閱讀理解全攻略

1、 閱讀理解全攻略閱讀理解全攻略While enjoying the music, what have you prepared for the coming class ?Your papers?Your attention?Your confidence?閱讀理解全攻略閱讀理解全攻略考試大綱考試大綱要求要求要求考生讀懂簡(jiǎn)易的英語(yǔ)文學(xué)作品、科普文章、要求考生讀懂簡(jiǎn)易的英語(yǔ)文學(xué)作品、科普文章、公告、說(shuō)明、廣告以及書(shū)、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一公告、說(shuō)明、廣告以及書(shū)、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡(jiǎn)短文章并回答相關(guān)問(wèn)題。考生應(yīng)般性話題的簡(jiǎn)短文章并回答相關(guān)問(wèn)題?？忌鷳?yīng)能：能：、理解主旨要義；、理解主旨要義；、理解

2、文中具體信息；、理解文中具體信息； 、根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義；、根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義；、作出簡(jiǎn)單判斷和理解；、作出簡(jiǎn)單判斷和理解；、理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；、理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；、理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度；、理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度； 7 7、根據(jù)所讀，用恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~語(yǔ)補(bǔ)全文章提綱、根據(jù)所讀，用恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~語(yǔ)補(bǔ)全文章提綱、 概括關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容或作要詞詞語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換。概括關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容或作要詞詞語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換。 閱讀理解命題分類(lèi)閱讀理解命題分類(lèi)主旨大意型主旨大意型事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型詞義猜測(cè)型詞義猜測(cè)型推理判斷型推理判斷型命命題題類(lèi)類(lèi) 試試 卷卷 (江蘇江蘇)推理推理判斷判斷主旨主旨?xì)w納歸納細(xì)節(jié)細(xì)節(jié)理解理解詞義詞義猜測(cè)猜測(cè) 2008

3、4 2 8 1 2009 72 5 12010年高考閱讀理解推理判斷題型中年高考閱讀理解推理判斷題型中要求考生能把握要求考生能把握文脈邏輯關(guān)系文脈邏輯關(guān)系句與句與句、段與段之間的邏輯關(guān)系。句、段與段之間的邏輯關(guān)系。一、主旨大意型一、主旨大意型解題要領(lǐng)解題要領(lǐng)A、干擾項(xiàng)干擾項(xiàng) 可能屬文中某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)?？赡軐傥闹心硞€(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)。B、干擾項(xiàng)干擾項(xiàng) 可能屬?gòu)奈闹心承┛赡軐購(gòu)奈闹心承?( (不完全的不完全的) ) 事事 實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論。實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論。C、干擾項(xiàng)干擾項(xiàng) 可能屬非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷。可能屬非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷。D、正確項(xiàng)正確項(xiàng) 是根據(jù)文章意思全面理解而歸納

4、是根據(jù)文章意思全面理解而歸納 概括出來(lái)的；但不能太籠統(tǒng)、言過(guò)概括出來(lái)的；但不能太籠統(tǒng)、言過(guò) 其實(shí)或以偏概全。其實(shí)或以偏概全。一、主旨大意型一、主旨大意型實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練 1. Tell a story and tell it well, and you may open wide the eyes of a child, open up lines of communication in a business, or even open peoples mind to another culture or race. People regard storytelling not only as

5、 a useful tool in child education, but also as a meaningful activity that helps adults understand themselves as well as those whose culture may be very different from their own. We are all storytellers. We all have a story to tell. We tell everybodys story.一、主旨大意型一、主旨大意型實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練Question: Whats the m

6、ain idea of the text?A.Storytelling can influence the way people think.B. Storytelling is vital to the growth of business.C. Storytelling is the best way to educate children in school.D. Storytelling helps people understand themselves and others.從文中事實(shí)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論從文中事實(shí)片面推出的錯(cuò)誤結(jié)論 X文中的一個(gè)具體細(xì)節(jié)文中的一個(gè)具體細(xì)節(jié) X非文章事

7、實(shí)的主觀臆斷非文章事實(shí)的主觀臆斷 X實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練2. 2009年重慶卷年重慶卷Sir Steven Redgrave, winner of 5 Olympic Gold Medals, once said, “In 1997 I was found to have developed diabetes (糖尿病糖尿病). Believing my career (職業(yè)生涯職業(yè)生涯) was over, I felt extremely low. Then one of the specialists said there was no reason why I should stop tr

