呼吸科常用英文

1、呼吸科常用英文詢問(wèn)病史casehistoryYouneedtogetadetailedhistoryincludingthetimingandacuityofonset,exacerbatingandalleviatingfactorsandenvironmenttriggerstohelpyouconfirmadiagnosisordiscardotherdiseases/developadifferentialdiagnosis.Askyourpatientwhetherthereisahistoryoftobaccouse,orothertoxicandenvironmentalexpo

2、suresandhisoccupationalhistory.shealthGeneral/biographicaldata,maritalstatus,nativity,occupation,informant,timeofadmissionandrecord,chiefcomplaint,historyofpresentillness,previoushealthstatus(well,ordinaryorbad),anyinfectiousdiseases,allergichistory,historyoftraumaorsurgery,smoking(abouthowmanyyears

3、,averagehowmanypiecesperday,ceasedforhowmanyyears),alcoholintake(occasionalorfrequent),spousestatus,menorrhea(menarcheage,cyclelastingforhowmanydays,menstrualcycle,lastmenstruationperiodorageofmenopause,anymenstrualpainorirregularcycle),childbearingorpregnancy(times,naturallabor,abortions,prematured

4、elivery,stillbirths,difficultlabor,familyhistory(anycongenitaldiseases,fatherandmother:stillalive,川ness,orcauseofdeath,siblingsandchildren)常用的癥狀symptomsfeverCough咳嗽Sputum(dry,purulent月農(nóng)性的,copiousgreensputum大量綠色痰，tenaciousyellowsputum黃粘痰，frothywhitesputum白色泡沫痰，rustysputum鐵銹色痰wheezingDyspneaduringexer

5、tionoratrest呼吸困難Orthopnea端至呼吸Paroxysmalnocturnaldyspnea夜間陣發(fā)性呼吸困難Shortnessofbreath(SOBChesttightness胸部緊迫感Exerciseintolerancepleuriticchestpain胸膜型胸痛Pharyngalgia;pharyngodynia咽痛Hemoptysis啥血Bucking嗆咳Sneeze賁嚏snore打鼾malaise不舒月艮myalgia肌痛insomia失眠h(yuǎn)oarseness聲嘶dysphonia發(fā)聲困難常見(jiàn)的體征physicalsignsclubbedfingers杵狀指：

6、increasedlongitudinalandtransversecurvature,lossofconcavenailfoldangle,bogginessofnailbedandincreasedsofttissuebulkofdistalphalanx,drumstick-likenicotinestainingcyanosis:bluediscolourationofmucosalmembranesandskin,causedwhenmeancapillaryconcentrationofdeoxyhemoglobinmorethan5g/dl,O2saturationlesstha

7、n85%,PaO2lessthan8KPaperipheralcyanosis:coldblueperipheries,e.g.nailbedsduetocoldexposurescentralcyanosis:warmperipheries,bluetongueorlipshandflap:duetoCO2retentionasterixis撲翼樣震顫papilloedema視乳頭水腫chemosis球結(jié)膜水腫enlargedsupraclavicularandaxillarylymphnodesincreasedrespiratoryratetachycardia心動(dòng)過(guò)速pulsuspar

8、adoxus:10mmHgJoninspiration(seeninsevereasthma)barrelchesthyperexpanded,decreasedexpansionkyphosis駝背，脊柱后凸Inspection:tachypnea呼吸急促accessorymusclesofrespiration:sternocleidomastoidmuscle,armsupport,alaeflaringwideornarrowintercostalspacetactilevocalfremitus觸覺(jué)語(yǔ)顫subcutaneouscrepitus皮下捻發(fā)感Percussion:reson

9、ancedullnessflatnesshyperresonancetympanylowerborders:scapularlineXleft/rightintercostalspacerangeofmobilityAuscultation:vocalresonance語(yǔ)音共振ronchi:wheeze,stridor,crackles,Velcro-likesoundesmoistrales:coarse,medium,fine,crepitus捻發(fā)音pleuralfrictionrubscompleteabsenceofbreathsoundsankleedemaweightloss,ca

10、chexia惡病質(zhì)，cachectic惡病質(zhì)的decreasedfoodappetite,lossofappetite,anorexi窺欲減退常做的檢查examinationsorlaboratoryfindings(totake,undergo,perform,receiveorhave)temperaturecharts體溫圖(takeonesbodytemperature)sputumpot痰盂Blood/urine/stoolroutine,occultbloodtestBloodbiochemistrySputum/bloodcultureanddrugsensitivitytest

