高二全冊(cè)的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)

1、高二全冊(cè)的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法構(gòu)詞法：在英語(yǔ)中，詞的構(gòu)成方法主要有三種，即合成、轉(zhuǎn)化和派生。1.合成法把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上獨(dú)立的詞合成一個(gè)新詞的方法叫合成法，也叫合詞法。（1）合成名詞highway 公路（2）合成形容詞hand-made 手工制作的 good-looking相貌好看的 dark-blue 深藍(lán)（3）合成動(dòng)詞ill-treat 虐待 mass-produce 大規(guī)模生產(chǎn) safe guard 保衛(wèi)（4）合成副詞however 然而 downstairs 在樓下（5）合成代詞 anybody nobody something2.轉(zhuǎn)化法轉(zhuǎn)化是指詞由一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種詞類。（1）動(dòng)詞

2、轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞常用give, take, have, make等動(dòng)詞與其搭配構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞詞組，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作。 eg:give a smile 微笑 give a tick 踢take a seat 就座take a bath 洗澡have a swim 游泳have a talk談話make a wish 許愿（2）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞How long is the road？那條路有多條？（形容詞）How long have you been working there?你在那里工作了多久？（副詞）（3）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞 eg:The storm slowed down to half its spee

3、d. 風(fēng)暴速度減慢了一半。The girls gradually quieted down. 女孩子們慢慢安靜了下來(lái)了。（4）名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞 eg:The hall can seat two thousand people.大廳能坐2000人。The passengers have booked their plane ticket.旅客們已經(jīng)訂了飛機(jī)票。（5）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞Something has gone wrong with the tool.工具出了點(diǎn)毛病。（形容詞）Little children didnt know the difference between right an

4、d wrong.小孩子不能辨別是非。（名詞）3.派生法派生是由詞根加詞綴（前綴、后綴）構(gòu)成新詞。除少數(shù)前綴外，前綴一般只改變?cè)~的意義，不改變?cè)~性；后綴一般只改變?cè)~性，不引起詞義的變化。前 綴例 詞a-構(gòu)成形容詞、副詞Alive（活著的）, abroad（在國(guó)外）, alonedis-（否定）discourage, disagreeen-（使可能）enrich, enable(使成為可能)，endangerin-(ill, im-, ir-)（不，非）invisible(看不見(jiàn)), illogical（不合邏輯的）, impossible, irregular（不規(guī)則的）inter-（相互，之間

5、）international, interchangemis-（誤）mislay, misunderstand（誤會(huì)）,mislead（誤導(dǎo)）re-（重復(fù)，再）recycle（循環(huán)）,remarry, rewritetele-（遠(yuǎn)程）telephone, telegraph, telecommunications（電信）un-（不），non-（不，非）unfair, unknown, noon-conductor（非導(dǎo)體）后 綴例 詞名詞-er者foreigner, traveler, speaker, reader-ese地方的人Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese-i

6、an 精通的人，地方的人musician, technician（技術(shù)員）， African, Asian-ist 專業(yè)人員pianist, physicist, scientist, violiinist-ment性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)movement（運(yùn)動(dòng)）, development, encouragement-ness性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)illness, shyness, sadness, business-or器具，者tractor, visitor, professor, actor名詞-tion表示動(dòng)作、過(guò)程、結(jié)果ageneration（世代），suggestion, invention, actio

7、n形容詞practical（實(shí)用的）,international, finalAmerican, Italian, Australiansouthern, northern, easternhelpful, useful, harmfulreasonable, capable, eatablefoolish, British, English selfishactive, native（本族的）,expensive, adoptivewindy, sleepy, healthy, sunnycareless, selfless（無(wú)私心的）,harmless, useless動(dòng)詞-fy使化sim

8、plify（簡(jiǎn)化）, terrify（恐嚇）, satisfy-ize使成為realize（實(shí)現(xiàn)）, organize, stabilize, modernize副詞-ly表示方式、程度badly, truly, angrily, suddenly-ward(s)表示方向toward(s), backward, outward(s)（向外）數(shù)詞-teen十fourteen, eighteen, thirteen-ty整十位數(shù)forty, fifty, eighty, twenty-th序數(shù)詞twelfth, twentieth, fourth情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度，如