8、aining and competing. That was itthe encouragement I needed. I could still be a winner if I believed in myself. I am not saying that it isnt difficult sometimes. But I wanted to prove to myself that I wasnt finished yet. Nothing is to stand in my way.”實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練61. What does Sir Steven Redgrave mainly

9、 talk about? A. Difficulties influenced his career. B. Specialists offered him medical advice. C. Training helped him defeat his disease. D. He overcame the shadow of illness to win.本段沒(méi)有明顯的主題句，歸納全段可知正確選項(xiàng)本段沒(méi)有明顯的主題句，歸納全段可知正確選項(xiàng)為為D。選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)A是局部信息；選項(xiàng)是局部信息；選項(xiàng)B和和C，文中沒(méi)有，文中沒(méi)有信息支持。信息支持。一、主旨大意型一、主旨大意型心得體會(huì)心得體會(huì) 尋找尋

10、找主題句主題句是解題的關(guān)鍵，主題句通常在文首、文是解題的關(guān)鍵，主題句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼應(yīng)，有時(shí)在句中，也有可能沒(méi)有主題句，末或首尾呼應(yīng)，有時(shí)在句中，也有可能沒(méi)有主題句，這時(shí)需根據(jù)文章所述內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納。尋找主題句有這時(shí)需根據(jù)文章所述內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納。尋找主題句有以下四個(gè)小竅門(mén)：以下四個(gè)小竅門(mén)：(1)段落中出現(xiàn)段落中出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句。時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句。 (2)作者有意識(shí)地作者有意識(shí)地反復(fù)反復(fù)重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。(3)首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，對(duì)該問(wèn)題的回答很可能就是

11、首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，對(duì)該問(wèn)題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。文章主旨。(4)提出文章主旨時(shí)常伴有文字提示有提出文章主旨時(shí)常伴有文字提示有therefore, thus, but, however, in fact, in short等。因此，這些詞等。因此，這些詞后的內(nèi)容很可能就是文章主旨。后的內(nèi)容很可能就是文章主旨。二、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型二、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型解題要領(lǐng)解題要領(lǐng)難度難度 該題型難度系數(shù)值最低并占閱讀題該題型難度系數(shù)值最低并占閱讀題 （除任務(wù)型閱讀）總數(shù)的（除任務(wù)型閱讀）總數(shù)的50%左右。左右。分析分析 文章中心是文章中心是論點(diǎn)論點(diǎn)，事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)是，事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)是論據(jù)論據(jù)或或 主要理由主要理由；有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)的問(wèn)題常

12、對(duì)文中；有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)的問(wèn)題常對(duì)文中 某個(gè)詞語(yǔ)、某句子、某段落等細(xì)節(jié)及某個(gè)詞語(yǔ)、某句子、某段落等細(xì)節(jié)及 事實(shí)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)，所提問(wèn)題一般可事實(shí)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)，所提問(wèn)題一般可直接直接 或或間接間接在文章中找到答案。在文章中找到答案。要領(lǐng)要領(lǐng) 忠實(shí)于原文上下文及全篇的邏輯關(guān)系，忠實(shí)于原文上下文及全篇的邏輯關(guān)系， 決不能主觀臆斷。決不能主觀臆斷。二、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型二、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型常見(jiàn)提問(wèn)形式常見(jiàn)提問(wèn)形式1. Which of the following is TRUE ( Not True) according to the information in the passage?2. Which of the follow

13、ing is mentioned in the passage?3. The author mentions all the following except _.4. In the passage, the author states that _.5. 以以when, where, who, what, how, why, how many/much等詞引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句。等詞引導(dǎo)的疑問(wèn)句。 二、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型二、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練 One day, I told my mother Id changed my mind. I didnt want to make a success in

14、the magazine business. “If you think you can change your mind like this,” she replied, “you will become a good-for-nothing.” She insisted that, as soon as school was over, I should start ringing doorbells, selling magazines. Whenever I said no, she would scold me. 二、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型二、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練Question: Wha

15、t did the mother do when the boy wanted to give up? A. She forced him to continue. B. She punished him. C. She gave him some money. D. She changed her plan.She insisted that, as soon as school was over, I should start ringing doorbells, selling magazines. Whenever I said no, she would scold me.二、事實(shí)細(xì)