11、sputumcytologyPulseoximeter脈氧計(jì)：continuousmonitoringofbloodoxygensaturationArterialbloodgasanalysis(ABG):arterialbloodsampling,radial/femoralarterypuncturePaCO2:partialpressureofcarbondioxideinarterialbloodhypercarbiaPaO2:partialpressureofoxygeninarterialbloodhypoxemiarespiratoryfailure:type1:decreas

12、edO2supply,PaO2c60mmHg(millimetersofmercury)duetodiffusionfailureorV/Qdismatch(ventilation-perfusion(quotient)ratio)pulmonaryedema,pneumonia,infarction,fibrosis,orpulmonaryembolism,pulmonaryhypertension,shunttype2:decreasedCO2removal,PaCO250mmHg(millimetersofmercury)duetoalveolarventilationfailureob

13、structive:COPD,asthma,bronchiectasisrestrictive:neuromuscular(sedatives,myasthenia),structural(ankylosingspondylitis),pleuraldiseases,obesityChestX-ray/radiograph:reticulo-nodularshadowing(reticular,linear,militarynodules粟粒樣結(jié)節(jié))coinlesions硬幣樣cavities空腔：amphoric空翁音的(breathinglikeblowingoverabottletop)

14、opacification渾濁：consolidation(airspaceinfiltrate):confluentshadowingandairbronchogramcollapse:lobar(upper,middle/lingual,lower)segmentalatelactasispleuraleffusionmediastinalmass:thyroid,thymoma,teratoma,TBlymphnodes,terriblediagnosesincludinglymphomaandaneurysmChestCTscan(computedtomography)HeadMRI(

15、magneticresonanceimaging)PET-CTofthewholebody(positron-emissiontomography)Abdominalultrasoundskinpricktest皮膚點(diǎn)刺試驗(yàn)(dustmites塵螭，pollen花粉，cockroach蟲(chóng)章螂)tuberculinskintest(purifiedproteinderivative(oftuberculin)test,PPDtest)Pulmonaryfunctiontest:Spirometry呼吸量測(cè)定法，肺量測(cè)定法obstructivelungdiseases:airflowlimitat

16、ionFEV1FVCFVCRVandTLCKCO0.75JJJJextraparenchymalvariableJJJnormalFEV1:forcedexpiratoryvolumein1secondFVC:forcevitalcapacityTLC:totallungcapacityRV:residualvolumeKCO:transferfactor(diffusionrate)PEFR:peakexpiratoryflowrateflow-volumeloop(inspirationandexpiration)bronchoprovocation/challengetest支氣管激發(fā)試

17、驗(yàn)：histamineormethacholine-inhalationbronchodilatation支氣管舒試驗(yàn)：salbutamol沙丁胺醇fiberopticbronchoscopy:biopsies,bronchialbrushsamplesforpathologicalexamation,bronchialwashings)bronchoalveolarlavage(BAL)protectedspecimenbrush(PStransthoracicpercutaneousneedleaspirationpercutanousneedlebiopsyunderCtguidance

18、(forperipheraltumours)video-assistedthoracoscopic-guidedlungbiopsyopenlungbiopsypleuralbiopsybiopsyofenlargedlymphnodesD-Dimerselectrocardiogram(ECG)echocardiogram超聲心動(dòng)圖V/Qisotopescan(ventilation/perfusionscanning)spiralCT/MRA(MagneticResonanceAngiography)pulmonaryangiographyDopplerUSSthighandpelvis(

19、USS:ultrasoundscanning)cardiacmonitorPSG(polysommography)常見(jiàn)的病名diseases、acuteupperrespiratorytractinfection急性上呼吸道感染commoncold普通感冒influenza流感pharynigitis咽炎acutebroncho-bronchitis急性氣管-支氣管炎pneumonia肺炎communityacquiredpneumonia(CAP)社區(qū)獲得性肺炎hospitalacquiredpneumonia(HAP)醫(yī)院獲得性月市炎nosocomicalpneumonia(NP)醫(yī)院肺炎

