高二全冊的英語語法知識點

1、【精品文檔】如有侵權(quán)，請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除，僅供學(xué)習(xí)與交流高二全冊的英語語法知識點.精品文檔.高二全冊的英語語法知識點重點語法構(gòu)詞法：在英語中，詞的構(gòu)成方法主要有三種，即合成、轉(zhuǎn)化和派生。1.合成法把兩個或兩個以上獨立的詞合成一個新詞的方法叫合成法，也叫合詞法。（1）合成名詞highway 公路（2）合成形容詞hand-made 手工制作的 good-looking相貌好看的 dark-blue 深藍(lán)（3）合成動詞ill-treat 虐待 mass-produce 大規(guī)模生產(chǎn) safe guard 保衛(wèi)（4）合成副詞however 然而 downstairs 在樓下（5）合成代詞 anybody n

2、obody something2.轉(zhuǎn)化法轉(zhuǎn)化是指詞由一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種詞類。（1）動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞常用give, take, have, make等動詞與其搭配構(gòu)成動詞詞組，表示一個動作。 eg:give a smile 微笑 give a tick 踢take a seat 就座take a bath 洗澡have a swim 游泳have a talk談話make a wish 許愿（2）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞How long is the road？那條路有多條？（形容詞）How long have you been working there?你在那里工作了多久？（副詞）（3）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為

3、動詞 eg:The storm slowed down to half its speed. 風(fēng)暴速度減慢了一半。The girls gradually quieted down. 女孩子們慢慢安靜了下來了。（4）名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞 eg:The hall can seat two thousand people.大廳能坐2000人。The passengers have booked their plane ticket.旅客們已經(jīng)訂了飛機票。（5）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞Something has gone wrong with the tool.工具出了點毛病。（形容詞）Little childre

4、n didnt know the difference between right and wrong.小孩子不能辨別是非。（名詞）3.派生法派生是由詞根加詞綴（前綴、后綴）構(gòu)成新詞。除少數(shù)前綴外，前綴一般只改變詞的意義，不改變詞性；后綴一般只改變詞性，不引起詞義的變化。前 綴例 詞a-構(gòu)成形容詞、副詞Alive（活著的）, abroad（在國外）, alonedis-（否定）discourage, disagreeen-（使可能）enrich, enable(使成為可能)，endangerin-(ill, im-, ir-)（不，非）invisible(看不見), illogical（不合邏

5、輯的）, impossible, irregular（不規(guī)則的）inter-（相互，之間）international, interchangemis-（誤）mislay, misunderstand（誤會）,mislead（誤導(dǎo)）re-（重復(fù)，再）recycle（循環(huán)）,remarry, rewritetele-（遠(yuǎn)程）telephone, telegraph, telecommunications（電信）un-（不），non-（不，非）unfair, unknown, noon-conductor（非導(dǎo)體）后 綴例 詞名詞-er者foreigner, traveler, speaker, r

6、eader-ese地方的人Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese-ian 精通的人，地方的人musician, technician（技術(shù)員）， African, Asian-ist 專業(yè)人員pianist, physicist, scientist, violiinist-ment性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)movement（運動）, development, encouragement-ness性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)illness, shyness, sadness, business-or器具，者tractor, visitor, professor, actor名詞-tion表示動作、過程、結(jié)果

7、ageneration（世代），suggestion, invention, action形容詞practical（實用的）,international, finalAmerican, Italian, Australiansouthern, northern, easternhelpful, useful, harmfulreasonable, capable, eatablefoolish, British, English selfishactive, native（本族的）,expensive, adoptivewindy, sleepy, healthy, sunnycareless

8、, selfless（無私心的）,harmless, useless動詞-fy使化simplify（簡化）, terrify（恐嚇）, satisfy-ize使成為realize（實現(xiàn)）, organize, stabilize, modernize副詞-ly表示方式、程度badly, truly, angrily, suddenly-ward(s)表示方向toward(s), backward, outward(s)（向外）數(shù)詞-teen十fourteen, eighteen, thirteen-ty整十位數(shù)forty, fifty, eighty, twenty-th序數(shù)詞twelfth,