9、可能、義務(wù)、必要、猜測(cè)等。但本身詞義不完全，不能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，必須和動(dòng)詞原形連用。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。每一個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞都有自己的具體含義，都有自己的使用特點(diǎn)。1. can：能力、可以、會(huì)。表“許可”時(shí)可代替may,但may比較正式。 eg:Most young men can use computers. 大部分年輕人會(huì)用計(jì)算機(jī)。2. could: can的過(guò)去式，也可表示語(yǔ)氣委婉。 eg:Could you wait for a while？請(qǐng)你等一會(huì)兒好嗎？3. be able to:能力。比can有更多的形式，但表示過(guò)去成功地做了某事時(shí)只能用was/were able to，不能

10、用could。 eg:He was able to reach Mount Qomolangma in 1982.他在1982年成功地登上珠穆朗瑪峰。4. may：許可、可能 eg:You may borrow the back numbers. 你可以借過(guò)期期刊。may的否定形式：may not，但表示“不可以”或“禁止”時(shí)用must not eg:May I watch TV now?我現(xiàn)在能看電視嗎？No, you mustnt. 不，你不可以看。may還可以表示推測(cè)。eg:There may be a few copies left in the bookstore.書店里可能還有幾本

11、。5. might: may的過(guò)去式。用于推測(cè)時(shí)語(yǔ)氣更加不肯定。 eg:He might be at home today. 今天他可能在家。6. must：必須。表示說(shuō)話人的主觀意志。 have to表示客觀需要；且比must有更多的時(shí)態(tài)形式。 eg:We must hand in our papers today.（主觀看法）今天我們必須把卷子交上去。We have to get there before dark. （客觀需要）天黑前我們必須到達(dá)那里。對(duì)must引導(dǎo)的問(wèn)句作否定回答時(shí)常用neednt或dont have to。 eg:Must I leave now?我現(xiàn)在必須走嗎？No

12、, you neednt. (You dont have to.)不，你不必。7. shall：在疑問(wèn)句中用于第一、三人稱，表示征求意見(jiàn)或請(qǐng)求指示。 eg:Shall I turn off the power?要不要我把電源切斷？shall用于二、三人稱表示命令、警告或允諾。 eg:You shall be punished.你會(huì)受到懲罰的。8. should:應(yīng)該；ought to:義務(wù)、責(zé)任，語(yǔ)氣稍重一些。 eg:You should keep your promise. 你應(yīng)該遵守你的諾言。We ought to help them when they are in trouble.當(dāng)他

13、們有麻煩時(shí)，我們有責(zé)任幫助他們。9. will:表示意愿 eg:I will stop smoking.我要戒煙。在疑問(wèn)句中用于第二人稱表示詢問(wèn)和請(qǐng)求。 eg:Will/Would you please do me a favor?請(qǐng)幫幫忙好嗎？10. would: will的過(guò)去式，表示提出請(qǐng)求時(shí)語(yǔ)氣較委婉。（1）在下面的句型中要用would,不用will。Would you mind if I smoke a cigarette?我能抽一支煙嗎？Would you like to have a look at the house?你想看一看這房屋嗎？（2）但在否定句中用will，不用wou

14、ld。 eg:Wont you sit down?你不坐一會(huì)兒?jiǎn)?？?）would可表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作，可和used to互換，但used to表示現(xiàn)在不存在的習(xí)慣。 eg:When I was in Shanghai, she would tell me about the great changes there.當(dāng)我在上海時(shí)她總是對(duì)我講上海的巨大變化。He used to drink alcohol, but now he drinks beer.他過(guò)去喝白酒，但現(xiàn)在喝啤酒。11. need與dare: 既可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也可作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。一般在肯定句中作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。