20、bronchiectasis支氣管擴(kuò)chornicbronchitis侵性支氣管炎pulmonaryemphysema肺氣腫chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease(acuteexacerbating)AECOPDCOPD性發(fā)作bronchialasthma支氣管哮喘allergicrhinitis過(guò)敏性鼻炎respiratoryfailure呼吸衰竭lungabscess肺膿腫pulmonarytuberculosis肺結(jié)核病lungcancer:肺癌primarybronchogeniccarcinoma原發(fā)性支氣管肺癌squamouscellcarcinoma

21、鱗癌adenocarcinoma腺癌bronchoalveolarcellcarcinoma支氣管肺泡細(xì)胞癌smallcelllungcarcinoma(SCLC小細(xì)胞肺癌pulmonarymetastasis肺轉(zhuǎn)移瘤pulmonaryembolism(PE)肺栓塞pulmonarythromboembolism(PTE)肺血栓栓塞癥pulmonaryinfarction肺梗死deepvenousthrombosis,DVT深靜脈血栓形成empyema月農(nóng)胸pneumothorax氣胸pyopneumothorax膿氣胸chronicsuppurativedisease慢性化膿性疾病conge

22、nitalcyanoticdisease先天性紫絹性心臟病corpulmonale肺源性心臟病pulmonaryhypertension肺動(dòng)脈高壓pulmonaryencephalopathy肺性腦病rightheartfailure;right-sidedheartfailure右心、衰竭pulmonaryvasculardiseases肺血管疾病interstitiallungdisease,ILD彌漫性間質(zhì)性肺疾病idiopathicpulmonaryfibrosis,IPF特發(fā)T生肺纖維cryptogenicfibrosingalveolitis,CFA隱源性纖維化性肺泡炎connec

23、tivetissuerelatedlungdiseases結(jié)締組織相關(guān)性肺疾病systemiclupuserythematosus,SLE3R統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡rheumatoidarthritis,RA類(lèi)風(fēng)海性關(guān)節(jié)炎systemicsclerosis,SS(cR統(tǒng)性硬化scleroderma硬皮病sjorenssyndrome知綜合征polymyositis多發(fā)性肌炎dermatomyositis皮肌炎sarcoidosis結(jié)節(jié)病Pulmonaryalveolarproteinosis,PAP肺泡蛋白沉積癥Idiopathicpulmonaryhemosiderosis特發(fā)性肺含鐵血黃素沉著病La

24、ngerhanscellgranulomatosis朗格漢斯細(xì)胞肉芽腫病Eosinophilicgranuloma嗜酸性肉芽腫HistiocytosisX組織細(xì)胞增多癥XWegenergranulomatosisWegener肉芽腫extrinsicallergicalveolitis外源性過(guò)敏性肺泡炎pneumoconiosis塵肺drug-inducedlungdisease藥物性肺病aspergillosis曲菌?。篴llergicbronchopulmonaryaspergillosis(ABPA)pleuraldisease胸膜疾病broncho-pleuralfistula支氣管胸

25、膜痿oralcandidiasis口腔念珠菌病，鵝口瘡osteoporoticbonechange骨質(zhì)疏松樣改變glaucoma青光眼cataract白障acutelunginjury,ALI急性肺損傷acuterespiratorydistresssyndrome,ARDSM性呼吸窘迫綜合征urticaria尊麻疹eczema濕疹hypertension高血壓diabetes糖尿病常用的藥物drugsoragentsbeadministered,treatsb.withempirical經(jīng)驗(yàn)，隹的，prophylactic預(yù)防性,remedial治療性Expectorant祛痰藥Mucoly

26、tics粘液溶解劑bronchodilatorB2-agonists:short-acting:salbutamol沙丁胺醇long-acting:salmeterol沙美特羅muscarinicantagonists:ipratropiumbromide異丙托澳胺aminophylline氨茶堿steroidsinhaled:budesonide布地奈德，beclomethasone倍氯米松，fluticasone氟替卡松systemic:prednisolonepo.,hydrocortisoneiv.mastcellstabilizers:cromoglycatesodiumfe甘酸鈉l

27、eukotrienereceptorantagonists:montelukast孟魯司特respiratorystimulants:lobelinenikethamidecardiactonic強(qiáng)心劑diuretics利尿劑albumin白蛋白antitussiveagents鎮(zhèn)咳藥ammoniumchloride氯化鏤ambroxol氨澳索(mucosolvan沐舒坦)常用的治療措施-loworhighflowoxygen:nasalcannulae#導(dǎo)管，Venturiface-masknebulizer噴霧器：finerparticlesize(3to20um)allowstrache