9、 twentieth, fourth情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞表示說話人對某一動作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度，如可能、義務(wù)、必要、猜測等。但本身詞義不完全，不能單獨做謂語動詞，必須和動詞原形連用。情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。每一個情態(tài)動詞都有自己的具體含義，都有自己的使用特點。1. can：能力、可以、會。表“許可”時可代替may,但may比較正式。 eg:Most young men can use computers. 大部分年輕人會用計算機。2. could: can的過去式，也可表示語氣委婉。 eg:Could you wait for a while？請你等一會兒好嗎？3. be able to:能力。比c

10、an有更多的形式，但表示過去成功地做了某事時只能用was/were able to，不能用could。 eg:He was able to reach Mount Qomolangma in 1982.他在1982年成功地登上珠穆朗瑪峰。4. may：許可、可能 eg:You may borrow the back numbers. 你可以借過期期刊。may的否定形式：may not，但表示“不可以”或“禁止”時用must not eg:May I watch TV now?我現(xiàn)在能看電視嗎？No, you mustnt. 不，你不可以看。may還可以表示推測。eg:There may be

11、a few copies left in the bookstore.書店里可能還有幾本。5. might: may的過去式。用于推測時語氣更加不肯定。 eg:He might be at home today. 今天他可能在家。6. must：必須。表示說話人的主觀意志。 have to表示客觀需要；且比must有更多的時態(tài)形式。 eg:We must hand in our papers today.（主觀看法）今天我們必須把卷子交上去。We have to get there before dark. （客觀需要）天黑前我們必須到達那里。對must引導(dǎo)的問句作否定回答時常用neednt或

12、dont have to。 eg:Must I leave now?我現(xiàn)在必須走嗎？No, you neednt. (You dont have to.)不，你不必。7. shall：在疑問句中用于第一、三人稱，表示征求意見或請求指示。 eg:Shall I turn off the power?要不要我把電源切斷？shall用于二、三人稱表示命令、警告或允諾。 eg:You shall be punished.你會受到懲罰的。8. should:應(yīng)該；ought to:義務(wù)、責(zé)任，語氣稍重一些。 eg:You should keep your promise. 你應(yīng)該遵守你的諾言。We ou

13、ght to help them when they are in trouble.當(dāng)他們有麻煩時，我們有責(zé)任幫助他們。9. will:表示意愿 eg:I will stop smoking.我要戒煙。在疑問句中用于第二人稱表示詢問和請求。 eg:Will/Would you please do me a favor?請幫幫忙好嗎？10. would: will的過去式，表示提出請求時語氣較委婉。（1）在下面的句型中要用would,不用will。Would you mind if I smoke a cigarette?我能抽一支煙嗎？Would you like to have a look

14、 at the house?你想看一看這房屋嗎？（2）但在否定句中用will，不用would。 eg:Wont you sit down?你不坐一會兒嗎？（3）would可表示過去的習(xí)慣動作，可和used to互換，但used to表示現(xiàn)在不存在的習(xí)慣。 eg:When I was in Shanghai, she would tell me about the great changes there.當(dāng)我在上海時她總是對我講上海的巨大變化。He used to drink alcohol, but now he drinks beer.他過去喝白酒，但現(xiàn)在喝啤酒。11. need與dare:

15、 既可作情態(tài)動詞也可作實義動詞。一般在肯定句中作實義動詞，在否定句和疑問句中作情態(tài)動詞。 eg:Dare you go out alone at night?(dare是情態(tài)動詞)晚上你一個人敢出去嗎？The bike needs to be repaired.(need是實義動詞)這輛自行車需要修理。12.情態(tài)動詞+have done表示對過去發(fā)生事情的推測。（1）may/might have done表示“可能”might語氣婉轉(zhuǎn)。但主句中動詞為過去時態(tài)，一定要用might。 eg:He said she might have missed the train. 他說她可能沒趕上火車。（2