15、 eg:Dare you go out alone at night?(dare是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)晚上你一個(gè)人敢出去嗎？The bike needs to be repaired.(need是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)這輛自行車需要修理。12.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生事情的推測(cè)。（1）may/might have done表示“可能”might語(yǔ)氣婉轉(zhuǎn)。但主句中動(dòng)詞為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，一定要用might。 eg:He said she might have missed the train. 他說(shuō)她可能沒(méi)趕上火車。（2）could have done表示“本來(lái)能夠做某事”。 eg:You could ha

16、ve succeeded. 你本能夠成功。（事實(shí)是失敗了。）（3）cant/couldnt have done表示“不可能發(fā)生某事”。 eg:He thought his son couldnt have taken all the tablets.他認(rèn)為他兒子不可能把藥全都吃了。（4）must have done表示“肯定發(fā)生了某事”。 eg:The windows look bright and clean today. Some must have cleaned them. 窗子這么干凈明亮，一定有人擦過(guò)了。（5）should/ought to have done表示“本應(yīng)該做某事”。

17、 eg:You should have kept the matches under lock and key.你應(yīng)該把火柴保管好。（帶有責(zé)任的意思）（6）neednt have done本沒(méi)有必要做某事。 eg:There was plenty of time, so she neednt have hurried.時(shí)間很充裕，她本不用匆匆忙忙的。13.某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法。（1）had better+動(dòng)詞原形，否定形式為：had better not do eg:You had better go to school at once.你最好立刻去上學(xué)。（2）would rather+

18、動(dòng)詞原形，否定形式為：would rather not do eg:I would rather do it right away. 我寧可立即就做。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（一）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)常用在沒(méi)有必要或不可能說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者的句子中。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成是be+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞，應(yīng)該注意的是：語(yǔ)法變化要在be動(dòng)詞上體現(xiàn)，助動(dòng)詞放在be動(dòng)詞前。下面5個(gè)例句均選自近年來(lái)全國(guó)高考英語(yǔ)試卷。請(qǐng)同學(xué)們根據(jù)上下語(yǔ)境，認(rèn)真體會(huì)各種時(shí)態(tài)中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法。1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) eg:I need one more stamp before my collection is completed.2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

19、eg:Ive been told the sports meet must be put off.Yes, it all depends on the weather.3.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) eg:Have you moved into the new house?Not yet, the rooms are being painted.4.一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) eg:I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5.過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) eg:The police found that the hou

20、se had been broken into and a lot of things stolen.有時(shí)在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子后面加上by+動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，有時(shí)在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子后面加上with+動(dòng)作的手段、方法或工具。 eg:He was killed by a falling stone.他被一塊掉下來(lái)的石頭砸死了。He was killed with a knife.他被人用刀子殺死了。（二）習(xí)慣上不使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種情況1.不及物動(dòng)詞（詞組）如：happen, remain, stay, appear, fall, rise, belong to, break out, take place

21、等。2. draw, read, sell, wash, write, open, wear等作不及物動(dòng)詞用，常用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。 eg:The door wont open. 門打不開。3.不定式在easy, difficult, fit等形容詞之后作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用主動(dòng)形式而不用被動(dòng)形式。 eg:His speech isnt easy to understand. 他的演講不易理解。4.在need, want, require 等動(dòng)詞后，用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義（也可用不定式的被動(dòng)式）。 eg:The matter wants looking into.(=The matter wants

22、 to be looked into.)這件事需要調(diào)查。The bike needs repairing.(=The bike needs to be repaired.)這輛自行車需要修理。5.在形容詞worth后面用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)，不可接不定式。但可用be worthy to be done或be worthy of being done. eg:The book is worth readingThe book is worthy to be readagain.這本書值得再次閱讀。The book is worthy of being read6.不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果句子的主語(yǔ)

23、或賓語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)，不定式用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 eg:I have something important to do. 我有重要的事情要做。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（一）不定式（1）時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成不定式常用的時(shí)態(tài)有；一般式、完成式和進(jìn)行式。其構(gòu)成為：一般式：to do完成式：to have done進(jìn)行式：to be doing（2）時(shí)態(tài)的用法不定式所表示的動(dòng)作與句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，不定式用to do形式；不定式表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之后，也用一般式。 eg:Im glad to meet you. 見(jiàn)到你我很高興。My uncle asked me to se

