。 6、在某些句型中 a. 以as 引出的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 Poor as he was, he was honest. 他盡管貧窮,但很老實(shí)。 Poor as I am, it is beneath me to steal. 我雖然窮,還不屑于去偷。 Much as I admire him as a writer, I dont like him as a man. 他作為作家我雖然敬慕他,但作為人我不喜歡他。 Try as he may, he never seems able to do
61、the work satisfactorily.盡管他很努力,然而其工作卻不令人滿意。 b. 連詞不位于句首的某些讓步從句把動(dòng)詞原形置于句首 Object though you may, they will go on as usual. 盡管你反對(duì),他們?nèi)匀晃倚形宜亍?#160; c. 在某些相當(dāng)于讓步從句的固定結(jié)構(gòu)中,動(dòng)詞置于句首 Be it right or wrong, well still go. 無(wú)論對(duì)錯(cuò),我一如既往。 d. 在 so . that 的結(jié)構(gòu)中, so 位于句首 So fast does the light
62、travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.光傳播的很快我們無(wú)法測(cè)量其速度。 So loudly did he speak that he was heard upstairs. 他說(shuō)話的聲音很高連樓上的人都聽(tīng)得見(jiàn)。 So astonished was he that he could scarcely contain himself for joy.他如此吃驚竟然控制不住自己的喜悅之情。 轉(zhuǎn)貼于:考試大_工程碩士考試 第八節(jié) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣 虛擬語(yǔ)氣是一種動(dòng)詞形式,表示說(shuō)話人的一種愿望,假設(shè),疑心
63、,猜想,建議等含義,虛擬語(yǔ)氣所表示的含義不是客觀存在的事實(shí)。在條件句中的應(yīng)用,條件句可分為兩類,一類為真實(shí)條件句,一類為非真實(shí)條件句。非真實(shí)條件句表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況,故采用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在從句中的使用 虛擬語(yǔ)氣即表達(dá)不可能發(fā)生或與預(yù)期相反的情況。首先我們應(yīng)熟悉它在三種時(shí)態(tài)里的使用情況,這是正確使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的根底。這三種時(shí)態(tài)是:現(xiàn)在;過(guò)去;將來(lái)。 1、表示現(xiàn)在的虛擬式 If I were a bird, I would fly to you. 如果我是只鳥(niǎo),我就會(huì)飛到你
64、身邊去。 If it were not for their help, we should be in a very difficult position. 如果不是他們的幫助,我們就會(huì)處于一個(gè)非常困難的境地。 2、表示過(guò)去的虛擬式 If we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train
65、.如果我們?cè)缫稽c(diǎn)動(dòng)身的話,就不會(huì)誤車了。 If she hadnt been ill, she might have come. 如果她不是病了,可能會(huì)來(lái)的 3、表示將來(lái)的虛擬式 If Professor Li should have time tomorrow, we could ask him some questions. 如果李教授明天有空的話,我們可以問(wèn)他
66、點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。 If there should be no air, there would be no living things.如果沒(méi)有空氣,就不會(huì)有生物。 二、錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間的虛擬句 通常情況下,在非真實(shí)條件句中主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所指時(shí)間是一致的, 但有時(shí)也可能指不同的時(shí)間,這時(shí)要根據(jù)上下文的意思采用不同的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式. If I were you, I would have taken his
67、160;advice. (從句指現(xiàn)在, 主句指過(guò)去)。 換成我是你,我就會(huì)聽(tīng)從他的建議。 If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (從句指過(guò)去,主句指現(xiàn)在)。 如果我今天早上帶了雨衣,現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)被淋濕了。 If we hadnt been working hard in
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