學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)寫作總結(jié)

1、專業(yè)英語(yǔ)寫作考點(diǎn)總結(jié)part?academicenglishwriting(專業(yè)英語(yǔ)寫作)chapter1sixconsiderationsinacademicwriting1 、academicwritingisaproductofmanyconsideration:audience,purpose,organization,style,flowandpresentation.(學(xué)術(shù)寫作六要素：寫作對(duì)象，目的，組織結(jié)構(gòu)，文體特征，表達(dá)連貫和宣講或宣讀)。2 、organizationusuallyhasthefollowingfourparts:問(wèn)題-解決方法包括四個(gè)部分(1) descri

2、ptionofasituation(描述情況)(2) identificationofaproblem(甄別問(wèn)題)(3) descriptionofasolution(描述解決方法)(4) evaluationofthesolution(評(píng)估解決方法)3、formalgrammarstyle:(正規(guī)的語(yǔ)法風(fēng)格)(1) generallyavoidcontractions(一般來(lái)講避免使用略縮詞)例：won't改為willnot(2) usethemoreappropriateformalnegativeforms(使用更為適宜的正規(guī)的否定形式)例：notany改為nonotmuch改為

3、littlenot.many改為few(3) limittheuseof“run-on“expressions,suchasandsoforthandetc.(限制使用多個(gè)詞連用的表達(dá)法)例：句子內(nèi)不能出現(xiàn)andsoforth和etc.出現(xiàn)時(shí)應(yīng)將省略的部分?jǐn)U展出來(lái)。(4) avoidaddressingthereaderasyou(except,ofcourse,ifyouarewritingatextbookorotherinstructionalmaterials).(避免向讀者說(shuō)"你")例：youcanseetheresultsintable1.改為：theresul

4、tscanbeseenintable1.改為：itisnecessarytoconsiderhowcostsmaybelowered.或者wenowneedtoconsiderhowcostsmaybelowered.(6) placeadverbwithintheverb.(將副詞放于動(dòng)詞詞組內(nèi))例：thismodelwasdevelopedbykrugmanoriginally.改為：thismodelwasoriginallydevelopedbykrugman.(7) considerwhetheryoushouldsplitinfinitives.(考慮是否該使用割裂不定式)例：we

5、needtoadequatelymeettheneedsofthoseenrolledintheprogram.(8) aimforanefficientuseofwords.(目的是為了有效地使用詞匯)例:改為：someparameterchanges.parameterchanges.thererealotoftherearesomeinorganicmaterialsthatcanbeusedbybioengineersintheprocessoftissueengineeringthathavebeenshowntobeverypromising.inorganicmaterialsu

6、sedintissueengineeringhaveshowngreatpromise.習(xí)題：(1) youcanusethismodeltoanalyzetheeffectsofseveral錯(cuò)誤：使用了you。改為：thismodelcanbeusedtoanalyzetheeffectsofseveral(2) ok,whatarethereasonsthatcoffeepriceshavefallen?possibilities.錯(cuò)誤：使用了口語(yǔ)ok；直接引語(yǔ)的使用；使用了縮略詞there're改為：coffeepriceshavefallenformanyreasons.(3

7、) youcanseethedifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachestodesigningundergroundsubwaystationsclearly.錯(cuò)誤：使用了you;將副詞clearly放在了句尾。改為：thedifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachestodesigningundergroundsubwaystationcanclearlybeseen.錯(cuò)誤：使用了sofar;使用了therebe結(jié)構(gòu)；使用了not.any結(jié)構(gòu)；使用了非正式的lookinginto。(6)therearesomestudiesthathavec

8、oncludedthatbamboocouldbeusedbybuildersmorewidelythanitisnowasaconstructionmaterial.錯(cuò)誤：使用了therebe結(jié)構(gòu)；副詞widely位置放錯(cuò)。改為：somestudieshaveconcludedthatbamboocouldbemorewidelyusedthanitisnowasaconstructionmaterial.(71thesespecialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixstates:illinois,iowa,ohio,etc.錯(cuò)誤：使用了etc。改為：thesespec