28、obronchialdepositionmetereddoseinhaler(MDI)continuouspositiveairwaypressure(CPAP)-tight-fittingmask(non-invasive)intermittentpositive-pressureventilation(IPPV)non-invasivepositive-pressureventilation(NIPPV)mechanicalventilation:non-invasiveorinvasive(viaintubation插管，tracheostomy氣管造口術(shù)，tracheotomy氣管而開(kāi)

29、術(shù))、synchronizedintermittentmandatoryventilation,SIMV同步間歇指令通氣pressuresupportventilation,PSV壓力支持通氣thoracocentesis胸腔穿刺術(shù)chestdrain/drainage弓I流術(shù)chemotherapy化療radiationtherapy放療pneumonectomy肺切除術(shù)lobectomyoflung,pulmonarylobectomy肺葉切除術(shù)thoracotomy開(kāi)胸術(shù)，胸廓切開(kāi)術(shù)pleurodesis胸膜剝脫術(shù)pleurectomy面膜切除術(shù)pleuraladhesion胸膜粘連術(shù)t

30、hromboendarterectomy血栓動(dòng)脈膜切除術(shù)inferiorvenacavafilter下腔靜脈過(guò)濾器常見(jiàn)的疾病chornicbronchitis:procuctivecough,mostdaysof3monthsoftheyear,foratleast2consecutiveyears,coughwithwhiteorpurulentsputumbronchiectasis:cystic囊性的/varicose曲樣/cyclindrical柱狀-tram-tracks軌道樣hemoptysisphysiotherapy:chestwallpercussionwirhhead-do

31、wnposturaldrainagelongtermoxygeninhalation:topreventcorpulmonalemedical:bronchodilators,mucolytics,rotatingcoursesofantibioticssurgical:resection,arteryembolizationforhemoptysislungabscessusuallyonrightside,asrightbronchusisshorterandmorevertical;inthesupinepatient,abscessdevelopsinapicallowerlobeor

32、posterialupperlobe.pneumothoraxaccumulationofairinpleuralspace,withsecondarypartialcollapseofsubpleuralblebruputurelactrogenic:positivepressureventilation,bronchoscopy,esp.biopsytypes:closed,open,tensionmediastinaldeviation:tracheaandapexshiftcontralaterallyCXR:translucency+collapse:visiblerimbetwee

33、nlungandchestwall2cm=50%lungvolumelossaspiration吸弓I術(shù)，intercostaldrainrefractoryorrecurrent:pleurodesis,pleurectomy,bullastaplingorlaseringpleuraleffusionchestpainandprogressivelyworseningofshortnessofbreathTransudate漏出液：redistributionofStarlingforcesacrossmicrocirculation,diureticscanresultinrapidre

34、solution,protein30g/Lorpleura:serumprotein1/2orpleura:serumLDH/3;oftenseenincardiacfailure,hypoalbuminemia,embolism,superiororinferiorvenacavaobstruction,hypothyroidism.Exudate滲出液：capillarypermeabilityincreasesorlymphdrainagedecreasesoftenseenininfection,neoplasia,surgeryortrauma.CXR:meniscus-shaped

35、,risestowardsaxillaAppearance:clear,straw-coloured:suggeststransduateturbid,green:indicatesexudates(puscells)orempyema(bacterialinfection)bloody(haemothorax血胸)：tumor,pulmonaryembolism,acutepancreatitis,traumawhite(chylothorax孚1糜胸)：lymph,blockedthoracicduct,usuallyduetotumourTherapy:transudate:diuret

36、icsexudates:repeateddrainage(thoracocentesis)intrathoracicstreptokinaseviachestdrain:tolysefibrinousadhesionspleuraladhesion:tetracycline.bleomycinlungcancerhoarseness:duetoleftrecurrentlaryngealnervepalsydysphagiapancoasttumorinfiltratesT1stellateganglionresultinginHornersyndromehypertrophicpulmona

37、ryosteoarthropathysuperiorvenacavaobstruction(SVCO):headache,shortnessofbreath;conjunctivaledema,plethora,veindilation,pericardialtamponade(JvPT,ABPJ,quietHSparaneoplasticsyndromes:endocrine(ACTH:Cushings;B-HCG:gynaecomastiaandbodyhairloss;PTH:hypercalcaemiaespeciallysquamouscellcarcinoma),skin(derm