16、）could have done表示“本來能夠做某事”。 eg:You could have succeeded. 你本能夠成功。（事實是失敗了。）（3）cant/couldnt have done表示“不可能發(fā)生某事”。 eg:He thought his son couldnt have taken all the tablets.他認(rèn)為他兒子不可能把藥全都吃了。（4）must have done表示“肯定發(fā)生了某事”。 eg:The windows look bright and clean today. Some must have cleaned them. 窗子這么干凈明亮，一定有

17、人擦過了。（5）should/ought to have done表示“本應(yīng)該做某事”。 eg:You should have kept the matches under lock and key.你應(yīng)該把火柴保管好。（帶有責(zé)任的意思）（6）neednt have done本沒有必要做某事。 eg:There was plenty of time, so she neednt have hurried.時間很充裕，她本不用匆匆忙忙的。13.某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中情態(tài)動詞用法。（1）had better+動詞原形，否定形式為：had better not do eg:You had better go

18、 to school at once.你最好立刻去上學(xué)。（2）would rather+動詞原形，否定形式為：would rather not do eg:I would rather do it right away. 我寧可立即就做。被動語態(tài)（一）被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)常用在沒有必要或不可能說明動作的執(zhí)行者的句子中。被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成是be+動詞的過去分詞，應(yīng)該注意的是：語法變化要在be動詞上體現(xiàn)，助動詞放在be動詞前。下面5個例句均選自近年來全國高考英語試卷。請同學(xué)們根據(jù)上下語境，認(rèn)真體會各種時態(tài)中的被動語態(tài)的用法。1.一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài) eg:I need one more stamp bef

19、ore my collection is completed.2.現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài) eg:Ive been told the sports meet must be put off.Yes, it all depends on the weather.3.現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài) eg:Have you moved into the new house?Not yet, the rooms are being painted.4.一般過去時的被動語態(tài) eg:I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5

20、.過去完成時的被動語態(tài) eg:The police found that the house had been broken into and a lot of things stolen.有時在被動語態(tài)的句子后面加上by+動作的執(zhí)行者，有時在被動語態(tài)的句子后面加上with+動作的手段、方法或工具。 eg:He was killed by a falling stone.他被一塊掉下來的石頭砸死了。He was killed with a knife.他被人用刀子殺死了。（二）習(xí)慣上不使用被動語態(tài)的幾種情況1.不及物動詞（詞組）如：happen, remain, stay, appear, f

21、all, rise, belong to, break out, take place 等。2. draw, read, sell, wash, write, open, wear等作不及物動詞用，常用主動表被動。 eg:The door wont open. 門打不開。3.不定式在easy, difficult, fit等形容詞之后作狀語時，常用主動形式而不用被動形式。 eg:His speech isnt easy to understand. 他的演講不易理解。4.在need, want, require 等動詞后，用動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義（也可用不定式的被動式）。 eg:The

22、matter wants looking into.(=The matter wants to be looked into.)這件事需要調(diào)查。The bike needs repairing.(=The bike needs to be repaired.)這輛自行車需要修理。5.在形容詞worth后面用動名詞的主動形式表被動，不可接不定式。但可用be worthy to be done或be worthy of being done. eg:The book is worth readingThe book is worthy to be readagain.這本書值得再次閱讀。The b

23、ook is worthy of being read6.不定式作定語時，如果句子的主語或賓語是不定式的邏輯主語，不定式用主動形式表示被動意義。 eg:I have something important to do. 我有重要的事情要做。非謂語動詞（一）不定式（1）時態(tài)的構(gòu)成不定式常用的時態(tài)有；一般式、完成式和進行式。其構(gòu)成為：一般式：to do完成式：to have done進行式：to be doing（2）時態(tài)的用法不定式所表示的動作與句子謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，不定式用to do形式；不定式表示的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作或狀態(tài)之后，也用一般式。 eg:Im glad

