新概念2知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)(共43頁(yè))

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上新概念2知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)第一部分、時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié)一、一般過(guò)去時(shí)；一、定義。1. 表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如：yesterday, last week, three days ago, in 1998,just now等，或與由when引導(dǎo)的從句連用。2. 也可以表示過(guò)去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作。句子中常帶有every day, often, usually, always, sometimes等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例：When I worked in the company, I got up early every morning. 在那家公司上班時(shí)，我

2、每天早晨都起得很早。In the past few years she usually went touring during her summer holidays.在過(guò)去的幾年里，每逢暑假她總是出去旅游。二、一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)句子結(jié)構(gòu)1 Be 動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)在沒有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的句子中使用be動(dòng)詞， am is 的過(guò)去式為was; are的過(guò)去式為were.如：I was late yesterday.We werent late yesterday. She wasnt a teacher three years ago.Were you ill yesterday? Were they onc

3、e your classmates？ -Yes, I was. -No, I wasnt.Who were your best friends in your primary school?2. 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)肯定句要使用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式，否定句和疑問(wèn)句要使用助動(dòng)詞do和 does 的過(guò)去式 did. 如：I went home at nine oclock yesterday. I didnt go home yesterday. He didnt tell me about you. Did you go home yesterday?-Yes, I did. -No, I didnt

4、. When did you finish your homework last night/the day before yesterday? 3. 助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式如下：shallshould（將要）用于第一人稱單數(shù) willwould（將要）用于所有人稱can could（能，會(huì)） maymight（可以） mustmust （必須） have tohad to（不得不）助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)要使用他們的過(guò)去式，后面的動(dòng)詞還使用原形。如： I had to do my homework yesterday. (昨天我不得不做作業(yè)。) 三、一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞變化形式一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)由動(dòng)

5、詞的過(guò)去式表示。大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式是在動(dòng)詞原形后加上ed構(gòu)成。這類動(dòng)詞稱為規(guī)則動(dòng)詞。1） 一般情況下在詞尾直接加ed。 如：playplayed workworked2） 以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞只加d. 如：like- liked loveloved 3） 以輔音字母+Y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，變Y為I，再加ed. 如：studystudied carrycarried4） 以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，如果末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，要雙寫最后這個(gè)輔音字母，再加ed. 如：stopstopped 5） 不以ed 結(jié)尾的過(guò)去式，稱為不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞,如：write（寫） -wrote go-went do-did have-had

6、 see-saw take-took make-made come-came buy-bought技巧：巧記一般過(guò)去時(shí)：【一巧】時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（即標(biāo)志詞）巧。一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，恰巧與表示過(guò)去的一些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用?！径伞啃问角?。它與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一樣，形式多樣：當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第一人稱單數(shù)或第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用was；主語(yǔ)是第二人稱或其他人稱復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用were。 例如： I was in the classroom yesterday morning 昨天早上我在教室里。 He was at school last Tuesday 上周二他在學(xué)校。 They were ove

7、r there a moment ago 剛才他們?cè)谀沁??！救伞糠穸ň浣Y(jié)構(gòu)巧。與動(dòng)詞be的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一樣，它在動(dòng)詞后面加not即可變成否定句，并且was, were與not可以縮寫成wasnt, werent。即： 主語(yǔ) wasnt werent 表語(yǔ) 其他。例如： I was not (wasnt) here yesterday 昨天我不在這兒。 My parents were not (werent) at home last Sunday 上周日我父母不在家?！舅那伞?疑問(wèn)句式巧。把was, were提到句首，句末用問(wèn)號(hào)即可變?yōu)橐话阋蓡?wèn)句。即：Was(Were) 主語(yǔ) 表語(yǔ) 其他？這恰

8、巧與動(dòng)詞be的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的疑問(wèn)句式相似。例如：Were you at home the day before yesterday 前天你在家嗎？ Was she late this morning今天早上她遲到了嗎？更巧的是疑問(wèn)句的答語(yǔ)也相似，肯定回答用“Yes, 主語(yǔ)waswere”； 否定回答用“No,主語(yǔ)wasntwerent”。 例如：Were Wei Hua and Han Mei here just now 剛才魏華和韓梅在這兒?jiǎn)幔?Yes, they were (No, they werent) 是的，她們?cè)?。（不，她們不在。）練?xí)一、用be動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1I _ an En

