英語(yǔ)翻譯短文

1、TheWorkmansCompensationHowcansomeone,hourafterhour,dayafterday,yearinandyearout,tightenapproximatelythesamenuttothesameboltandnotgomad?Thatmostworkingpeopledonot,infact,gomadisdueinlargemeasuretoaphenomenonsocommonthatitisfoundwhereverpeoplelaborinindustry:takingiteasy.Itwouldtakesomekindofrealmenta

2、lcasetodoalltheworkonecouldalldaylong.Nooneexpectsit.Takingiteasyonthejobwhilesomeoneelsecoversyourwork,orworkingonandoff,asitisusuallycalledinAmerica,isanestablishedpartoftheworkinglife.Workingonandoff,however,hasitslimits.Therulesareinfinitelyvaried,subtle,andflexible,and,ofcourse,theyarealwayscha

3、nging.Management,uptoacertainlevelatleast,isawareofthepractice,andinsomeindustriesemploysentirecadresofpeopletocurtailorputanendtoit.Simultaneously,theworkersaresubtlydoingtheirbesttokeepitgoingandtoextenditwhereverpossible.Everyworkerhasahighlydevelopedsenseofhowmuchworkisexpectedofhim.Whenhefeelst

4、hattheexpectationisexcessive,hetriestodosomethingaboutit.Thisinstincthastodowiththepoliticalnatureofworkitself,somethingeverymodernworkerunderstands.Thebosseswantmorefromtheworkerthantheyarewillingtogiveinreturn.Theworkersgivework,andthebossesgivemoney.Theexchangeisneverquiteequal,andthediscrepancyi

5、scalledprofit.Sincethebossescannotdowithoutprofit,workershaveanedge.Agoodworkerinakeyspotcould,solongashekeptupproduction,takeallthecoffeebreakshewanted,andthebosseswouldverylikelylooktheotherway.Hecouldalsochoosetocutdownonthecoffeebreaks,applyhimself,andincreaseproduction,andthenaskforandgetmoremo

6、ney.Butthatwouldbeself-defeating,andheknowsit.Itwouldalsoplacehimincompetitionwithotherworkers,whichwouldbeplayingintothebosseshands.Whathewouldratherdoiscreatesomeslackforhimselfandenjoyhisjobmore.AtpresentontheWestCoast,whenagangoflongshoremenworkingoncargostartashift,theyoftendividethemselvesinto

7、twoequalgroupsandtossacoin.Onegroupgoesintothefarreachesoftheshipsholdandsitsaround.Theothergroupstartsloadingcargo,usuallyworkingwithavengeance,sinceeachoneofthemisdoingtheworkoftwomen.Anhourlater,thegroupschangeplaces.Inotherwords,althoughmyfellowlongshoremenandIaregettingpaidforeighthours,onoccas

8、ionweworkonlyfour.Ifsomeonereadingthisfeelsasenseofmoraloutragebecausewearesittingdownonthejob,Iamsorry.Ihavesearchedmymindinvainforapolitewaytotellthatreadertogotohell.Ifyouarethatreader,Iwouldrecommendthatyouabandonyouroutrageandbeginthinkingaboutdoingsomethingsimilarforyourself.Youprobablyalready

9、have,evenifyouwontadmitit.Whitecollarofficeworkers,too,havecomeundercriticismrecentlyforrobbingtheirbossesoftheirfull-timeservices.ToomuchtimesisbeingspentaroundtheMr.Coffeemachine,andsomepeople(wouldyoubelieveit?)haveevenbeenhavingpersonalconversationsoncompanytime.Infact,oneoffice-systemexpertrece

10、ntlysaidthathehadyettoencounterabusinessworkplacethatwasfunctioningatmorethanabout60percentefficiency.Managementoftenstruggleshardtosetupasituationwhereworkisdoneinseries:aworkerreceivesanarticleofmanufacture,doessomethingtoit,andpassesitontoanotherworker,whodoessomethingelsetoitandthenpassesitontot

11、henextguy,andsoon.Theassemblylineisaperfectexampleofthis.Managerslikethistypeofmanufacturebecauseitismoreefficient-thatis,itachievesmoreproduction.Theyalsolikeitforanotherreason,eveniftheywillnotadmitit:itmakesitverydifficultfortheworkertodoanythingotherthanwork.FrederickW.Taylor,theefficiencyexpert

12、whoearlyinthiscenturyconductedthetime-and-motionstudiesthatledtotheassembly-lineprocess,triedtoreduceworkerstorobots,allinthenameofgreaterproduction.Hisstaffofexperts,eacharmedwithclipboardandstopwatch,studiedindividualworkerswithaviewtowardeliminatingunnecessarymovement.Theysoonfoundagreatdealofopp

13、ositionfromtheworkers.Mostpeoplenotdirectlyengagedindailyworkexpressdisapprovalwhentheyhearofpeopleworkingonandoff.Astudiedcampaignwithcarefullychosenlanguage-afulldaysworkforafulldayspay,takingafreeride-hasbeenpushedbycertainemployerstodiscreditthepractice,andtheirsuccessissuchthatIrarelydiscussite