24、to meet you. 見到你我很高興。My uncle asked me to see him next summer.我叔叔讓我明年夏天去看他。當(dāng)不定式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，不定式用完成式，即to have done。 eg:Im glad to have seen your father yesterday.我很高興昨天見到了你的父親。在seem, appear, happen, think, consider, believe等詞后，有時用不定式的進行時形式to be doing，表示這些動作發(fā)生的同時，不定式所表示的動作或狀態(tài)也正在進行著。 eg:They se

25、emed to be talking about you. 他們好像在談?wù)撃恪he two cheats pretended to be working hard.這兩個騙子假裝在拼命工作。2.不定式的被動式動詞不定式的被動形式為to be done。如果不定式的邏輯主語是動作的承受者，不定式要用被動語態(tài)。 eg:The students want to be sent to work in our company.這些學(xué)生想分到我們公司工作。3.不定式的主動語態(tài)代替被動語態(tài)（1）當(dāng)不定式與最近的名詞（代詞）有動賓關(guān)系，而且與句中另一個代詞有主謂關(guān)系時。 eg:He has nothing

26、to do.他無事可做。（2）不定式在“主+系+表（形容詞）”結(jié)構(gòu)中作狀語且句子主語是不定式的邏輯賓語時。 eg:This work is easy to do. 這項工作很容易做。（3）當(dāng)不定式修飾there be句型中的主語時。 eg:There is a baby to look after. 有個小孩需要照顧。4.不定式在句中的作用（1）作主語 eg:To see is to believe. 眼見為實。注：不定式作句子主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有不定式作表語時，不能用it is to 句型 eg:To see is to believe.（正確） Its t

27、o believe to see.（錯誤）（2）作賓語 eg:He decided to go home.他決定回家了。（3）作賓語補足語 eg:I wait for you to decide. 我等你作決定。（4）作定語（表將要發(fā)生的行為） eg:They have nothing to eat. 他們沒有東西吃。（5）作狀語 eg:They are excited to hear the news. 聽到這個消息他們非常高興。（6）作表語 eg:Her wish is to become an actress. 她的愿望是成為一名演員。5. Its for sb.和Its of sb.（

28、1）for sb.常用表示事物的特征、特點，表客觀形式的形容詞，如：hard, easy, interesting, impossible等 eg:Its hard for him to do this work. 對他來說做這項工作太難了。（2）of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格、品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如：good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, brave, careful, stupid, wise, right等 eg:Its very kind of you to help me. 你來幫我，你真是太好了。辨別方法：用介詞后面的代詞作主語，形

29、容詞作表語造句，如道理上通順用of，不通則用for eg:You are kind.（通順，用of） He is hard.(不通，用for)（二）分詞1.形式：現(xiàn)在分詞doing 例：reading, playing過去分詞done 例：gone, done, said2.現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別（1）現(xiàn)在分詞表主動，過去分詞表被動 eg:The girl sitting on the chair is my sister.坐在椅子上的女孩是我妹妹。（主動）The teacher came in, followed by his students.老師走了進來，后面跟著他的學(xué)生。（2）現(xiàn)在分

30、詞表進行，過去分詞表完成 eg:a developing country 一個發(fā)展中國家a developed country 一個發(fā)達國家3.分詞的作用（1）分詞作定語：分詞前置an interesting story一個有趣的故事 a retired worker一個退休工人分詞后置（通常為詞組，個別詞如given, left常后置修飾不定代詞）eg: The man standing at the window is our teacher.站在窗戶旁的男人是我們的老師。This is the food left. 這就是剩下的食物。There is nothing interestin