38、atomyositis)immunocompromisede.g.shingles帶狀皰疹squamouscellcarcinoma:30%ofallprimarylungtumours,butdecreasingincidence,relativelygoodprognosisiflocalized,squamousmetaplasiawithkeratinwhorls,centrallocation,clubbing,hypercalcemia(PTH-rpsecretion)adenocarcinoma:30%,increasingincidence,esp.women,lessasso

39、ciationwithsmoking,poorprognosis,metastasisearly,gland-likeandmucin-secretion,peripherallocation,pleuraleffusions,hypercoagulablestatesmallcellcarcinoma:20%,poorprognosis,metastasisoccurearly,smallAUPDcellswithneurosecretorygranules,centrallocation,paraneoplasticsyndromescommonbronchoalveolarcellcar

40、cinoma:variantofadenocarcinomathatisassociatedwithchroniclunginflammation,e.g.fibrosing,copiousclearmucoidsputumNSCLC:surgicalresectionpossibleatfirst,adjuvantchemotherapySCLC:radiotherapy+chemotherapy(etoposide+cisplatin)secondarylungcancer:breast,oesophago/gastric/head-neck(+coloniflivermetastasis

41、),melanoma,bone(sarcoma),thyroid,renal,prostate,ovary,choriocarcinoma,testesetc.obstructivesleepapnoeaobstructionofupperairwayoccursatnightwithlossofmuscletoneinsleep,snoring,sleepinessduringday,aponeicspells(O2J,patientawakesfromsleep),awakeningwithnocturia,daytimesomnolence,decreasedmemoryandatten

42、tion,increasedaccidentrisk,polycythaemia,systemichypertensionandpulmonaryhypertensionCauses:centralobesity(fatdepositionaroundupperairwayleadstoairwaynarrowing,abdominalfatelevatesdiaphragm),structuralfeaturesofupperairway(nasalobstruction:rhinitis,polyps,deviatedsputum;adenotonsillarhypertrophy,mic

43、rognathia;macroglossiaduetohypothyrodism/amyloid/Downcervicalmasses:goiter,laryngealstenosis),smoking(exacerabateshypoxia),alcohol(actsasasedativetherebyreducingupperairwaytone),neuromuscularorCNSdiseasesPSG(polysommography):overnightsleepstudyTherapy:conservative:weightloss,avoidalcohol/smoking/sed

44、atives,avoidsupinepositioncontinuouspositiveairwaypressure(CPAP)mandibularadvancementdevice(MAD)adenoidectomy(curativeinchildren)uvulopalatopharyngoplasty懸雍垂-腭-咽成形術(shù)maxillomandibularosteotomyobesity-hypoventilationsyndrome:collapseofalveoliatend-expiration,decreasedcomplianceduetoweightofabdomenandch

45、estwall,centralrespiratorydriveJ常用的化療藥cisplatin順車(chē)白Gemcitabine吉西他濱：Gemzar鹽酸吉西他濱注射劑）paclitaxel;taxinol紫杉醇（Taxol泰素）docetaxel多西他賽（泰素帝）常見(jiàn)的抗生素beta-lactamantibiotics:inhibitcellwallsynthesispenicillinskintestamoxicillin阿莫西林piperacillin/tazobactamsodium哌拉西林/他口坐巴坦鈉ticarcillin/clavulanatepotassium替卡西林/克拉維酸神ce

46、phamycin頭抱菌素類(lèi)cefradine頭抱拉咤cefaclor頭抱克洛cefoperazone/sulbactam頭抱哌酮/舒巴坦ceftriaxone頭抱曲松cefpiramide頭抱口比咤ceftazidime頭抱他走ceftizoxime頭而噪污carbopenems碳青霉烯類(lèi)azactam氨曲南meropenem美羅培南imipenemandsodiumcilastatin亞胺培南/西司他丁鈉（泰能tienam）Glycopeptides糖肽類(lèi)inhibitcellwallassemblyvancomycin萬(wàn)古霉素norvancomycin去甲萬(wàn)古霉素teicoplanin替考