9、ialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixmidwesternstates:illinois,iowa,indiana,ohio,michigan,andminnesota.(8)thereisn'tverymuchresearchontheuseofoilpalmshellascoarseaggregateintheproductionofconcrete.錯(cuò)誤：使用了therebe結(jié)構(gòu)；使用了not.verymuch。改為：littleresearchhasbeendoneontheuseofoilpalmshellascoarseaggregateinthepr

10、oductionofconcrete.chapter2twounderlyingstructuresinacademicwriting(專業(yè)寫作的兩個(gè)基本結(jié)構(gòu))1、twounderlyingstructuresinacademicwriting:(專業(yè)寫作的兩個(gè)基本結(jié)構(gòu))(1) general-specificstructure(泛論-特指(gs)結(jié)構(gòu))(2) problem-process-solutionstructure(問(wèn)題-過(guò)程-解決方法)2、gstextsusuallybeginwithoneofthefollowing:(gs文本通常以下列一種形式開始)(1) ashortore

11、xtendeddefinition(簡(jiǎn)短或拓展定義)(3) ageneralizationorpurposestatement(一般化或目標(biāo)性陳述)(4) astatementoffact.(事實(shí)陳述)3、superordinate-categoryword:technique,method,process,device,andsystem.(超級(jí)坐標(biāo)詞)4、deletions(刪除)：在下列情況下，你可以減少限制性關(guān)系代詞a. 定語(yǔ)從句僅有關(guān)系代詞、be動(dòng)詞、一個(gè)或多個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)b. 定語(yǔ)從句由被動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞加上一些額外的信息c. 定語(yǔ)從句含有關(guān)系代詞、以-ble結(jié)尾的形容詞和額外的信息例題：p2

12、3(1) .metalthatisoftenused>metaloftenused(2) .devicethatiscapableof>devicecapableof(3) .roofwhichisontopof->roofontopof(4) .precipitationwhichresultsfrom>precipitationresultingfrom(5) .thissentencecannotbereduced.(6) .flutethatispitchedanoctavehigher->flutepitcheda

13、noctavehigher(7) .aprocessthatinvolvestheselectivetransport>aprocessinvolvingtheselectivetransport(8) .acelestialbodywhichhasapproximatelythesamemass>acelestialbodywithapproximatelythesamemass5、考題類型：句子排序例題：p27(1)比較定義基本上有兩類：1) 呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)概念是如何隨著時(shí)間的流逝而變化的這樣一種史實(shí)陳述。2) 呈現(xiàn)對(duì)當(dāng)代各位專家是怎樣不同地看待此概念所做的一個(gè)全面性

14、的評(píng)述。7、participle(分詞)例題：p39(1) theoilisskimmedfromthesurfacebyusingaboomandthenpumpedintoatankforrecycling.(2) afterbeingharvested,thegrapesarecrushedtoreleasethepulpandseedandthenfermentedforthreeweeks.(3) first,theglassiscuttosizeandinspectedtodetermineifithasanyimperfections.itisthenheatedtoover60

15、0ocandcooledinastepknownasquenching.8、詞和詞型的變換p23-p251、inmanydisciplinesthedataisdisplayedinatable,graph,figure,orsomeotherkindofnon-verbalillustration.（在許多學(xué)科中，數(shù)據(jù)信息都是以圖表、圖形、數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)圖或非口頭圖示的方式展示出來(lái)。）a、locationelementsand/orsummarystatements.（定位要素和/或總結(jié)陳述）b、highlightingstatements.（強(qiáng)調(diào)陳述內(nèi)容）（定位要素和總結(jié)）summaries.（