31、g. 一點有趣的東西都沒有。分詞作狀語：可以表示原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、伴隨狀況等，均可轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的狀語從句。（伴隨狀語除外） eg:Not receiving any letter, I gave him a call.=As I didnt receive any letter, I gave him a call.由于沒有收到他的信，我給他打了電話。（原因）Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.=If more attention was given, the trees could have grown bett

32、er.假如多給些照顧，那些樹會長得更好。（條件）（3）分詞作表語 eg:The story is interesting. 那個故事很有趣。He is excited. 他很興奮。（4）分詞作補語通常放在感觀動詞和使役動詞后 eg:I found my car missing. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的車丟了。Ill have my watch repaired. 我要把我的表修修。注：在keep, leave, send, have后既可用現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成賓補，也可用過去分詞作賓補，現(xiàn)在分詞表處于某種狀態(tài)，而過去分詞表被動。 eg:Im sorry for keeping you waiting so lon

33、g. 很抱歉讓你等這么長時間。He has his feet injured. 他把腳傷了。非謂語動詞(二)1.過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)和動詞不定式的被動語態(tài)作定語的區(qū)別：過去分詞作定語，表示分詞的動作已經(jīng)完成；現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)作定語，表示分詞的動作正在進行；動詞不定式的被動語態(tài)作定語表示動詞不定式的動作將要發(fā)生。How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods and fields.（浪費掉的時間）The hospital to be built is the biggest one in our city.（將要建的醫(yī)院）The questi

34、on being discussed now is paid great attention to.（正在討論的問題）2.非謂語動詞?？嫉膬?nèi)容如下：（1）考查過去分詞作后置定語，表動作的完成。 eg:Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.（2）考查過去分詞作賓補，表被動意義。 eg:The speaker r

35、aised his voice but still couldnt make himself heard.The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.（3）考查動名詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)。 eg:What worried the child most was his not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital.（4）考查不定式的一般式的被動語態(tài)。 eg:Little Tom should love to be taken to the theatre th

36、is evening.（5）考查使役動詞的被動語態(tài)與帶to的不定式的連用。 eg:John was made to work six days a week.直接賓語和間接賓語（Direct and Indirect Objects）1.可接間接賓語和直接賓語且能用to置換間接賓語的動詞有：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, promise, read, write, show, teach, throw, pass, pay, send, wish, sell, return, tell, allow, cause等。 eg:2.可接間接賓語和直接賓語且能用for

37、置換間接賓語的動詞有：buy, choose, look, find, get, make, order, paint, play, reach, sing, spare, do, fetch等。 eg:3.可接間接賓語和直接賓語且能用of置換間接賓語的動詞有ask。 eg:4.可接間接賓語和直接賓語且能用for和to或其他介詞置換間接賓語的動詞有do, leave, play。 eg:注；在下列情況下，只能用直接賓語+介詞結(jié)構(gòu)：當(dāng)直接賓語是人稱代詞時 eg:He took off his boots and handed them to the guard.他把靴子交給衛(wèi)兵。當(dāng)強調(diào)間接賓語時

38、 eg:Youd better hand the paper to the official directly.你最好把論文直接交給那位官員。當(dāng)間接賓語比直接賓語長時 eg:He is going to show the picture to the comrade sitting next to him.他打算把這張畫給坐在他旁邊的同志看看。當(dāng)間接賓語為疑問代詞時 eg:Who did you send the package to?你把包裹寄給誰了？定語從句（一）定義在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。eg:As a general rule, the m

39、ost successful man in life is the man who has the best information.一般說來，生活中最成功的人是獲得最佳信息的人。（二）分類根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系是否密切，它可分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句兩種。限制性定語從句是句中不可缺少的組成部分，主句和從句之間不用逗號分開。非限制性定語從句是對主句先行詞的補充說明，沒有這個從句，不影響主句意思的完整。一般用逗號分開。 eg:Were going to do something thats never been done before.我們要做以前從未做過的事。（限制性定從）I h