9、glish teacher now.2She _ happy yesterday.3They _ glad to see each other last month.4Helen and Nancy _ good friends.5The little dog _ two years old this year.6Look, there _ lots of grapes here.7Today _ the second of June. Yesterday _ the first of June. It _ Childrens Day. 二、用動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1. I _ (watch) a

10、 cartoon on Saturday.2. Her father _ (read) a newspaper last night.3. We _ to zoo yesterday, we _ to the park. (go)4. _ you _ (visit) your relatives last Spring Festival?5. _ he _ (fly) a kite on Sunday? Yes, he _.6.Jim _ (pull) up carrots last National Day holiday.7. I _ (sweep) the floor yesterday

11、.8. What _ she _ (find) in the garden last morning? She _ (find) a beautiful butterfly.1. He _ (live) in Wuxi two years ago.2. The cat _ (eat) a bird last night.3. We _ (have) a party last Halloween.4. Nancy _ (pick) up oranges on the farm last week.5. I _ (make) a model ship with Mike yesterday.6.

12、They _ (play) chess in the classroom last PE lesson.7. My mother _ (cook) a nice food last Spring Festival.8. The girls _ (sing) and _ (dance) at the party.9. It _ (be) Bens birthday last Friday.10. We all _ (have) a good time last night.11. He _ (jump) high on last Sports Day. 二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一句型：Eg: I have

13、 finished my homework. He hasnt watered the flowers. Have they watched the film? -Yes, they have. -No, they havent.二用法1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果Eg. I have spent all of my money (so far).(含義是:現(xiàn)在我沒有錢花了.) Jim has (just/already) come. (含義：吉姆現(xiàn)在在這兒)My father has gone to work.(含義是:我爸爸現(xiàn)在不在這兒) 2、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可

14、以用來(lái)表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻的,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作（用行為動(dòng)詞表示）或狀態(tài)（be動(dòng)詞表示）常與for（+時(shí)間段）,since（+時(shí)間點(diǎn)或過(guò)去時(shí)的句子）連用. for+時(shí)段since+過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（譯為：自從以來(lái)）since+時(shí)段+agosince+從句（過(guò)去時(shí)）It is+時(shí)段+since+從句（過(guò)去時(shí)）E.g. Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的含義之一是過(guò)去完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響,用以下四大標(biāo)志詞可以表達(dá)這種含義: * 以already, just和yet為標(biāo)志

15、 He has already got her help.他已得到她的幫助。He has just seen the film.他剛剛看過(guò)這場(chǎng)電影。He hasnt come back yet.他還沒有回來(lái)。* 以ever和never為標(biāo)志This is the best film I have ever seen.這是我曾經(jīng)看過(guò)的最好的一部電影。He has never been to Beijing.他從沒有到過(guò)北京。* 以動(dòng)作發(fā)生的次數(shù)為標(biāo)志He says he has been to the USA three times. 他說(shuō)他已經(jīng)去過(guò)美國(guó)三次了。* 以so far（到目前為止）為

16、標(biāo)+before He has got to Beijing so far.到目前為止他已到了北京。注意：1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能單獨(dú)與過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago 等; 2)不能與when連用 3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用.四、過(guò)去分詞變法小結(jié)1 、規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則與規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則相同。 (1)、一般動(dòng)詞，在詞尾直接加“ ed ”。 e.g. work-worked-worked (2)、以“ e ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，只在詞尾加“ d ”。 e.g. live-lived-live

17、d , (3)、以“輔音字母 + y ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，將 y 變?yōu)?i ，再加“ ed ”。 study-studied-studied ,cry-cried-cried (4)、重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，先雙寫該輔音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop-stopped-stopped , drop-dropped-dropped 2 、不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：AAA型 E.g. let let let cut cut cutAAB型 E.g. beat beat beatenABA型 E.g. become became become run ran runABB型 E.g. bring bro

