高中語(yǔ)法狀語(yǔ)從句

1、狀語(yǔ)從句 （Adverbial Clause） 狀語(yǔ)從句指句子用作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，起副詞作用的句子。它可以修飾謂語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或整個(gè)句子。根據(jù)其作用可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、條件、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、方式和比較等從句。狀語(yǔ)從句一般由連詞(從屬連詞)引導(dǎo)，也可以由詞組引起。從句位于句首或句中時(shí)通常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)，位于句尾時(shí)可以不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。定義在句子中充當(dāng)除謂語(yǔ)以外的各種句子成分的動(dòng)詞形式叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(the Non-Finite Verbs)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也是動(dòng)詞的一種，他們有著動(dòng)詞的其他特點(diǎn)，可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是相對(duì)的概念。狀語(yǔ)從句的種類1.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 2.

2、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 3.原因狀語(yǔ)從句 4.條件狀語(yǔ)從句 5.目的狀語(yǔ)從句 6.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句 7.比較狀語(yǔ)從句 8.方式狀語(yǔ)從句 9.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)特點(diǎn) 一般情況下，時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”表示“一般將來(lái)時(shí)”，用“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”表示“將來(lái)完成時(shí)”。例如： I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我到北京就將給你打電話。（這是由as soon as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞arrive是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)，決不可用will arrive） As soon as I have finished th

3、is work, I will go home. 我一完成此工作，就回家。（從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have finished，表示將來(lái)完成時(shí),決不可用will have finished） If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回來(lái)了，請(qǐng)通知我。（從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用comes back,表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)，決不可用will come back） 狀語(yǔ)從句講解和練習(xí)狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子。通常由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞和從句等擔(dān)當(dāng)。例如： 1. Naturally , our grandparents were pleased t

4、o get our phone call . (副詞) 2. We worked hard , from sunrise to sunset . (介詞狀短語(yǔ)) 3. To help my disabled aunt , I spend an hour working in her house every day . (不定式) 4. Seen from a distance , the farmhouse looked deserted . (過(guò)去分詞) 5. I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before .（原因狀

5、語(yǔ)從句） 狀語(yǔ)的位置比較靈活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough用作狀語(yǔ)修飾形容詞和副詞時(shí)必須后置。 狀語(yǔ)從句主要用來(lái)修飾主句或主句的謂語(yǔ)。一般可分為九大類，分別表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、比較和方式。盡管種類較多，但由于狀語(yǔ)從句與漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不難。狀語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵是要掌握引導(dǎo)不同狀語(yǔ)從句的常用連接詞 和特殊的連接詞即考點(diǎn)?，F(xiàn)分別列舉如下: 1 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the minute, the momen

6、t, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when I didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult. While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking. The children ran away from the orchard(果園), the moment they saw the

7、guard. No sooner had I arrived home ,then it began to rain. Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. 2 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：where 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：wherever, anywhere, everywhere Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. Wherever you go, you should work hard. 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句一般由連接副詞where, w

8、herever等引導(dǎo)，已經(jīng)形成了固定的句型，例如： 句型1：Where+地點(diǎn)從句，（there）+主句。 【注意】此句型通常譯成“哪里哪里就”；主句在從句后面時(shí)，there可用可不用；如果主句在從句的前面時(shí)，一般都不用there。例如： Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在沒(méi)有雨水的地方，耕作是困難的，或根本不可能的。 They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他們都是好人。因此他們走到哪里都受到熱烈歡迎。

9、 You should have put the book where you found it. 你本來(lái)應(yīng)該把書放回原來(lái)的地方。 Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨，哪里人民就得解放。 句型2：Anywhere/ wherever+地點(diǎn)從句，+主句。 【注意】anywhere本身是個(gè)副詞，但是，?？梢砸龑?dǎo)從句，相當(dāng)于連詞，意思相似于wherever, anywhere引導(dǎo)的從句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是個(gè)連詞，表示“在何處，無(wú)論

10、何處”。例如： Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海員。 3 原因狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：because, since, as, for 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that. My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful. Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference. The higher income tax

11、 is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more. 4 目的狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：so that, in order that 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them. The teacher rai

12、sed his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly. 5 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：so that, such that, 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, He got up so early that he caught the first bus. Its such a good chance that we must not miss it. To such

13、a degree was he excited that he couldnt sleep last night. 倒裝句。6 條件狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：if, unless, 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that Well start our project if the president agrees. You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. Pro

14、vided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 如果沒(méi)有反對(duì)，我們將在這舉行會(huì)議7 讓步狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：though, although, even if, even though 特殊引導(dǎo)詞： as(用在讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中必須要倒裝)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter ， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever Much as I respect

15、 him, I cant agree to his proposal. 盡管我很尊敬他， 我卻不同意他的建議。 The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough. No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind. He wont listen whatever you may say. 8 比較狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as(同級(jí)比較), than(不同程度的比較) 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the more the more ; just as ， so;

16、A to B is what /as X is to Y; no more than; not A so much as B She is as bad-tempered as her mother. The house is three times as big as ours. The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. Food to men is what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，猶如油之于機(jī)器。 9 方式狀語(yǔ)從句常用引導(dǎo)詞：as, as if, how 特殊引導(dǎo)詞：the way When in Rom