14、xceptwithotherworkers.Myresponseispersonal,andIfeelnoneedtodefendit:IfIamgettingafreeride,howcomeIamsotiredwhenIgohomeattheendofashift?工作者的補(bǔ)償一個(gè)人怎么能時(shí)復(fù)一時(shí)，年復(fù)一年地把幾乎相同的螺帽擰到相同的螺栓上而不發(fā)瘋的呢？事實(shí)上，多數(shù)勞動(dòng)者并不發(fā)瘋多半是由于不緊不慢的現(xiàn)象很平常，在企業(yè)中只要有人工作的地方隨處可見(jiàn)這種現(xiàn)象。一個(gè)人恐怕要有某種真正的精神病才能一整天竭盡全力地干活。沒(méi)人希望這樣。在別人幫你干活時(shí)，你就不緊不慢地干，也就是像美國(guó)人常說(shuō)的那種干干停停

15、是工作生涯的一個(gè)既定部分。然而，干干停停有它的局限性。這些慣例的變化無(wú)休無(wú)止，很微妙、很有彈性。當(dāng)然，它們總在變。至少在一定程度上管理部門(mén)知道這種做法。一些企業(yè)雇傭干部以減少或結(jié)束這種做法。同時(shí)，工人們巧妙地、盡全力使之繼續(xù)下去并使之觸及到可能的任何地方。每個(gè)工人對(duì)自己干多少活都是高度敏感的。當(dāng)他感到希望他做的事過(guò)多時(shí)，就會(huì)采取某些措施。這種天性與每個(gè)現(xiàn)代工人所懂得的工作本身的政治特性有關(guān)。老板希望從工人身上得到的比他們給予的要多；工人付出勞動(dòng)，老板付出報(bào)酬。這個(gè)交換從來(lái)不會(huì)太平等，此差異叫做利潤(rùn)。由于老板不能沒(méi)有利潤(rùn)，工人們就占了上風(fēng)。一個(gè)在關(guān)鍵崗位的好工人，只要他保持產(chǎn)量不降低，可以隨心所

16、欲地利用工間休息，而老板可能裝作沒(méi)看見(jiàn)。工人也可以縮短工間休息，賣(mài)力干活，增加生產(chǎn)，然后要求并得到更多的錢(qián)。但他知道那是違背自己利益的，這樣做也會(huì)將自己置于與他人競(jìng)爭(zhēng)之中，這種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)會(huì)有利于老板。那么，他寧愿為自己4/4創(chuàng)造一些空閑，更好的享受工作。經(jīng)常分成兩組，然后通常干得賣(mài)力，因?yàn)槟壳霸谖骱０?，從事船貨裝卸工作的一伙碼頭裝卸工開(kāi)始輪班時(shí)，擲硬幣決定先后順序。一組走到船艙深處分散坐下。另一組開(kāi)始裝貨，他們每人干著兩人的活，一小時(shí)以后兩組交位置換。換句話說(shuō)，雖然我和工友們獲得八小時(shí)的報(bào)酬，有時(shí)卻只干四小時(shí)。如果有人讀到此，為我們怠工而憤慨的話，我很抱歉。我白費(fèi)心機(jī)的絞盡腦汁想找到一個(gè)禮貌的說(shuō)法，

17、但現(xiàn)在要告訴這位讀者，讓他見(jiàn)鬼去吧。如果你是那個(gè)讀者，我會(huì)勸你不要憤慨，開(kāi)始為自己考慮一下類(lèi)似的事情。即便你不承認(rèn)，你可能已經(jīng)想過(guò)了。近來(lái)，白領(lǐng)職員也由于不為老板全天服務(wù)而受到批評(píng)。在電煮咖啡機(jī)旁花了太多的時(shí)間。一些人甚至在工業(yè)時(shí)間進(jìn)行私人交談。事實(shí)上，一個(gè)辦公制度專(zhuān)家近來(lái)說(shuō)，他還沒(méi)有遇到工作效率高于60%的商業(yè)網(wǎng)點(diǎn)。管理部門(mén)經(jīng)常努力創(chuàng)建一條龍式的工作：一個(gè)人接到產(chǎn)品后為之做些什么，把它傳給另外一個(gè)工人，這個(gè)工人再做些什么，然后傳給下一個(gè)工人，如此類(lèi)推。裝配線就是一個(gè)極好的例子。經(jīng)理喜歡這種生產(chǎn)方式，因?yàn)樗矢?，也就是說(shuō)能生產(chǎn)出更多的產(chǎn)品來(lái)。盡管老板不會(huì)承認(rèn)，但還有另一個(gè)喜歡這種方式的原因