18、ught brought feel felt feltABC型 E.g. begin began begun drive drove driven 五、易混知識(shí)辨析1、has gone (to),has been (to)的區(qū)別Have/Has gone(to) :去了(現(xiàn)在不在說(shuō)話現(xiàn)場(chǎng))Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai. Have/Has been (to) :去過(guò)（已不在去過(guò)的地方）My father has been to Shanghai. 2、since和for的區(qū)別since后接時(shí)間點(diǎn)，如1993，last term, yes

19、terday, the time I got therefor后接一段時(shí)間，表示“長(zhǎng)達(dá)多久”，如ten years, a while, two days等。Exercise:1、 用since和for填空1. Jim has been in Ireland _ Monday.2. Jill has been in Ireland _ three days.3. His aunt has lived in Australia _15 days.4. Mary is in her office. She has been there _ 7 oclock.5. India has been an

20、independent country _1974.6. The bus is late. Theyve been waiting _ 20 minutes.7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty _ many years.8. Mike has been ill _a long time. He has been in hospital _ October.Keys：1. since 2. for 3. for 4. since 5. since 6. for 7. for 8. since2、單項(xiàng)選擇1. -Where h

21、ave you _, Kate? -Ive _ to the bank.A. gone, goneB. been, beenC. gone, beenD. been, gone 2、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two years . is writing .was writing .wrote .has written3、Our country _ a lot so far .Yes . I hope it will be even _ . has changed ; well . changed ; good. has chang

22、ed ; better . changed ; better4、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years . was ; studying . will ; study. has ; studied . are ; studying5、We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . know . had known . have known . knew 6、_ you _ your homework yet ?Yes . I _ it a moment ago . Did ; do ; finishe

23、d . Have ; done ; finished. Have ; done ; have finished . will ; do ; finish7、 His father _ the Party since 1978 . joined . has joined . was in . has been in8、 Miss Green isnt in the office . she_ to the library .has gone . went .will go . has been 3、填空。1. I_ already _ (see) the film. I _ (see) it l

24、ast week.2. _ he _ (finish) his work today? Not yet.3. My father _ just _ (come) back from work. He is tired now.4. Wheres Li Ming ? He _ (go) to the teachers office.5. I _ (work) here since I _ (move) here in 1999.6. So far I _(make) quite a few friends here.7. How long _ the Wangs _(stay) here ? F

25、or two weeks.8. I _ just _ (finish) my homework. 9._ you _ (find) your science book yet? 10. Ive lost my pen. _ you _ (see) it anywhere? 三、一般將來(lái)時(shí)一、用法.“will / shall + 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成的一般將來(lái)時(shí)，其被動(dòng)形式為“will / shall + be + 過(guò)去分詞”。(1) 表示單純的將來(lái)。如：Her elder sister will be thirty years old next month. 下個(gè)月她姐姐就30歲了。(2) 表示在說(shuō)

26、話時(shí)決定要去做某事。如：We are really lost. Ill stop to ask someone the way. 我們真的迷路了。我要停下來(lái)問(wèn)問(wèn)路。(3) 用于“祈使句+連詞+簡(jiǎn)單句”固定句式中。如：Go straight on and youll see a church. You wont miss it. 直走你就會(huì)看到一座教堂，你不會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)的。二一般將來(lái)時(shí)的句型(have/has done)1.肯定句：The workers will build a new school here next year. 2.否定句：He wont play football with y

27、ou before he finishes his work. 3.疑問(wèn)句：Will you be back in ten minutes? 4.特殊疑問(wèn)句：Where will you go next week? 三、注意事項(xiàng) 1. 用“be going to動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成的一般將來(lái)時(shí)。 (1) 人作主語(yǔ)時(shí)表示打算，“有計(jì)劃要做”。如：My daughter is going to be a doctor when she grows up. 我女兒打算長(zhǎng)大后當(dāng)醫(yī)生。(2) 物作主語(yǔ)時(shí)表示目前有跡象表明將要發(fā)生某事，“有的趨勢(shì)（如天氣變化）”。如：Look at the black clou