24、e him next summer.我叔叔讓我明年夏天去看他。當(dāng)不定式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，不定式用完成式，即to have done。 eg:Im glad to have seen your father yesterday.我很高興昨天見(jiàn)到了你的父親。在seem, appear, happen, think, consider, believe等詞后，有時(shí)用不定式的進(jìn)行時(shí)形式to be doing，表示這些動(dòng)作發(fā)生的同時(shí)，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)也正在進(jìn)行著。 eg:They seemed to be talking about you. 他們好像在談?wù)撃?。The t

25、wo cheats pretended to be working hard.這兩個(gè)騙子假裝在拼命工作。2.不定式的被動(dòng)式動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)形式為to be done。如果不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，不定式要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 eg:The students want to be sent to work in our company.這些學(xué)生想分到我們公司工作。3.不定式的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)代替被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（1）當(dāng)不定式與最近的名詞（代詞）有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，而且與句中另一個(gè)代詞有主謂關(guān)系時(shí)。 eg:He has nothing to do.他無(wú)事可做。（2）不定式在“主+系+表（形容詞）”結(jié)構(gòu)中作狀語(yǔ)且句子主語(yǔ)是不

26、定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)時(shí)。 eg:This work is easy to do. 這項(xiàng)工作很容易做。（3）當(dāng)不定式修飾there be句型中的主語(yǔ)時(shí)。 eg:There is a baby to look after. 有個(gè)小孩需要照顧。4.不定式在句中的作用（1）作主語(yǔ) eg:To see is to believe. 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。注：不定式作句子主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。當(dāng)不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中又有不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用it is to 句型 eg:To see is to believe.（正確） Its to believe to see.（錯(cuò)誤）（2）作賓語(yǔ) eg:He decided to

27、 go home.他決定回家了。（3）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) eg:I wait for you to decide. 我等你作決定。（4）作定語(yǔ)（表將要發(fā)生的行為） eg:They have nothing to eat. 他們沒(méi)有東西吃。（5）作狀語(yǔ) eg:They are excited to hear the news. 聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息他們非常高興。（6）作表語(yǔ) eg:Her wish is to become an actress. 她的愿望是成為一名演員。5. Its for sb.和Its of sb.（1）for sb.常用表示事物的特征、特點(diǎn)，表客觀形式的形容詞，如：hard, easy

28、, interesting, impossible等 eg:Its hard for him to do this work. 對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)做這項(xiàng)工作太難了。（2）of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格、品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如：good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, brave, careful, stupid, wise, right等 eg:Its very kind of you to help me. 你來(lái)幫我，你真是太好了。辨別方法：用介詞后面的代詞作主語(yǔ)，形容詞作表語(yǔ)造句，如道理上通順用of，不通則用for eg:You are kind.（通

29、順，用of） He is hard.(不通，用for)（二）分詞1.形式：現(xiàn)在分詞doing 例：reading, playing過(guò)去分詞done 例：gone, done, said2.現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別（1）現(xiàn)在分詞表主動(dòng)，過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng) eg:The girl sitting on the chair is my sister.坐在椅子上的女孩是我妹妹。（主動(dòng)）The teacher came in, followed by his students.老師走了進(jìn)來(lái)，后面跟著他的學(xué)生。（2）現(xiàn)在分詞表進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表完成 eg:a developing country 一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家

30、a developed country 一個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家3.分詞的作用（1）分詞作定語(yǔ)：分詞前置an interesting story一個(gè)有趣的故事 a retired worker一個(gè)退休工人分詞后置（通常為詞組，個(gè)別詞如given, left常后置修飾不定代詞）eg: The man standing at the window is our teacher.站在窗戶旁的男人是我們的老師。This is the food left. 這就是剩下的食物。There is nothing interesting. 一點(diǎn)有趣的東西都沒(méi)有。分詞作狀語(yǔ)：可以表示原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、伴隨狀況等，均可