16、節(jié)型二、事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)型心得體會(huì)心得體會(huì) 此題型最普遍的特征是題干中此題型最普遍的特征是題干中的某些詞語(yǔ)和表達(dá)方式與原文的詞的某些詞語(yǔ)和表達(dá)方式與原文的詞語(yǔ)和表達(dá)方式相吻合，因此一般采語(yǔ)和表達(dá)方式相吻合，因此一般采用用尋讀法尋讀法，即先讀題，然后帶著問(wèn)，即先讀題，然后帶著問(wèn)題快速閱讀短文，找出與問(wèn)題有關(guān)題快速閱讀短文，找出與問(wèn)題有關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)或句子，再對(duì)相關(guān)部分進(jìn)行的詞語(yǔ)或句子，再對(duì)相關(guān)部分進(jìn)行分析對(duì)比，找出答案。分析對(duì)比，找出答案。 三、詞義猜測(cè)型三、詞義猜測(cè)型解題要領(lǐng)解題要領(lǐng) 同義法同義法 常在詞或短語(yǔ)之間有并列連詞常在詞或短語(yǔ)之間有并列連詞and或或or， 它們連接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的它們連

17、接的兩項(xiàng)內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的 或遞進(jìn)的?；蜻f進(jìn)的。反義法反義法 如如hot and cold, ,give and receive等，或等，或 前句為肯定，后句為否定。詞與詞之前句為肯定，后句為否定。詞與詞之 間都起著互為線索的作用。間都起著互為線索的作用。釋義法釋義法 對(duì)文章中的生詞用定語(yǔ)（從句）、表語(yǔ)對(duì)文章中的生詞用定語(yǔ)（從句）、表語(yǔ) 甚至于用逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)引出甚至于用逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)引出 并加以解釋說(shuō)明。并加以解釋說(shuō)明。情景推斷法情景推斷法 根據(jù)上下文情景線索進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。根據(jù)上下文情景線索進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。 The following year, he met John Ridgwa

18、y and was hired as an instructor at Ridgways School of Adventure in Scotland, where he learned about Ridgways cold-water exploits. Greatly interested, Saunders read allhe could about North Pole explorers and adventures, then decided that this would be his future.同義法實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練同義法實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練Question: The underline

19、d word “exploits” is closest in meaning to _.A. journeys B. researches C. adventures D. operationsAdventureexplorersadventuresMost women in Ghana the educated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and old work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mother

20、s. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is well known and well deserved.反義法實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練反義法實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練Question: Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “illiterate” ?A. repeat B. reiterated C. uneducated D. sickthe educatedthe urban and rural,the young

21、and oldWhen Andrea Peterson landed her first teaching job, she faced the daunting task of creating a music program with almost no money for equipment or supplies in a climate where standard-based learning was the focus and music just provided a break for students and teachers. 釋義法實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練釋義法實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練Question

22、: The underlined word “daunting” most probably means _. A. discouraging B. interesting C. creative D. unbearable of creating a music program with almost no money for equipment or supplies in a climate where standard-based learning was the focus and music just provided a break for students and teache

23、rs.One night the wind howled loudly in fromoffshore. He rushed next door to the hired hands sleeping room to wake him up. But the little man rolled over in bed and saidfirmly, “No sir.” Enraged by the response, the man wanted to fire him on the spot.情景推斷法實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練情景推斷法實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練Question: The underlined word “E

24、nraged” may probably mean_ .A. to be made angry B. to be made surprised C. to be made depressed D. to be made happy四、推理判斷型四、推理判斷型解題要領(lǐng)解題要領(lǐng)分析分析 15題中常有題中常有5-65-6題?？疾閷W(xué)生由文章的字題?？疾閷W(xué)生由文章的字面信息推出未知信息或隱含信息的能力，根據(jù)文面信息推出未知信息或隱含信息的能力，根據(jù)文章提供的事實(shí)和線索，進(jìn)行邏輯推理，推測(cè)作者章提供的事實(shí)和線索，進(jìn)行邏輯推理，推測(cè)作者未提到的事實(shí)或某事發(fā)生的可能性、作者的傾向未提到的事實(shí)或某事發(fā)生的可能性