28、ds. Its going to rain. 看那些烏云，要下雨了。(3). 在含有條件狀語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句中，主句一般不用begoingto，而常用will（第一人稱用shall）。從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)：如： Thefootballmatchwillbeputoffifitrainstomorrow.如果明天下雨，足球賽將被推遲舉行。(4). 在時(shí)間、條件或讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。如： They will go home for the winter vacation as soon as they finish their exams.他們一考完試就回家過(guò)寒假。Ex

29、ercise()1. He _ able to come on Friday because he fails in his exam. A. will be notB. will not beC. is going to beD. isnt going be()2. When _ again?-When he _, Ill let you know.A. he comes ;comes B. will he come;will comeC. he comes ;will he come D. will he come;comes ()3. Do you think Tom _ his unc

30、le if he arrives?A. calledB. callsC. will callD. is calling()4. Dont get off the bus until it_.A. will stopB. stopsC. shall stopD. is stopped()5. We _ begin our lessons if you _ ready.A. will ; will beB. shall ; Will getC. will ; getD. /; are()6. Ill tell her about it as soon as she _ back.A. shall

31、comeB. will comeC. comesD. is going to come()7.- Its Saturday tomorrow. Im glad we _ any classes. -So am I. Ill go fishing. Would you like to go with me?A. havent hadB. wont haveC. dont haveD. wouldnt have() 8. She _ him a lovely dog on his next birthday.A. givesB. gaveC. will givingD. is going to g

32、ive() 9. If it _ tomorrow, well have a picnic.A. isnt rainB. wont rainC. doesnt rainD. doesnt fine() 10. We _ the homework this way next time.A. doB. will doC. going to doD. will doing() 11. The day after tomorrow he_ a volleyball match.A. will watchingB. watchesC. is watchingD. is going to watch()

33、12. There _ a meeting tomorrow afternoon.A. will be going toB. will going to beC. is going to beD. will go to be() 13._ a concert next Saturday?A. There will beB. Will there beC. There can beD. There are() 14 If they come, we _ a meeting.A. haveB. will haveC. hadD. would have to be() 15. They _ an E

34、nglish evening next Sunday.A.are havingB. are going to haveC. will having D. is going to have( ) 16.Charlie _ here next month.A. isnt working B. doesnt working C. isnt going to working D. wont work( ) 17.He _ very busy this week, he _ free next week.A. will be; is B. is; is C. will be; will be D. is

35、; will be( ) 18.There _ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening.A. was B. is going to have C. will have D. is going to be 四、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)一、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)是由shall/will + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的。 E.g. Dont phone me between 8:00 and 10:00. Well be having classes then.二、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法 : 表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常與soon, tom

36、orrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, in two days, tomorrow evening等表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用例如：Ill be taking my holiday soon. 我不久就去度假了。 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊用法 A. 表示原因、結(jié)果或猜測(cè)。 例如：Please come tomorrow afternoon, Tomorrow morning Ill be having a meeting.請(qǐng)你明天下午來(lái)吧。我明天上午有個(gè)會(huì)。 (表原因)Stop the child or he will be falling over.

37、抓住那個(gè)孩子，要不他會(huì)掉下去的。 (表結(jié)果)You will be making a mistake. 你會(huì)出錯(cuò)的。(表推測(cè)) B. 用在問(wèn)句中，表示委婉禮貌。 When shall we be meeting again?我們什么時(shí)候再見面？ C. 表示稍后一點(diǎn)兒的安排。The students are studying Unit 3 this week, and next week theyll be studying Unit 4.這周學(xué)生們學(xué)第三單元，下周他們將學(xué)第四單元。 【注意】在時(shí)間、條件等狀語(yǔ)從句中，用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)。如： Be careful when you ar

