定語從句教學之我見

1、英語教學論文定語從句教學之我見揭西河婆中學蒲曉虹二一三年四月定 語 從 句 教 學 之 我 見廣東省揭西縣河婆中學 蒲曉虹內容概要 定語從句,因其在文章中出現(xiàn)頻率高,寫作中使用頻率高而顯得尤為重要。但卻因為其形式多樣,變化多端而讓學生難以琢磨，頭痛傷神。但是，萬變不離其宗，只要記住判斷定語從句關系詞的基本原則，兼記一些定語從句的特殊情形，一切難題迎刃而解，定語從句為我所用，成就我學業(yè)，助我更攀高峰。定語從句（The Attributive Clause）, 是高中英語語法教學的首要重點。它在英語文章（包括完形填空，閱讀理解）中的出現(xiàn)頻率高，在英語書面表達中的使用頻率高。歷年高考中，語法填空的1

2、0個小題中必有一個考查定語從句。兩篇英語作文中，通常都應包括有6-10個定語從句。基于上述，要讓學生嫻熟無誤地使用定語從句絕對是有必要的！然而，定語從句變化多端，常常讓學生苦不堪言：定語從句眾多的關系詞是要如何準確地選擇呢？介詞+which/ whom的結構中,又如何于林林總總的介詞中確定那一個唯一的介詞呢?什么時候定語從句前要有逗號,什么時候又不用逗號呢?為什么有時候同一個先行詞后的不同定語從句使用的關系詞又截然不同呢?什么時候定語從句只能用that來引導?什么時候定語從句只能用which來引導?什么時候定語從句只能用who引導?又什么時候定語從句只能用as引導? 以上種種疑問常常讓學生暈頭

3、轉向,莫衷一是,深為苦惱。但其實，萬變不離其宗！只要找準根本的解題之道，自可撥云見日，去偽存真！下面就讓我一一道來。一、確定定語從句關系詞的基本原則首先，要弄清定語從句的概念。所謂定語，是用來修飾、限定名詞的句子成分。定語通常由形容詞，名詞，分詞，介詞短語充當，也有用一個從句來作定語的，是為定語從句。單個的詞作定語，放在其所修飾限定的名詞前面；短語或句子作定語，放在其所修飾限定的名詞后面，因此，按定語所在位置不同，稱為前置定語和后置定語。定語從句當然是后置定語，其前的名詞被稱為先行詞。先行詞和定語從句由關系詞連接起來，關系詞有三大功能：一、代替先行詞；二、連接起主句和從句；三、在從句中充當某個

4、句子成分，包括從句的主語，表語，賓語，定語，時間狀語，地點狀語和原因狀語。定語從句的關系詞包括who, that, which, whom, whose, as, when, where, why,還有介詞+ which/ whom。如：1. The girl who is singing on the stage is my cousin.2. I like the room whose window faces south.3. They talked about the people and the things that they remembered in high school.4

5、. He flew to Chongqing yesterday, where he was born and grew up.5. This is the pen with which he wrote the cards.6. I came across Mr Li on the street yesterday, with whom I had worked for 10 years.7. As you expected, he was late for class again.8. The naughty boy broke his neighbours window, which m

6、ade his parents annoyed.然后,要牢記選取定語從句關系詞的基本原則:使用代入法,將先行詞代入定語從句,分析其在從句中所充當?shù)木渥映煞?不同的句子成分會使用到不同的關系詞,如下表所示。 先行詞句子成分指人指物備注主語who/thatwhich/that賓語(whom/who/that)(which/that)可省略定語whosewhose = the+名詞+ of which時間狀語when= 介詞+which地點狀語where原因狀語why= for which上面這個表格對于正確解答定語從句非常重要,一定要學生能閉卷默寫,自行繪制才算是過關。在這個基本原則和表格的幫助下

7、，解題應該無大礙。同一個單詞因為在從句中充當?shù)木渥映煞植煌?定語從句會使用到不同的關系詞.如：第一組: 1. I like the book is written by Lin Yutang.2. I like the book cover is blue.3. I like the book the cover is blue.分析:將先行詞代入定語從句,句1的從句應為 the book is written by Lin Yutang, 先行詞book在從句中作主語,又指物,答案為which/that;句2將先行詞代入定語從句,則the books cover is blue, 先行詞bo

8、ok在從句中作定語,答案為whose; 同理,句3的定語從句為 the cover of the book is blue,作介詞of的賓語,因此用of which.學生有時會斷章取義,看見先行詞表時間,定語從句關系詞就用when,看見先行詞表地點,定語從句關系詞就不假思索地用where,這是武斷不可取的！所以，要提醒學生注意一定要牢記定語從句的基本原則和基本解題方法。再以兩組句子為例：第二組: 1. Theyll never forget the day they got married.2. Theyll never forget the day they got married. 3.