47、拉林Macrolides大環(huán)酉旨類(lèi)：inhibitproteinsynthesisroxithromycin羅紅霉素clarithromycin克拉霉素azithromycin阿奇霉素erythromycin紅霉素Aminoglycosideantibiotics:氨基糖昔類(lèi)reno-andototoxicinhibitinitiationandelongationprocessduringproteinsynthesisamikacin阿米卡星（丁胺卡那）gentamicin慶大霉素streptomycin鏈霉素Sulfamido磺胺類(lèi)sulfamethoxazolecompound（SMZ

48、.CO）Quinolones唾諾酮類(lèi)：inhibitDNAgyrasenorfloxacin諾氟沙星ofloxacin氧氟沙星levofloxacin無(wú)氧氟沙星gatifloxacin加替沙星moxifloxacin莫西沙星ciprofloxacin環(huán)丙沙星Tetracycline四環(huán)素類(lèi)minocycline美滿霉素Nitromidazole硝基咪口坐類(lèi)metronidazole市不肖噪tinidazole替硝口坐ornidazole奧硝噪Antitubercularagents抗結(jié)核藥rifampicin利福串rifapentine利福噴丁isoniazide,isonicotinichy

49、drazideacidINH異煙月井pyrazinamide口比嗪酰胺ethambutol乙胺丁醇Antifungal/antimycoticdrug抗真菌藥nystatin制霉菌素amphotericin兩性霉素Bfluconazole氟康噪voriconazole伏立康噪itraconazole伊曲版噪Antivirusagentsribavirin禾彳巴韋林oseltamivir奧司他韋acyclovir阿昔洛韋ganciclovir更昔洛韋valaciclovir伐昔洛韋foscarnetsodium,phosphonoformicacid瞬甲酸鈉（可耐）lamivudine拉米夫定e

50、ntecavir恩替卡韋常見(jiàn)的病原微生物microorganism,microbe微生物bacterium組）菌lipopolysaccharide（LPS月旨多糖antibiotics抗生素pyrogen致熱原exotoxin外毒素endotoxin毒素Gramstain蘭染色Colonyformingunit,CFU集落形成單位antibacterialagents抗菌藥resistance耐罵性ESBLsextendedspectrumB-lactamases超光譜B酰胺酶MRSAmethicillin-resistantstaphylococcusaureus耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌什

51、bacteremia菌血癥toxemia毒血癥endotoxemia毒素血癥septicaemia敗血癥pyemia膿毒血癥pathogen致病原pathogenicity致病性virulence毒力medianlethaldose(LD50)半數(shù)致死量medianinfectivedose(ID50)半數(shù)感染量virus病毒replication復(fù)制viremia病毒血癥normalmicrobiota,microflora,normalflora,physiologicalmicrobiota正常微生物群floradisequilibrium菌群失調(diào)dysbacteriosis菌群失調(diào)癥o

52、pportunisticinfection機(jī)會(huì)性感染conditionedinfection條件致病性感染endogenousinfection源性感染exogenousinfection外源性感染antimicrobialsusceptibilitytesting藥物敏感試驗(yàn)minimuminhibitoryconcentration(MIC)最小抑菌濃度minimumbactericidalconcentration(MBC)最小殺菌濃度disinfection7肖毒sterilization滅筐asepsis無(wú)菌aseptictechnique無(wú)菌技術(shù)bacteriostasis抑菌an

53、tisepsis防腐disinfectant消毒劑bacteriostaticagent抑菌齊Ubactericide殺菌齊Uautoclavingorsteamunderpressuresterilization高壓蒸汽滅菌法ultravioletradiation,UV紫外線isolationprecaution隔離預(yù)防artificialactiveimmunization人工主動(dòng)免疫vaccination疫苗接種_killed/inactivatedvaccine死/滅活疫苗attentuatedlivevaccine減毒活疫苗toxoid類(lèi)毒素artificialpassiveimm

54、unity人工被動(dòng)免疫antitoxin抗毒素gammaglobulin丙種球蛋白Staphylococcusaureus金黃色葡萄球菌Coagulase-negativestaphylococc凝固酶陰性葡萄球菌Staphylococcusepidermidis表皮葡萄球菌Streptococcuspneumoniae,pneumococcus肺炎鏈球菌Viridansstreptococci草綠色鏈球菌Escherichiacoli大腸埃希菌Klebsiellapneumoniae肺炎克雷伯菌Pseudomonasaeruginosa銅綠彳段單胞菌Haemophilusinfluenzae流感嗜血桿菌Legionella軍團(tuán)桿菌屬Entero