31、轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句。（伴隨狀語(yǔ)除外） eg:Not receiving any letter, I gave him a call.=As I didnt receive any letter, I gave him a call.由于沒(méi)有收到他的信，我給他打了電話。（原因）Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.=If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.假如多給些照顧，那些樹會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。（條件）（3）分詞作表語(yǔ) eg:The stor

32、y is interesting. 那個(gè)故事很有趣。He is excited. 他很興奮。（4）分詞作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)通常放在感觀動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后 eg:I found my car missing. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的車丟了。Ill have my watch repaired. 我要把我的表修修。注：在keep, leave, send, have后既可用現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成賓補(bǔ)，也可用過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)，現(xiàn)在分詞表處于某種狀態(tài)，而過(guò)去分詞表被動(dòng)。 eg:Im sorry for keeping you waiting so long. 很抱歉讓你等這么長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。He has his feet injured. 他把腳傷

33、了。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(二)1.過(guò)去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，表示分詞的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成；現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)作定語(yǔ)，表示分詞的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)作定語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)作將要發(fā)生。How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods and fields.（浪費(fèi)掉的時(shí)間）The hospital to be built is the biggest one in our city.（將要建的醫(yī)院）The question being discussed now is paid great attenti

34、on to.（正在討論的問(wèn)題）2.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞?？嫉膬?nèi)容如下：（1）考查過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)，表動(dòng)作的完成。 eg:Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.（2）考查過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)，表被動(dòng)意義。 eg:The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himse

35、lf heard.The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.（3）考查動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。 eg:What worried the child most was his not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital.（4）考查不定式的一般式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 eg:Little Tom should love to be taken to the theatre this evening.（5）考查使役動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與帶to的不定式的連用。 eg:Joh

36、n was made to work six days a week.直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)（Direct and Indirect Objects）1.可接間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ)且能用to置換間接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, promise, read, write, show, teach, throw, pass, pay, send, wish, sell, return, tell, allow, cause等。 eg:2.可接間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ)且能用for置換間接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：buy, choose, look, find, get, mak

37、e, order, paint, play, reach, sing, spare, do, fetch等。 eg:3.可接間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ)且能用of置換間接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有ask。 eg:4.可接間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ)且能用for和to或其他介詞置換間接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有do, leave, play。 eg:注；在下列情況下，只能用直接賓語(yǔ)+介詞結(jié)構(gòu)：當(dāng)直接賓語(yǔ)是人稱代詞時(shí) eg:He took off his boots and handed them to the guard.他把靴子交給衛(wèi)兵。當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)時(shí) eg:Youd better hand the paper to the offici

38、al directly.你最好把論文直接交給那位官員。當(dāng)間接賓語(yǔ)比直接賓語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)時(shí) eg:He is going to show the picture to the comrade sitting next to him.他打算把這張畫給坐在他旁邊的同志看看。當(dāng)間接賓語(yǔ)為疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí) eg:Who did you send the package to?你把包裹寄給誰(shuí)了？定語(yǔ)從句（一）定義在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語(yǔ)從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。eg:As a general rule, the most successful man in life is the man who ha

39、s the best information.一般說(shuō)來(lái)，生活中最成功的人是獲得最佳信息的人。（二）分類根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞的關(guān)系是否密切，它可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句兩種。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是句中不可缺少的組成部分，主句和從句之間不用逗號(hào)分開。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)主句先行詞的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，沒(méi)有這個(gè)從句，不影響主句意思的完整。一般用逗號(hào)分開。 eg:Were going to do something thats never been done before.我們要做以前從未做過(guò)的事。（限制性定從）I have lost the pen, which I like very much.我丟了