16、用在陳述性和信息性總結(jié)（語(yǔ)言聚焦：連接詞as引出的從句）（總結(jié)與摘要寫作）3、locationelementsandsummaries.c、verbsinindicativeandinformatives的動(dòng)詞)d、languagefocus:linkingas-clause.chapter4summaryandabstractwriting1 、principlerequirementsforagoodsummary(份良好的任務(wù)總結(jié)具備四個(gè)主需求）2 2)itshouldpresentthesourcematerialinanaccurateandobjectivefashion.（它應(yīng)以

17、精確、客觀的形式呈現(xiàn)來(lái)源材料）3 3)itshouldcondensethesourcematerialandbepresentedinthesummarywritersownwordsandavoidterminology.(它應(yīng)凝縮來(lái)源材料并以總結(jié)寫作者自己的字呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)，而且要避免用專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ))4 4）provideanindependentlyreferentialsummary,andkeepthelengthincontrol.（提供完全獨(dú)立的參閱性總結(jié)，并能控制其文章長(zhǎng)度）2、寫作總結(jié)的基本步驟（1）快速略讀文本，腦中注意小標(biāo)題。若無(wú)小標(biāo)（2）考慮清楚為什么給了你這個(gè)文本。確定你在型

18、（3）讀文本，標(biāo)示重要的信息或者作筆記（4）用你自己的詞匯寫下每一部分的要點(diǎn)。每一題，試將文本分成幾部分。處理哪種類型的文本，即：來(lái)源文本類部分盡量寫出一個(gè)一句話的總結(jié)。（5）對(duì)每一個(gè)主要題目，寫下關(guān)鍵的佐證點(diǎn)，但必要時(shí)也要包括小的細(xì)節(jié)。（6）再次仔細(xì)檢查這個(gè)過(guò)程，做些適當(dāng)?shù)淖儎?dòng)。3、basicstructureofabstractwriting（摘要寫作的基本結(jié)構(gòu)）（1） topicsentence（主題句）（2） supportingsentences（佐證句）（3） concludingsentence（結(jié)論句）4、p70-p72的例句，寫作時(shí)會(huì)用得上。5、summaryandabstr

19、act兩個(gè)詞要會(huì)寫，以及知道兩者的區(qū)別，其中summary要分三段來(lái)寫，abstract不分段。partiibasalenglishwriting（基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)寫作）（4） pter1punctuation（標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)）2、theperiod（句號(hào)）3、thesemicolon（分號(hào)）4、thecolon（冒號(hào)）5 、thequestionmark（問(wèn)號(hào)）6、thequotationmark（弓I號(hào)）7、theexclamationmark（感嘆號(hào)）8、thedash（破折號(hào)）9、italicsandunderlining（斜體字和下劃線）10、練習(xí)題：p96-9711、本節(jié)所有的例句都要仔細(xì)看Xc

20、hapter2vocabulary（詞匯）1 、levelsofdiction:formalandinformal,abstract（抽象）andconcrete（具體）,andgeneral（籠統(tǒng)）andspecific（特指）.italsoincludeshowtoappreciatetheconnotative（引申含義）aswellasdenotative（字面含義，本義）meaningsofwords.2 、englishwordscanbecategorizedas（分為）formal,informalandcolloquial（口語(yǔ)的）.3、練習(xí)題：1/p1024、練習(xí)題：p10

21、9-p113chapter3englishsentencewriting（英語(yǔ)句子寫作）1 、typesofsentences（句子的類型）p114（1） accordingtostructure（根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)）simplesentences（簡(jiǎn)單句）（2） accordingtouse（根據(jù)功能） declarativesentences（陳述句） interrogativesentences（疑問(wèn)句） imperativesentences（祈使句） exclamatorysentences（感嘆句）（3） accordingtorhetoric（根據(jù)修辭）loosesentences（松散句

22、，主體部分放在前面）periodicsentences（掉尾句，主體部分放在最后）X balancedsentences（平行句） longandshortsentences（長(zhǎng)、短句）2、練習(xí)題（p121）改為：hethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalue,soheletmehaveitforonlytenpounds.（或者h(yuǎn)ethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalueandheletmehaveitforonlytenpounds.)(2)ialwaystakemyraincoatwheneverigooutthesedays.(pe