9、Theyll never forget the day they spent together in Hongkong.分析:將先行詞代入定語從句,句1與句2的從句均為they got marriedon the day,先行詞在定語從句中作時間狀語,因此句1答案為when,句2答案為on which;而句3的從句為they spent the day together inHongkong,先行詞在從句中作賓語,又指物,因此答案為which/that。又如第三組:1. He went to the school he and his parents had visited 20 years

10、before.2. He went to the school he studied 7 years ago.2. He went to the school he studied 7 years ago.4.He went to the school reputation has extended to the south of China.分析:將先行詞代入定語從句,句1為he and his parents had visited the school 20 years before,先行詞在定語從句中作賓語,且指物,因此句1的答案為which/that;同理,句2,3的從句為he st

11、udied in the shool 7 years ago,先行詞在從句中作地點狀語,因此句2的答案為where,句3的答案為in which:而句4的從句為the schools reputation has extended to the south of China,先行詞在從句中作定語,答案自是whose。二、特殊的定語從句定語從句若能全部按基本原則來從事倒也罷了，難就難在它有種種特殊情況，這些特殊情況無章可循，除了強行記憶別無它法。（一）宜用that不用which引導的定語從句1. 當先行詞是不定代詞anything, everything, nothing, few, all,

12、none, little, some等代詞時，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much修飾時;All that can be done has been done. 凡能做的事都已經(jīng)做了。 You can't believe anything she says. 她所說的什么話你都不能相信。 There's nothing you can do to help. 你做什么也無能為力了。2. 當先行詞被形容詞的最高級形式所修飾時;This is the most expensive watch (that) I've

13、 ever owned. 這是我有過的最昂貴的一塊表。 This is the best article that has ever been written on this subject. 迄今為止在有關這個題目的文章中，這一篇是最好的。3. 當先行詞被序數(shù)詞或the very, the only, the last修飾時;This is the first time(that)I've heard her sing. 這是我頭一次聽她唱歌。 This is the very pen he used when he was writing the book. 他寫那本書時就是用這支

14、筆。 This is the last thing one can say about it. 決不能這樣說。 The only thing that matters is to find our way home. 只有一件事最重要，那就是找到回家的路。4.當先行詞前面有who, which等疑問代詞時; Who is the man that is standing there? 站在那里的那個男子是誰? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最適合我?5. 當先行詞既有人，又有物時; Can you remember the scien

15、tist and his theory that we have learned? 你記得我們學習過的那位科學家和他的理論嗎?6.“there be”句型中;There's a seat over there that is still free.那邊有一個空座位。7.先行詞在主句中作表語，或者關系代詞本身作從句的表語時Its a book that will help you a lot.這本書將會對你有很大幫助。The modern aeroplane is not the machine that it was when first invented. 現(xiàn)代飛機已不是最先發(fā)明時的

16、那種樣子了。(二)宜用who不用that引導的定語從句當先行詞是指人的all, those. he, anyone, everyone,few, people,one(s)時,定語從句的關系詞宜有who不用that.Those who want to visit the museum sign here after class.那些想要去參觀博物館的人下課后在這里簽名。He is lifeless who is faultless.只有死人才不犯錯。He laughs best who laughs last.誰笑到最后誰笑得最好。God helps those who help themse

17、lves.自助者天助。(三)宜用which不用that的定語從句1.非限制性定語從句中;The Smiths flew to Beijing, which is the capital city of China.2.關系代詞前有介詞時;I dont like the way in which he solved the problem.3.先行詞本身是that時；The clock is that which tells the time. 鐘表是告訴人們時間的。4.指代前面整句話時。The students study harder, which makes the teachers pl

18、eased.三、介詞+which/whom引導的定語從句有大量的定語從句是由介詞+which/whom引導的，用which 還是whom倒是不難判斷,只須看先行詞是指物還是指人,難的是要從眾多的介詞中找到那個合適的介詞,這要從兩個方面來著手。（一）介詞+which引導的定語從句 介詞+which引導的定語從句中，介詞的選取通常是視乎與先行詞的搭配使用習慣。如：1. This is the farm which he was born. ( on, he was born on the farm)2. He lent me the pen which I wrote the card.(with

19、,I wrote the cars with the pen)3.He bought the factory which my mother worked. (in, my mother worked in the factory)4. This is the bike which I go to school every day.(by, I go to school by bike every day)（二）介詞+whom引導的定語從句介詞+whom引導的定語從句中，介詞的選取通常是視乎定語從句中謂語動詞的搭配習慣。如：1.There was not a single person who

20、m she could turn for help.(to, turn to sb for help)2. He visited the colleagues whom he worked for 3 years. (with, work with sb)3. They missed meeting their classmate whom they bought the birthday cake.(for, buy sth for sb)4. Mr White is the idol whom the teenagers are learning. (from, learn from sh )四、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句從書寫形式上來看僅僅是有沒有逗號的區(qū)別,但從意義上來講,前者是主句不可或缺的一部分,若缺失,主句意思就會含混不清,表達不明,如Her mother is a woman who loves money more than everything.;而后者缺失了的話,主句意思依然完整通順, 如Yesterday, I visited Ms Young, w