40、那支我十分喜歡的筆。（非限制性定從）（三）關(guān)系詞1. 引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞：指代對(duì)象指代人指代物既可指人也可指物主語(yǔ)who, thatwhich, that, asthat賓語(yǔ)whom, thatwhich, that, asthat定語(yǔ)whosewhoseeg: The doctor whom/that you are looking for is in the room.你正找的那位醫(yī)生在屋子里。（指人，作賓語(yǔ)。）A man who/that is perfectly pleased with the present state of things is a failure.完全滿

41、足于現(xiàn)狀的人是個(gè)失敗者。(指人，作主語(yǔ))Do you know the man whose name is Wang Bing?你知道那個(gè)叫王兵的人嗎？（指人，作定語(yǔ)）The building which/that stands near the river is our shool.河邊矗立的那座建筑物是我們的學(xué)校。（指物，作主語(yǔ)）Is this the book which/ that she was looking for?這是她剛找的那本書嗎？（指物，作賓語(yǔ)）The building whose windows face south was built last year.那棟窗戶朝南

42、開的樓房是去年建的。（指物，作定語(yǔ)）注：whom, which作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞一般可放在whom/which之前，也可放在從句原來(lái)的位置上；但在含有介詞的動(dòng)詞固定詞組中，介詞只能放在原來(lái)的位置上。 eg:The room in which there is a machine is the workshop.有機(jī)器的那間房是車間。This is the person whom you are looking for.這是你要找的那個(gè)人。2.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞：指代對(duì)象指代人指代物既可指人也可指物主語(yǔ)whowhich, as無(wú)賓語(yǔ)whomwhich, as無(wú)定語(yǔ)whosewhose

43、eg: I have two sisters, who are both students.我有兩個(gè)姐姐，她們都是學(xué)生。（指人，作主語(yǔ)）She is a lovely girl, whom we all like.她是一個(gè)我們都喜歡的可愛(ài)的女孩。（指人，作賓語(yǔ)）His new house, which is situated at the foot of the hill, is very big.他的新房子坐落在山腳下，很大。（指物，作主語(yǔ)）I like the same book as you do.（指物，作賓語(yǔ)）注：（1）引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，絕對(duì)不能用that。(2)as與whic

44、h的區(qū)別：as有“正如，好像”之意，which沒(méi)有。as通常放在主句之前，而which通常放在主句之后。 eg:As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.眾所周知，他是我們班最好的學(xué)生。He passed the final exam, which made us happy.他通過(guò)了考試，這讓我們很高興。(3)as可在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成the sameas, suchas等結(jié)構(gòu)。 eg:I want to have such a dictionary as he has.我想要一本像他那樣的字典。(4

45、)as的常用插入語(yǔ)式的句式有：as is said above綜上所述；as already mentioned above正如已經(jīng)闡述到的；as was expected正如預(yù)料的那樣；as we all know眾所周知；as is reported in the newspaper正如報(bào)紙所報(bào)道的。3.關(guān)系副詞常用關(guān)系副詞有when, where, why。 eg:I will never forget the day when I met Mr Liu.我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了見(jiàn)到劉先生的那天。This is the place where we lived for 5 years.這是我們已經(jīng)

46、居住5年的地方。I know the reason why he came late.我知道他來(lái)晚的原因。注：先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)名詞時(shí)，并非都用when/where。若從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，作狀語(yǔ)，則用when/where;是及物動(dòng)詞，作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)，則用that/which。 eg:This is the house that/which he visited last year. 這是他去年參觀過(guò)的房子。This is the house where he lived last year.這是他去年住過(guò)的房子。（四）常見(jiàn)指物時(shí)用that而不用which的情況。1.先行詞是不定代詞all

47、, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等。eg: All that we have to do is to practise every day.我們所要做的就是每天不斷練習(xí)。2.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾時(shí)。 eg:The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.我將永遠(yuǎn)不能忘記所上的第一課。3.先行詞被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修飾。 eg:I have read all the books (t

48、hat) you gave me.我已經(jīng)讀了你給我的所有書。4.先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last修飾時(shí)。 eg:It was the very book that I wanted to buy.這就是我想要買的那本書。5.先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。 eg:They talked of things and persons that they remembered.他們談?wù)撝?dāng)年的人和事。6.當(dāng)句中已有which時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)。 eg:Which is the desk that you want to buy?你想買哪張桌子？直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)