23、riodic)改為：wheneverigooutthesedays,ialwaystakemyraincoat.改為：whentheywereonholiday,theirhousewasbrokenintoandsomevaluablepaintingswerestolen.改為：afterthefiremenfoughtforthreehours,theyfinallymanagedtoputoutthefire.(6)thetrainisgoingtodalian.thetrainleavesat20:15.(simple)改為：thetraintodalianleavesat20:15

24、.inspiteoftheinterruption,hewasabletofinishallhisexercisesbeforetheclasswasover.(loose)改為：hewasabletofinishallhisexercisesbeforetheclasswasoverinspiteoftheinterruption.(8)manypeoplechoosetravelbyair.itisfast.itoffersconvenience.itisnotveryexpensive.(parallelstructure)改為：manypeoplechoosetravelbyair,b

25、ecauseitisfast,convenientandnotveryexpensive.3、練習(xí)題p121(1)履歷通常包括個(gè)人信息、教育背景、工作經(jīng)歷和過(guò)去的成就。譯：aresumegenerallyconsistsofpersonalinformation,educationalbackground,employmenthistoryandpastachievements.(2)戴安娜在南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)主修中醫(yī)學(xué)。譯：dianaismajoringinchinesetraditionalmedicineinnanjingmedicaluniversity.(3)請(qǐng)代我向你父母致以問(wèn)候。譯：p

26、leasesendmybestregardstoyourparents.(4)現(xiàn)代高等教育應(yīng)該具有前瞻性，超越眼前的社會(huì)需求。譯：moderncollegeeducationshouldbefar-sightedandabletoseebeyondtheimmediateneedsofthesociety.(5)這種細(xì)菌是引起現(xiàn)在流行病的原因嗎？譯：isthisbacteriumresponsibleforthecurrentepidemic?(6)經(jīng)常回顧昨天，你就會(huì)珍惜今天，向往明天。譯：takeafrequentandbackwardlookatyouryesterday,andyouw

27、illvalueyourtodayandlookforwardtoyourtomorrow.(7)中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)知識(shí)分子認(rèn)為：窮則獨(dú)善其身，達(dá)則兼濟(jì)天下。譯：traditionalchineseintellectualsholdthatoneshouldrefinehispersonalvirtuewheninpoverty,andhelpsavetheworldwheninsuccess.(8)就算我追求愛情，我也肯定不會(huì)只顧沉浸在愛河里而荒廢學(xué)業(yè)。譯：ifididhuntforlove,icertainlywouldn'tbathemyselfintheriverofloveallthe

28、time,neglectingmystudies.(9)學(xué)校倡導(dǎo)大學(xué)生改變就業(yè)觀念，并鼓勵(lì)他們把自己的才華和天賦投入到西部大開發(fā)中去。譯：universitiespromoteachangeintheconceptofemploymentamongthegraduates,encouragethemtogivetheirtalentsandgeniustothewesternexploration.4、sentenceexpansion(句子拓展)(各個(gè)位置的例句都要看)派句子拓展的三種方法：addition(增添法)，coordination(并列法)，subordination(從屬法)。

29、重點(diǎn)題型，要會(huì)判斷句子正誤(1)增添法：常見的修飾詞有形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、名詞性詞組、代詞等(adjectives,adverbs,numerals,nouns,nounphrasesandpronouns)。修飾詞通常在句中作定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。添加形容詞(addiongadjectives)單個(gè)形容詞做定語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾詞之前，但修飾由any,every,nosomebody,one或thing構(gòu)成的不定代詞時(shí)，放在其后。添加副詞(addingadverbs)如果句子里同時(shí)帶有幾個(gè)副詞做修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，其位置應(yīng)按一下順序排列：程度副詞-方式副詞地點(diǎn)副詞時(shí)間副詞。添力口短語(yǔ)(addingphrase