38、e crossing the street. 過(guò)馬路時(shí)要當(dāng)心。Exercise將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)練習(xí)1. What_ you_this time tomorrow? A willdo B willhave done C willbe done D willbe doing2. The street lights_on when night falls.A will have gone B will have been going C will be going D will be gone3. Joe_the piano in a few minutes.A shall be played B wil

39、l have been playing C shall be playing D will have played4. I _ my grandmother at three this afternoon.A shall be visiting B shall have visited C shall be visiting D will visit5. “Can you attend the party tonight?”“No,_ the boss about something urgent.”A I see BI shall have seen C Ill be seeing D I

40、can see【將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般將來(lái)時(shí)的比較】?jī)烧叨急硎緦?lái)的行為，但在用法上有所區(qū)別：(1) 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間里正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；而一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)某時(shí)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：She wont be having a meeting in her office at 8:00 tomorrow. 明天8點(diǎn)她不在辦公室開會(huì)。What will you do at five tomorrow afternoon? 明天下午五點(diǎn)你將干什么？(2) 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)常用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人設(shè)想已經(jīng)安排好的事；而一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示臨時(shí)決定。如：We will be taking our holiday

41、 at the seaside in July. 七月份我們要去海邊度假。Did you tell Julia about the result? 你告訴朱莉婭結(jié)果了嗎？Oh, no. I will call her now. 噢，沒有。我現(xiàn)在就告訴她。(3) 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)不表示個(gè)人意愿。如：They will be meeting us at the station. 他們會(huì)在車站接我們的。(4) 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)比一般將來(lái)時(shí)在語(yǔ)氣上要委婉客氣。如：When will you finish these letters? 你什么時(shí)候會(huì)處理完這些信件？When shall I be expecting

42、you this evening? 今天晚上我?guī)c(diǎn)等你？五、過(guò)去完成時(shí)一、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) 概念：過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去（ past-in-the-past ）”。-|- |-|-那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在 構(gòu)成：過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞 had + 過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成，其中 had 通用于各種人稱。 E.g. They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. 二、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的判斷依據(jù) 1. 由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)判定 一般說(shuō)來(lái)，各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用的

43、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有： （ 1 ） by + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”來(lái)判定。 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示“過(guò)

44、去的過(guò)去”，是指過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在： （ 1 ）賓語(yǔ)從句中 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主句為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）狀語(yǔ)從句中 在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語(yǔ)從句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的，要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如： When I got to th

45、e station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如： Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （ 3）表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, e

46、xpect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示原本，未能We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3. 根據(jù)上、下文來(lái)判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.三、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的主要用法 1. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。如： When I woke up, it had stopped ra

47、ining. 我醒來(lái)時(shí)，雨已經(jīng)停了。（主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”） 2. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，表示的是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，只有和過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才使用它。如： He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 發(fā)生在 told 之前 ) 3. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)需要與一個(gè)表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，它不能離開過(guò)去時(shí)間而獨(dú)立存在。此時(shí)多與 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等時(shí)間副詞及 by ， before ， until 等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句連用。如： Before

48、 she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years. Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 4. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過(guò)去時(shí)間，而且動(dòng)作尚未結(jié)束，仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ had

49、 worked 已有了 20 年，還有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的可能）四、易混時(shí)態(tài)辨析1、過(guò)去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，但側(cè)重對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞 have (has) + 過(guò)去分詞”；過(guò)去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過(guò)去，更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，只有和過(guò)去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)，才用到它。試比較： I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。 I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那

50、時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。 Im sorry to keep you waiting. 對(duì)不起，讓你久等了。 Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 沒什么，我只等了幾分鐘。（“等”的動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在） John returned home yesterday. 約翰昨天回到家的。 Where had he been? 他去哪兒了？（答語(yǔ)中使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)是指約翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”） 2、過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別 雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或

51、存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1）. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不同：過(guò)去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”；而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò) 去某一特定的時(shí)間。試比較： They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2）. 在沒有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)作標(biāo)志時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來(lái)判斷：先發(fā)生的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如： She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. 3）. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用 and 或 but 連接時(shí)，按時(shí)間順序，只需用一般過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間的先后，因此也可以用過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如： He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. I (had