49、(Direct Speech and Indirect Speech)（一）定義直接引述別人的原話叫直接引語(yǔ)；用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話叫間接引語(yǔ)。這兩種引語(yǔ)都是賓語(yǔ)從句，但直接引語(yǔ)放在引號(hào)內(nèi)，不用連詞連接。間接引語(yǔ)不用引號(hào)，通常用連接詞與主句連接。 eg:1. Direct: He said,“We are going to see Romeo and Juliet this evening.”他說(shuō)：“今天晚上我們要去看羅密歐與朱麗葉。”Indirect: He said that they were going to see Romeo and Juliet that evening.2. D

50、irect:“If Im free today,” she said,“Ill read over it.”“如果今天有空，”她說(shuō)：“我就讀完它。”Indirect: She said if she free that day she would read over it.由例句可以看出，直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，不僅要用賓語(yǔ)從句表達(dá)，增加連詞that等，而且句中的人稱，時(shí)態(tài)，指示代詞，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等都要作相應(yīng)變化。其變化為：（1）人稱代詞的變化一般地說(shuō)，除引述本人原話外，通常把直接引語(yǔ)中的第一、二人稱代詞變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)中的第三人稱代詞。有時(shí)第二人稱代詞可變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)中的第一人稱代詞，或根據(jù)具

51、體情況保持不變。I told Tom,“I dont agree with you.”I told Tom that I didnt agree with him.Mary said,“Ill call again after supper.”Mary said that she would call again after supper.（2）時(shí)態(tài)的變化直接引語(yǔ)間接引語(yǔ)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)（客觀事實(shí)，真理等除外）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)來(lái)將來(lái)時(shí)注：若主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要作相應(yīng)變

52、化；若主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)則無(wú)須變化。（3）指示代詞，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)及動(dòng)詞的變化直接引語(yǔ)間接引語(yǔ)指示代詞thisthesethatthose時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)nowtodaythis week (month, etc.)yesterdaylast week (month, etc.)three days(a year, etc.)ago/ tomorrownext week (month, etc.)thenthat daythat week (month, etc.)the day beforethe week (month, etc.) beforethree days (a ye

53、ar, etc.) beforethe next/ following daythe next/ following week(month, etc.)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)herethere動(dòng)詞comego（二）直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)換1.陳述句/感嘆句：去掉冒號(hào)，引號(hào)，用that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。 eg:He said,“Im going to Beijing.” He said that he was going to Beijing.“What a lovely girl!”They said.They said that she was a lovely girl.2.一般疑問(wèn)句/反意疑問(wèn)句：去冒號(hào)和

54、引號(hào)，用if/whether接賓語(yǔ)從句，且用陳述語(yǔ)序。 eg:He asked,“Are you a teacher?”He asked me if/ whether I was a teacher.3.特殊疑問(wèn)句：去冒號(hào)和引號(hào)，由原疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，且用陳述語(yǔ)序。 eg:She said,“What are you doing?”She asked me what I was doing.4.祈使句：轉(zhuǎn)述時(shí)通常改為“ask (want, beg, tell, order)+賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞不定式”的簡(jiǎn)單句。 eg:He said,“Please turn on the light.”He ask

55、ed me to turn on the light.5.肯定，否定并立的兩個(gè)祈使句的轉(zhuǎn)述，一般要用“notbut”并列連詞。 eg:The teacher said,“Dont look out of the window, look at your textbooks.”The teacher told his students not to look out of the window but look at their textbooks.（三）時(shí)態(tài)不變的特殊情況。1.當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)是客觀真理。 eg:He said,“The earth goes round the sun.”He said that the earth goes round the sun.2.當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)中有具體的過(guò)去某年，某月，某日作狀語(yǔ)。 eg:Mr Wang said,“I was born in China in September, 1972.”Mr Wang said he was born in China in September, 19