unit-8-Writing-Abstract

1、Academic Writing CourseContentsDefinition of Abstract1Purposes of an Abstract2Types of Abstract3Elements in an Abstract4Verb Tenses5Selection of Key Words6Definition of Abstract?la one-paragraph summary of a research project.la self-contained(complete and seperate), short, and powerful statement tha

2、t describes a larger work.la condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing, and reviews the writings contents in an abbreviated form.lthe last section to be written, but the first section to be readPu

3、rposes of an Abstract?lHelp readers decide if they should read an entire articlelHelp readers and researchers remember key findings on a topiclHelp readers understand a text by acting as a pre-reading outline of key pointslabstract indexing Features of abstracts?vavoid repetitionvusually are limited

4、 to one paragraph of about 250 wordsvcan stand alonevuse the third personvuse the passive voicevare highly signpostedTypes of Abstract?Types of AbstractDescriptive/Indicative abstract指示性摘要指示性摘要Informative abstract報道性摘要報道性摘要Non-structured abstract非結(jié)構(gòu)非結(jié)構(gòu)性摘要性摘要Half-structured abstract半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要Full-structu

5、red abstractStructured abstract 結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要構(gòu)式摘要NatureStructureContentDescriptiveInformativeContentsLengthType of paperpurpose, scope and methodspurpose, scope, methods, results, conclusions and recommendations50-150 wordsaround 100 words200-300 wordsmore or less 250 wordsreview articlesresearch papersDes

6、criptive vs. Informative?10% of the total lengthStructured Abstractv Structured Abstract: 結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要在形式上按一定的格式列出項目結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要在形式上按一定的格式列出項目名稱，逐項敘述。名稱，逐項敘述。v 1 objective, methods, results, conclusion, (background),(remained questions)v 2 context/background, objective, design, setting, subjects, interventions, m

7、ain outcome measures, results, conclusionsv Eg: Abstract Objectivev Methodsv Resultsv ConclusionNon-structured AbstractvNon-structured Abstract: 非結(jié)構(gòu)性摘要非結(jié)構(gòu)性摘要是將論文的主要內(nèi)涵包括。是將論文的主要內(nèi)涵包括。vpurpose, result, conclusionv非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要的主要缺點是：段落不明，給編輯、審稿、閱讀及計算機處理帶來諸多不便。 v與非結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要相比，全結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要觀點更明確（more explicitness），信息量更大（m

8、ore information），差錯更少（fewer errors），同時也更符合計算機數(shù)據(jù)庫的建立和使用要求。但其缺點也是顯而易見的，即煩瑣、重復(fù)、篇幅過長, 于是更多的雜志揚長避短，采用半結(jié)構(gòu)式（semi-structured）摘要Half-structured abstractv半結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要也稱為四要素摘要，包括：目的（objective/purpose/aim）、方法（methods）、結(jié)果（results）和結(jié)論（conclusion）This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi

9、-layered study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from its peak in the early 1960s through the early 1980s. By examining this historically important case, I clarify the process by which movements transform social structures and the constraints movements face when they try to do so. The time pe

10、riod studied includes the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, the desegregation of public schools and the emergence of white-flight academies, and the rise and fall of federal anti-poverty programs. I use two major research strategies: (1) a quantitative analysis of county

11、-level data and (2) three case studies. Data have been collected from archives, interviews, newspapers, and published reports. This dissertation challenges the argument that movements are inconsequential. Some view federal agencies, courts, political parties, or economic elites as the agents driving

12、 institutional change, but typically these groups acted in response to the leverage brought to bear by the civil rights movement. The Mississippi movement attempted to forge independent structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling change in an array of local

13、 institutions, movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy in Mississippi.P100Comprehension of an AbstractWhat the study doesHow the study does itWhat materials are usedconclusionQuestionFunctionElementWhat did the writer do in his/her study?What research objective did the study try to achieve?W

14、hat methods or materials were used?What results did the study get?What conclusion did the study draw?point out the importance of the study, the impacts it might havebring out the objective and the scope of the studypoint out the way of carrying out the studydemonstrate the achievements of the studyp

15、ut forward the implications or significance of the studyMotivationResearch objectiveMethodsResults ConclusionElements in an Abstract?P100Purpose The purpose of this paper is to establish the importance and approaches in securing an organizations legitimacy from the network community of customers, su

16、ppliers and manufacturers, including private investors and state-owned institutions when marketing their products.Design/methodology/approach The paper presents an inductive interpretative approach complimented by action-based research founded on inquiry and testing.Findings The paper finds that the

17、 key to legitimacy success involves using legitimacy orientations to demonstrate commitment to the interests of constituents, acquiring legitimacy from them, but concurrently considering the central governments influence on a firms legitimacy performance.Research limitations/implications The multipl

18、e interactions proposed in this paper remain untested and might have to be modified pending further empirical testing and analysis.Practical implications In Chinas telecommunication market, a companys legitimacy emanates first and foremost from the development and commercialization of innovative and

19、 creative technological solutions. This requires good, creative management of technological resource and activity links, connecting the companys technology to network constituents which include local manufacturers, carriers, software developers, investors.Originality/value This is the first publishe

20、d paper that examines the proposed interactions among legitimacy orientations, alignments, and performances from a “market-as-network” perspective in a dynamic, transitional Chinese telecommunication market.P108ExampleTenses used in an abstract?P102ElementSentencePredicate VerbTensebackgroundMotivat

21、ionobjectiveMethodsResultsConclusion3focused on1, 24metis of growing concernare on the increase 5was carried outSimple present6produced, confirmed, lacked, depended on, were not aware ofSimple presentPresent perfect7, 8, 9are, fail, has hindered, argues for, takesSimple pastStructured abstract sampl

22、e 2P108Read the following statements and put them into order to compose a structured abstractlThis study provides historical context for recent development in public sector reporting and accountability in Australia, particularly the (re)introduction of accrual accounting, and provides insights into

23、the nature of accounting change in public sectors.lThe historical analysis draws on process and conceptual change and stakeholder theory, and uses both primary and secondary data.lTo describe patterns of change (and non-change) in hospitals financial reporting and to identify the social and politica

24、l influences associated with such reporting.lThis study traces the development of financial reporting in two publicly funded hospitals in New South Wales over the period from 1857 to 1975, with particular focus on the use of cash and accrual accounting.Purpose To describe patterns of change (and non

25、-change) in hospitals financial reporting and to identify the social and political influences associated with such reporting.Design/methodology/approachThe historical analysis draws on process and conceptual change and stakeholder theory, and uses both primary and secondary data.FindingsThis study traces the development of financial reporting in two publicly funded hospitals in New South Wales over the period from 1857 to 1975, with particular focus on the use of cash and accrual accounting.Originality/valueThis study