25、、作者的傾向或意圖、文章的論調(diào)或意圖、文章的論調(diào) 等。等。要領(lǐng)要領(lǐng) 透過(guò)現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)，判斷有據(jù)，推論有理，透過(guò)現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)，判斷有據(jù)，推論有理， 忠實(shí)原文，忠實(shí)原文，切忌切忌用自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的本意；用自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的本意；全面分析所有相關(guān)信息，全面分析所有相關(guān)信息，切忌切忌片面思考，得出片面思考，得出片面結(jié)論；善于揣摩作者思路，盡可能與作者片面結(jié)論；善于揣摩作者思路，盡可能與作者的思路吻合。的思路吻合。 四、推理判斷型四、推理判斷型常見(jiàn)提問(wèn)形式常見(jiàn)提問(wèn)形式1. It can be inferred from the text that _.2. The paragraph followin

26、g (before) the passage will most probably be _.3. The writers attitude is _.4. The author implied (suggested) that _.5. We can conclude from the passage that_.6. What is the tone of the author?7. The passage is intended to _. 8. We can learn from the text that _. 四、推理判斷型四、推理判斷型實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練 1. People who

27、 have lost the ability to understand or use words due to brain damage are called aphasics. Such patients can be extremely good at something else. From the changing expressions on speakers faces and the tones of their voices, they can tell lies from truths. According to Dr. Sacks, they are more gifte

28、d than normal people. Normal people may get carried away by words. Aphasics seem to understand human expressions better, though they cannot understand words. 四、推理判斷型四、推理判斷型實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練Question: What do we learn from this text? A. What one says reflects how one feels. B. Aphasics have richer feelings tha

29、n others. C. Normal people often tell lies in their speeches. D. People poor at one thing can be good at another.實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練 2. （江西卷）（江西卷）Just as crying can be healthy, not cryingholding back tears of anger, pain or sufferingcan be bad for physical(身體的身體的) health. Studies have shown that too much contr

30、ol of emotions can lead to high blood pressure, heart problems and some other illnesses. If you have a health problem, doctors will certainly not ask you to cry. But when you feel like crying, dont fight it. Its a naturaland healthyemotional response(反應(yīng)反應(yīng)). （2分分鐘）鐘） According to the author, which of

31、 the following statements is true? A. Crying is the best way to get help from others. B. Fighting back tears may cause some health problems. C. We will never know our deep feelings unless we cry. D. We must cry if we want to reduce pressure.實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練3. “Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it li

32、fted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you?” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh. “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves,” he said. （1.5分鐘）分鐘）The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of

33、the passage to _. A. test the readers knowledge about waves B. draw the readers attention to the topic C. show Jamie Taylors importance D. invite the readers to answer them1 1、快速讀題，帶著問(wèn)題讀文章。、快速讀題，帶著問(wèn)題讀文章。 有助于有的放矢地去讀，并確定正確有助于有的放矢地去讀，并確定正確 的答案。的答案。 閱讀理解解題策略閱讀理解解題策略確定題干中的確定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞 反映題干的中心反映題干的中心 信息或能

34、體現(xiàn)題干最大特征的詞信息或能體現(xiàn)題干最大特征的詞時(shí)間、數(shù)字、專(zhuān)有名詞、實(shí)義名詞、抽象名時(shí)間、數(shù)字、專(zhuān)有名詞、實(shí)義名詞、抽象名詞、典型的形容詞和副詞以及主要的動(dòng)詞等。詞、典型的形容詞和副詞以及主要的動(dòng)詞等。2 2、正確運(yùn)用閱讀策略，提高閱讀效率。、正確運(yùn)用閱讀策略，提高閱讀效率。 包含論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、結(jié)論三大要包含論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、結(jié)論三大要素，通過(guò)解釋、舉例來(lái)闡述觀點(diǎn)素，通過(guò)解釋、舉例來(lái)闡述觀點(diǎn) 閱讀理解解題策略閱讀理解解題策略運(yùn)用運(yùn)用略讀略讀、掃讀掃讀、跳讀跳讀等技巧快速閱讀，搜等技巧快速閱讀，搜尋關(guān)鍵詞、主題句，捕捉時(shí)空、順序、情節(jié)、尋關(guān)鍵詞、主題句，捕捉時(shí)空、順序、情節(jié)、人物、觀點(diǎn)，并且理清文章脈