40、ave lost the pen, which I like very much.我丟了那支我十分喜歡的筆。（非限制性定從）（三）關(guān)系詞1. 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞：指代對象指代人指代物既可指人也可指物主語who, thatwhich, that, asthat賓語whom, thatwhich, that, asthat定語whosewhoseeg: The doctor whom/that you are looking for is in the room.你正找的那位醫(yī)生在屋子里。（指人，作賓語。）A man who/that is perfectly pleased with

41、the present state of things is a failure.完全滿足于現(xiàn)狀的人是個失敗者。(指人，作主語)Do you know the man whose name is Wang Bing?你知道那個叫王兵的人嗎？（指人，作定語）The building which/that stands near the river is our shool.河邊矗立的那座建筑物是我們的學(xué)校。（指物，作主語）Is this the book which/ that she was looking for?這是她剛找的那本書嗎？（指物，作賓語）The building whose w

42、indows face south was built last year.那棟窗戶朝南開的樓房是去年建的。（指物，作定語）注：whom, which作介詞賓語時，介詞一般可放在whom/which之前，也可放在從句原來的位置上；但在含有介詞的動詞固定詞組中，介詞只能放在原來的位置上。 eg:The room in which there is a machine is the workshop.有機器的那間房是車間。This is the person whom you are looking for.這是你要找的那個人。2.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞：指代對象指代人指代物既可指人也可指

43、物主語whowhich, as無賓語whomwhich, as無定語whosewhoseeg: I have two sisters, who are both students.我有兩個姐姐，她們都是學(xué)生。（指人，作主語）She is a lovely girl, whom we all like.她是一個我們都喜歡的可愛的女孩。（指人，作賓語）His new house, which is situated at the foot of the hill, is very big.他的新房子坐落在山腳下，很大。（指物，作主語）I like the same book as you do.（

44、指物，作賓語）注：（1）引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，絕對不能用that。(2)as與which的區(qū)別：as有“正如，好像”之意，which沒有。as通常放在主句之前，而which通常放在主句之后。 eg:As is known to all, he is the best student in our class.眾所周知，他是我們班最好的學(xué)生。He passed the final exam, which made us happy.他通過了考試，這讓我們很高興。(3)as可在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語和狀語，構(gòu)成the sameas, suchas等結(jié)構(gòu)。 eg:I want to have

45、 such a dictionary as he has.我想要一本像他那樣的字典。(4)as的常用插入語式的句式有：as is said above綜上所述；as already mentioned above正如已經(jīng)闡述到的；as was expected正如預(yù)料的那樣；as we all know眾所周知；as is reported in the newspaper正如報紙所報道的。3.關(guān)系副詞常用關(guān)系副詞有when, where, why。 eg:I will never forget the day when I met Mr Liu.我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了見到劉先生的那天。This is

46、 the place where we lived for 5 years.這是我們已經(jīng)居住5年的地方。I know the reason why he came late.我知道他來晚的原因。注：先行詞是時間、地點名詞時，并非都用when/where。若從句的謂語動詞是不及物動詞，作狀語，則用when/where;是及物動詞，作主語、賓語，則用that/which。 eg:This is the house that/which he visited last year. 這是他去年參觀過的房子。This is the house where he lived last year.這是他去年

47、住過的房子。（四）常見指物時用that而不用which的情況。1.先行詞是不定代詞all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等。eg: All that we have to do is to practise every day.我們所要做的就是每天不斷練習(xí)。2.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾時。 eg:The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.我將永遠(yuǎn)不能忘記所上的第一課。3.先行詞被all, any, every, each, few, little,

48、no, some等修飾。 eg:I have read all the books (that) you gave me.我已經(jīng)讀了你給我的所有書。4.先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last修飾時。 eg:It was the very book that I wanted to buy.這就是我想要買的那本書。5.先行詞既有人又有物時。 eg:They talked of things and persons that they remembered.他們談?wù)撝?dāng)年的人和事。6.當(dāng)句中已有which時，為避免重復(fù)。 eg:Which is the