30、s)短語(yǔ)有8種：名詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)、非限定性短語(yǔ)(分詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ))、同位短語(yǔ)、限定性短語(yǔ)。(noun,verb,prepositional;threekindsofverbalphrase(participial,gerundandinfinitive),appositiveandabsolute)(2)并列法：包含三種方法coordinatingpronouns(并歹U連詞)conjunctiveadverbs(使用連接副詞)semicolon(運(yùn)用分號(hào)連接)(3)從屬法：從句主要包括名詞性從句(nounclause),狀語(yǔ)從句(adverbialclause)和

31、定語(yǔ)從句(attributiveclause)。名詞性從句又分為主語(yǔ)從句(subjectclause)、表語(yǔ)從句(predicativeclause)、賓語(yǔ)從句(objectclause)和同位語(yǔ)從句(appositiveclause)。常見的狀語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、比較、讓步等。5、幾種短語(yǔ)拓展法：(1) 介詞短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行拓展(expandingwithprepositionalphrases)介詞短語(yǔ)在句中可做表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。作定語(yǔ)時(shí)置于所修飾詞之后，做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)位置比較靈活，可位于句首，也可位于句中或句尾，有時(shí)用逗號(hào)將其與句子的主體部分隔開。(2)不定式短語(yǔ)進(jìn)

32、行拓展(expandingwithinfinitivephrases)不定式短語(yǔ)做名詞時(shí)，可做主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)；做形容詞時(shí)，在句中作定語(yǔ)；做副詞時(shí)，可以表示目的、原因、結(jié)果、狀語(yǔ)等。(3) 動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行拓展(expandingwithgerundphrases)動(dòng)名詞為動(dòng)詞-ing形式，名詞性可做主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞性可以帶賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。(4) 分詞短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行拓展(expandingwithparticipialphrases)分詞短語(yǔ)有現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)和過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)兩種形式。6、effectivesentences(有效句)(1) effectivesentenceshavesom

33、eorallofthefollowingqualities:unity(一致性)，coherence(連貫性)，conciseness(簡(jiǎn)潔性)，emphasis(強(qiáng)調(diào)性)，andvariety(多樣性).(2)此節(jié)中的每個(gè)例子都要認(rèn)真看。X7、練習(xí)題：p142(2) theyoungmanishonestandhardworking,andisaveryreliableworker.改為：theyoungmanisanhonest,hardworkingandreliableworder.(theyoungworkerishonest,hardworkingandreliable.)(3)

34、dufuwasoneofthebest-knownpoets.改為：dufuwasoneofthebest-knownpoetsintangdynasty.(4) amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobyhisdeeds.改為：amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes.(amanisjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhisdeeds.)(5) wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungwoman.

35、改為：wethoughtshewascharming,intelligentandcapable.(6) togetreadyforthetrip,allthethingssheneededwereputintoasuitcase.改為：togetreadyforthetrip,sheputallthethingsheneededintoasuitcase.thosewhowishtotakelinguisticsareexpectedtosignhisnameonthissheetofpaper.改為：thosewhowishtotakelinguisticsareexpectedtosig

36、ntheirnameonthissheetofpaper.(8) whenonethieshardenough,youcandoalmostanything.改為：whenonethieshardenough,hecandoalmostanything.(9) foryearsihavebeenattendingsummercampandenjoyedeveryminuteofit.改為：foryearsihavebeenattendingsummercampandenjoyingeveryminuteofit.(10) whenisawthegradeonmyreportcard,iwast

37、erriblydisappointed,becauseistudiedveryhard.改為：whenisawthegradeonmyreportcard,iwasterriblydisappointed,becauseihadstudiedveryhard.(11) ifiwererichandshewassingle,iwouldmarryher.改為：ifiwererichandshewrersingle,iwouldmarryher.(12) theyinsistedthatthemoneybecollectedandthatareceiptbegiveninteturn.此句正確。8