18、，它使工人很難做工作以外的其他事情。弗雷德里克W泰勒，是本世紀(jì)初進(jìn)行時(shí)間和運(yùn)動(dòng)研究的效率專(zhuān)家，這種研究產(chǎn)生了裝配線工序。他試圖把工人變成機(jī)器人，只是為了更大的產(chǎn)量。他的專(zhuān)家組每人配有帶彈簧夾子的書(shū)寫(xiě)板和秒表用來(lái)研究每個(gè)工人，使他們不能偷懶。很快他們發(fā)現(xiàn)工人們特別反對(duì)這種做法。大多數(shù)不直接從事日常工作的人聽(tīng)到人們干干停停地工作時(shí)，會(huì)表示不贊同。一些雇主推行了一場(chǎng)預(yù)先計(jì)劃的運(yùn)動(dòng)，和全天工作付全天報(bào)酬只拿錢(qián)不干活這些精心選擇的語(yǔ)言來(lái)詆毀這種做法。除了同其他工人，我很少談起他們的成功。我的回答是個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)，我感到?jīng)]必要為之辯護(hù)：拿錢(qián)不干活，我下班回家后怎么會(huì)那么累呢？Work,Labor,andPlay

19、SofarasIknow,MissHannahArendtwasthefirstpersontodefinetheessentialdifferencebetweenworkandlabor.Tobehappy,amanmustfeel,firstly,freeand,secondly,important.Hecannotbereallyhappyifheiscompelledbysocietytodowhathedoesnotenjoydoing,orifwhatheenjoysdoingisignoredbysocietyasofnovalueorimportance.Inasociety

20、whereslaveryinthestrictsensehasbeenabolished,thesignthatwhatamandoesisofsocialvalueisthatheispaidmoneytodoit,butalaborertodaycanrightlybecalledawageslave.Amanisalaborerifthejobsocietyoffershimisofnointeresttohimselfbutheiscompelledtotakeitbythenecessityofearningalivingandsupportinghisfamily.Theantit

21、hesistolaborisplay.Whenweplayagame,weenjoywhatwearedoing,otherwiseweshouldnotplayit,butitisapurelyprivateactivity;societycouldnotcarelesswhetherweplayitornot.Betweenlaborandplaystandswork.Amanisaworkerifheispersonallyinterestedinthejobwhichsocietypayshimtodo;whatfromthepointofviewofsocietyisnecessar

22、ylaborisfromhisownpointofviewvoluntaryplay.Whetherajobistobeclassifiedaslabororworkdepends,notonthejobitself,butonthetastesoftheindividualwhoundertakesit.Thedifferencedoesnot,forexample,coincidewiththedifferencebetweenamanualandamentaljob;agardeneroracobblermaybeaworker,abankclerkalaborer.Whichamani

23、scanbeseenfromhisattitudetowardleisure.Toaworker,leisuremeanssimplythehoursheneedstorelaxandrestinordertoworkefficiently.Heisthereforemorelikelytotaketoolittleleisurethantoomuch;workersdieofcoronariesandforgettheirwivesbirthdays.Tothelaborer,ontheotherhand,leisuremeansfreedomfromcompulsion,sothatiti

24、snaturalforhimtoimaginethatthefewerhourshehastospendlaboring,andthemorehoursheisfreetoplay,thebetter.Whatpercentageofthepopulationinamoderntechnologicalsocietyare,likemyself,inthefortunatepositionofbeingworkers?AtaguessIwouldsaysixteenpercent,andIdonotthinkthatfigureislikelytogetbiggerinthefuture.Te

25、chnologyandthedivisionoflaborhavedonetwothings:byeliminatinginmanyfieldstheneedforspecialstrengthorskill,theyhavemadeaverylargenumberofpaidoccupationswhichformerlywereenjoyableworkintoboringlabor,andbyincreasingproductivitytheyhavereducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours.Itisalreadypossibletoimagine

26、asocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulation,thatistosay,itslaborers,willhavealmostasmuchleisureasinear5liertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.Whenonerecallshowaristocraciesinthepastactuallybehaved,theprospectisnotcheerful.Indeed,theproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssociet

27、ythanitwasforaristocracies.Thelatter,forexample,ritualizedtheirtime;therewasaseasontoshootgrouse,aseasontospendintown,etc.Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualbyfashionwhichitwillbeintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeopletochangeasoftenaspossible.Again,themassescannotgoinforhunting,forveryso

28、ontherewouldbenoanimalslefttohunt.Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegambling,dueling,andwarfare,itmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerousdriving,drug-taking,andsenselessactsofviolence.Workersseldomcommitactsofviolence,becausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirwork,beitphysicalliketheworkofasmith

29、,ormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.Theroleofaggressionintotheirwork,beitphysicalliketheworkofasmith,ormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.Theroleofaggressioninmentalworkisaptlyexpressedbythephrasegettingonesteethintoaproblem.工作，勞作和娛樂(lè)據(jù)我所知，漢納阿倫特小姐是第一個(gè)給予工作和勞作之間本質(zhì)區(qū)別的人。一個(gè)人要高興，首先要感到自由，其次是感到重要。如果他被社會(huì)強(qiáng)迫做他不愿