35、絡(luò)，把握語(yǔ)篇人物、觀點(diǎn)，并且理清文章脈絡(luò)，把握語(yǔ)篇實(shí)質(zhì)和文章傳達(dá)的信息。實(shí)質(zhì)和文章傳達(dá)的信息。 記敘文記敘文 以人物為中心，以時(shí)間或空間為以人物為中心，以時(shí)間或空間為線索，按事件的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、結(jié)局展開(kāi)故事線索，按事件的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、結(jié)局展開(kāi)故事 論述文體論述文體3 3、關(guān)注語(yǔ)篇的連接詞，正確理解篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。、關(guān)注語(yǔ)篇的連接詞，正確理解篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。 because, although, but, however, anyhow, on the contrary, as a result, in addition, generally speaking, to summarize, thats to s

36、ay, whats more在上在上下文中起著讓步、轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比、列舉、遞進(jìn)等下文中起著讓步、轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比、列舉、遞進(jìn)等作用，掌握這些詞匯對(duì)于篇章的理解有很大的作用，掌握這些詞匯對(duì)于篇章的理解有很大的幫助。幫助。 閱讀理解解題策略閱讀理解解題策略連接詞連接詞 語(yǔ)篇的邏輯紐帶，在句子、段落語(yǔ)篇的邏輯紐帶，在句子、段落之間起著承上啟下的作用，使句子、段落和篇之間起著承上啟下的作用，使句子、段落和篇章保持邏輯上的關(guān)系和語(yǔ)義上的連貫，它直接章保持邏輯上的關(guān)系和語(yǔ)義上的連貫，它直接表明了句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系表明了句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系。 4 4、答題時(shí)注意正確項(xiàng)和干擾選項(xiàng)的特征，、答題時(shí)注意正確項(xiàng)和干擾選項(xiàng)的

37、特征，回原文找答案?；卦恼掖鸢?。 閱讀理解解題策略閱讀理解解題策略正確項(xiàng)正確項(xiàng) 正話反說(shuō)、肯定句變成雙重正話反說(shuō)、肯定句變成雙重否定、同義詞替換、敘述角度轉(zhuǎn)換而中心否定、同義詞替換、敘述角度轉(zhuǎn)換而中心意思不變等。意思不變等。 干擾項(xiàng)干擾項(xiàng) 絕對(duì)化絕對(duì)化 偷換概念偷換概念 片面化片面化 串段現(xiàn)象串段現(xiàn)象 無(wú)中生有無(wú)中生有5 5、要十分重視第一印象。、要十分重視第一印象。 第一感覺(jué)的正確率在第一感覺(jué)的正確率在8080以以 上，不要輕易改動(dòng)。上，不要輕易改動(dòng)。 閱讀理解解題策略閱讀理解解題策略心理學(xué)心理學(xué)表明表明 考生在接觸試題時(shí)大腦皮考生在接觸試題時(shí)大腦皮層處于高度興奮狀態(tài)，對(duì)新事物的反應(yīng)靈敏，

38、層處于高度興奮狀態(tài)，對(duì)新事物的反應(yīng)靈敏，容易迅速做出決定。容易迅速做出決定。 經(jīng)驗(yàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明表明 檢查時(shí)，不要按照第一次答題的角度去檢查時(shí)，不要按照第一次答題的角度去考慮，應(yīng)該從另外一個(gè)角度去思考，沒(méi)有充考慮，應(yīng)該從另外一個(gè)角度去思考，沒(méi)有充分、足夠的理由不要輕易推翻第一次的選擇。分、足夠的理由不要輕易推翻第一次的選擇。 1. When early humans hunted and gathered food, they were not in control of their environment. They could only interact with their surroundi

39、ngs as lower organisms did. When humans learned to make fire, however, they became capable of altering their environment. To provide themselves with fuel they stripped bark from trees, causing the trees to die. Clearings were burned in forests to increase the growth of grass and to provide a greater

40、 grazing area for the wild animals that humans fed upon. This development led to farming and the domestication of animals. Fire also provided the means for cooking plants which had previously been inedible. Only when the process of meeting the basic need for food reached a certain level of sophistication