49、 desk that you want to buy?你想買哪張桌子？直接引語和間接引語(Direct Speech and Indirect Speech)（一）定義直接引述別人的原話叫直接引語；用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話叫間接引語。這兩種引語都是賓語從句，但直接引語放在引號內(nèi)，不用連詞連接。間接引語不用引號，通常用連接詞與主句連接。 eg:1. Direct: He said,“We are going to see Romeo and Juliet this evening.”他說：“今天晚上我們要去看羅密歐與朱麗葉?！盜ndirect: He said that they were goi

50、ng to see Romeo and Juliet that evening.2. Direct:“If Im free today,” she said,“Ill read over it.”“如果今天有空，”她說：“我就讀完它。”Indirect: She said if she free that day she would read over it.由例句可以看出，直接引語變間接引語時，不僅要用賓語從句表達，增加連詞that等，而且句中的人稱，時態(tài)，指示代詞，時間狀語，地點狀語等都要作相應(yīng)變化。其變化為：（1）人稱代詞的變化一般地說，除引述本人原話外，通常把直接引語中的第一、二人稱代

51、詞變?yōu)殚g接引語中的第三人稱代詞。有時第二人稱代詞可變?yōu)殚g接引語中的第一人稱代詞，或根據(jù)具體情況保持不變。I told Tom,“I dont agree with you.”I told Tom that I didnt agree with him.Mary said,“Ill call again after supper.”Mary said that she would call again after supper.（2）時態(tài)的變化直接引語間接引語一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時（客觀事實，真理等除外）現(xiàn)在進行時過去進行時現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時一般過去時過去完成時過去完成時過去完成時一般將來時過來

52、將來時注：若主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時，直接引語變間接引語時，從句中的謂語動詞要作相應(yīng)變化；若主句的謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在時，從句的時態(tài)則無須變化。（3）指示代詞，時間狀語，地點狀語及動詞的變化直接引語間接引語指示代詞thisthesethatthose時間狀語nowtodaythis week (month, etc.)yesterdaylast week (month, etc.)three days(a year, etc.)ago/ tomorrownext week (month, etc.)thenthat daythat week (month, etc.)the day beforet

53、he week (month, etc.) beforethree days (a year, etc.) beforethe next/ following daythe next/ following week(month, etc.)地點狀語herethere動詞comego（二）直接引語和間接引語的轉(zhuǎn)換1.陳述句/感嘆句：去掉冒號，引號，用that引導(dǎo)賓語從句。 eg:He said,“Im going to Beijing.” He said that he was going to Beijing.“What a lovely girl!”They said.They said t

54、hat she was a lovely girl.2.一般疑問句/反意疑問句：去冒號和引號，用if/whether接賓語從句，且用陳述語序。 eg:He asked,“Are you a teacher?”He asked me if/ whether I was a teacher.3.特殊疑問句：去冒號和引號，由原疑問詞引導(dǎo)賓語從句，且用陳述語序。 eg:She said,“What are you doing?”She asked me what I was doing.4.祈使句：轉(zhuǎn)述時通常改為“ask (want, beg, tell, order)+賓語+動詞不定式”的簡單句。

55、eg:He said,“Please turn on the light.”He asked me to turn on the light.5.肯定，否定并立的兩個祈使句的轉(zhuǎn)述，一般要用“notbut”并列連詞。 eg:The teacher said,“Dont look out of the window, look at your textbooks.”The teacher told his students not to look out of the window but look at their textbooks.（三）時態(tài)不變的特殊情況。1.當(dāng)直接引語是客觀真理。 eg:He said,“The earth goes round the sun.”He said that the earth goes round the sun.2.當(dāng)直接引語中有具體的過去某年，某月，某日作狀語。 eg:Mr Wang said,“I was born in China in September, 1972.”Mr Wang said he