38、 、練習(xí)題p142(1) tomandhissweetheartmarriedintheearlypartofthemonthofoctober.改為：tomandhissweetheartmarriedinearlyoctober.(2) in1979,therewasastrikeparticipatedinbyfivethousandunionworkers.改為：in1979,fivethousandunionsparticipatedinthestrike.(3) 3)thecauseofthefloodwasduetoheavyraininlatespring.改為：thefloo

39、dwasduetoheavyraininlatespring.(4) thereareanumberofstudentsfromourinstitutewhoareplanningtojointheexpedition.改為：anumberofstudentsareplanningtojointheexpedition.(5) whatiamtryingtosayisthatinmyopinionheisaveryhonestman.改為：inmyopinionheisaveryhonestman.(6) icametothisinstitutebecauseofmanyfactors,but

40、mostofallofthefactthatiwanttobeaninterpreter.改為：icametothisinstitutebecauseiwanttobeaninterpreter.(7) thesewatermelonsarelargeinsizeandsweetintaste.改為：thesewatermelonsarelargeandsweet.(8) atthepresenttimeiamtakingthecourseofworldhistoryandinadditionacourseingeographytoo.改為：atpresentiamtakingworldhis

41、toryandgeography.(9) weplannedtomeetjustbeforesunriseveryearlyinthemorning.改為：weplannedtomeetbeforesunrise.(10) hisattitudewasofapuzzlingnature.改為：hisattitudewaspuzzling.9 、練習(xí)題：p143(1) hewasselfless,hardwordingandmodest;that'swhyhebecameagreatscientest.改為：hebecameagreatscientistbecausehewasmodes

42、t,selfless,andhardworking.(2) asaclerk,johnwashonest,efficientandwell-dressed.改為：johnwasawell-dressed,honest,andefficientclerk.(3) janewalkedoutofhislife,burstingintotearsasshelefttheroom.改為：asshelefttheroom,jane,burstingintotears,walkedoutofhislife.(4) chinahaschangedagreatdealasaresultofreformandt

43、heopenpolicydutingthepast14years.改為：asaresultofthereformandtheopenpolicyduringthepast14years,chinahaschangedagreatdeal.(5) huang,thefamouswriter,wasamonghisneighbors.改為：huang,whowasamonghisneighbors,wasafamouswriter.(6) socialposition,reputation,evenlifeitself,andfriends,werenolongerinterestingtohim

44、afterhewentbankrupt.改為：afterhewentbankrupt,friends,socialposition,reputation,evenlifeitselfwerenolongerinterestingtohim.10、常見的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤：p143書中每個(gè)正確的句子都要看X(1) misusedpartsofspeech(用錯(cuò)詞性)；(2) sentencefragments(殘缺句)；(3) run-onsentences(流水句)；(4) misplacedmodifiers&danglingmodifiers(誤置修飾與懸虛結(jié)構(gòu))；(5) probl

45、eminagreementandreference(致與指代問(wèn)題)。11、練習(xí)題p146修改殘缺句(1) afterreturningfromthebeach.thechildrenwereexhausted.改為：afterreturningfromthebeach,thechildrenwereexhausted.(2) johnneglectinghisdutiesandspendingtimeonindependentresearch.改為：johnneglectedhisdutiesandspenttimeonindependentresearch.(3)karendroppedca

46、lculus.whichshehaddroppedseveralltimesbefore.改為：karendroppedcalculus,whichshehaddroppedseveralltimesbefore.(4) workingtogethertosaveourenvironment.wecanleavetheworldabetterplacethanwofoundit.改為：workingtogethertosaveourenvironment,wecanleavetheworldabetterplacethanwofoundit.(5) ellenreturnedthelostwa

47、vingthatsheisanhonestperson.改為：ellenreturnedthelostwallettotheman,whichprovedthatsheisanhonestperson.(6) someerrorsinwritingareserious.forexample,sentencefragments,andrun-onsentences.改為：someerrorsinwritingareserious,forexample,sentencefragments,andrun-onsentences.12、練習(xí)題p147修改流水句(1) s

48、omepeoplesaytheycarefortheenvironmentwhiletheylittercigarettebutsorfruitskinsjustaboutanywheretheyhappentobe.改為：somepeoplesaytheycarefortheenvironment,yettheylittercigarettebutsorfruitskinsjustaboutanywheretheyhappentobe.(2) liliisnotworriedaboutpayingforhercollegeeducation,shehasjustreceivedafullsc

49、holarship.改為：liliisnotworriedaboutpayingforhercollegeeducationbecauseshehasjustreceivedafullscholarship.(3) wefinishedtheworkbynineo'clockintheeveningthenwewenthome.改為：wefinishedtheworkbynineo'clockintheeveningandthenwewenthome.(4) athighnoonabigandnoisypartywasgoingonnextdoor,icouldnottakem

50、yusualnap.改為：athighnoonabigandnoisypartywasgoingonnextdoor;icouldnottakemyusualnap.13、練習(xí)題p147改正句子(1) therobberwasasix-foot-manwithamustacheweighing150pounds.改為：therobberweighing150poundswasasix-foot-manwithamustache.(2) hesoldtheoldcartothemanwithleatherseats.改為：hesoldtheoldcarwithleatherseatstothem

51、an.(3) tomboughtanoldcarfromacrookeddealerwithafaultytransmission.改為：tomboughtanoldcarwithafaultytransmissionfromacrookeddealer.(4) unconcernedabouthisownlife,thelittlegirldrowningintheicyriverwassavedbyapasser-by.改為：unconcernedabouthisownlife,apasser-bysavedthelittlegirldrowningintheicyriver.(5) th

52、epuppythatmary'sdadpickedupinthewoodswasreturnedtoherowner.改為：thepuppythatmary'sdadpickedupinthewoodswasreturnedtohisowner.(6) iwasshockedtoseeat-shirtinthatfancydressstorewhichhadapricetagof$2000.改為：iwasshockedtoseeinthatfancydressstoreat-shirtwhichhadapricetagof$2000.110) theapplicant'

53、slistofcredentialsareratherlong.改為：theapplicant'slistofcredentialsisratherlong.chapter4englishparagraphwriting(英語(yǔ)段落寫作)1 、paragraphstructure(段落結(jié)構(gòu))(1)主題句(thetopicsentence)具有三個(gè)重要功能：p149通過(guò)明確陳述討論中的一個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)一步證明全文中心思想。顯示段落內(nèi)容?？刂圃摱温鋬?nèi)容。某一段中全部討論一一舉例、細(xì)節(jié)列舉以及解釋都必須與主題句直接相關(guān)并能進(jìn)一步證明主題句。(2)練習(xí)題：1/p151精彩的正文段落應(yīng)該圍繞一個(gè)主題句展開：段落應(yīng)該展開充分、前后統(tǒng)一而且銜接自然。具體地講，一個(gè)很有說(shuō)服力的正文段落必須滿足四個(gè)要求。首先，該段落必須只討論一個(gè)主體，即段中陳述和說(shuō)明只能表現(xiàn)一個(gè)主題或內(nèi)容的統(tǒng)一，主題思想通常用一個(gè)主題句表達(dá)；第二，它必須詳細(xì)完整地寫出有關(guān)一個(gè)論題讀者需要了解的所有內(nèi)容，即該段落語(yǔ)義必須完整；第三，段中句子排列必須表現(xiàn)出一定條理；第四，段中句子必須表現(xiàn)出連貫性：前后銜接自然，使讀者能夠輕易了解作者寫作思路，而不是感到文中所闡述的觀點(diǎn)相去甚遠(yuǎn)互不相關(guān)。3、therearefiveimportant