17、e, do as the Roman do. She behaved as if she were the boss. 虛擬從句Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. 10. 狀語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化狀語(yǔ)從句的省略 狀語(yǔ)從句同時(shí)具備下列兩個(gè)條件:主句和從句的主語(yǔ)一致，或從句主語(yǔ)為it；從句主要?jiǎng)釉~是be的某種形式。從句中的主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞?？墒÷浴＠纾?When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next y

18、ear . Hell go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible. 另外，比較狀語(yǔ)從句經(jīng)常省略。例如： Im taller than he (is tall ). The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ). 溫度越高，壓力越大。就狀語(yǔ)從句而言,有時(shí)為了使語(yǔ)言言簡(jiǎn)意賅,常常將狀語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)行"簡(jiǎn)化"。狀語(yǔ)從句的"簡(jiǎn)化"現(xiàn)象在口語(yǔ)中較為普遍,而且在高考中的復(fù)現(xiàn)率也較高。因此,有必要對(duì)其進(jìn)行全面、透徹的了解。 狀語(yǔ)

19、從句的"簡(jiǎn)化"現(xiàn)象常存在于以下五種狀語(yǔ)從句中:由if, unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句;由although, though, even if / though等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句;由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句;由as, as if等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句;由as, than等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句。下面針對(duì)這五種情形作一歸納。 (1)當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是it,且謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是be時(shí),it和be要完全簡(jiǎn)化掉。例如: If (it is) possible, he will help you out of t

20、he difficulty.如果可能的話,他會(huì)幫你擺脫困境。 條件You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.除非情況對(duì)你來(lái)說(shuō)不方便,否則你必須出席這次會(huì)議。條件 (2)當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí),從句可以將主語(yǔ)和be動(dòng)詞簡(jiǎn)化掉。常用于以下幾種情形: a.連詞+形容詞As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.他小時(shí)候就學(xué)會(huì)了騎自行車。 Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。

21、Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret.少壯不努力,老大徒傷悲。 b.連詞+名詞While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.他在孩子時(shí)代就樂(lè)于助人。 Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous director.盡管他曾是個(gè)農(nóng)民,而現(xiàn)在是位著名的導(dǎo)演了。 c.連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop

22、 song.她沿著河堤邊走邊唱著流行歌曲。 Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.盡管近來(lái)他一直在學(xué)數(shù)學(xué),但他仍然沒(méi)有取得好成績(jī)。 d.連詞+過(guò)去分詞He won't go there with us unless (he is) invited.除非受到邀請(qǐng),否則他不會(huì)和我們一道去那里。 The concert was a great success than (it was) expected.這場(chǎng)音樂(lè)會(huì)出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。 e.連詞+不定式He

23、stood up as if (he were) to say something.當(dāng)時(shí)他站起來(lái)好像要說(shuō)什么。 He wouldn't solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.即使他來(lái)負(fù)責(zé),他也解決不了這個(gè)問(wèn)題。 f.連詞+介詞短語(yǔ)She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻煩。 He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.他到美國(guó)之前就懂英語(yǔ)了。 注意:當(dāng)從

24、句主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí),從句部分要么用完全形式,要么用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)。例如: When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room.當(dāng)會(huì)議結(jié)束時(shí),人們都走出了會(huì)議室。(=The meeting being over, all the people went out of the meeting-roomThe girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說(shuō)什么

25、好。 Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時(shí)間允許的話，我們明天去郊游。The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我們就回家了。一、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句概念：在復(fù)合句中，由時(shí)間連接詞引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句叫做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。(在復(fù)合句中，要注意主句和從句的時(shí)態(tài)大多都要保持一致。） 要點(diǎn):時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，由以下連詞引導(dǎo)： when while as after before as soon as since till

26、/until by the time 在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，要注意時(shí)態(tài)一致。一般情況下主句是將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)候，從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 1.when在.的時(shí)候Mozart started writing music when he was four years old. (在)莫扎特4歲的時(shí)候，開(kāi)始寫音樂(lè)作品。 2.while在.期間He visited a lot of places while he was traveling. 他在旅行期間參觀了許多地方。 3.as在.的同時(shí)；一邊.一邊.We always sing as we walk. 我們總是一邊走一邊唱。 4.after在.之后He lef

27、t the classroom after he had finished his homework . 他做完作業(yè)之后就離開(kāi)教室。 5.before 在.之前Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here. 布朗先生來(lái)這里之前已經(jīng)在一家銀行里工作一年了。 6.as soon as 一。就。We began to work as soon as we got there. 我們一到那就開(kāi)始工作。 I will write to you as soon as I get home. 我一到家就給你寫信。 7.since

28、自。以來(lái) 到現(xiàn)在表示自過(guò)去的一個(gè)起始時(shí)間點(diǎn)到目前(說(shuō)話時(shí)間)為止的一段持續(xù)時(shí)間。主句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。還可以用作介詞，本句從句還可以用短語(yǔ)：since three years ago(從三年前至今)表示。 Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago. 自格林先生來(lái)中國(guó)以來(lái)，他就在這所學(xué)校教書。 8 till /until直到。都可以作連詞，連接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，也可以作介詞，與其它詞構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)，在句中作狀語(yǔ)。（強(qiáng)調(diào)將一般用until） They walked till /unti

29、l it was dark. 他們一直走到天黑。 Xiao Ming didnt leave home till / until his father came back. 小明直到他爸爸回來(lái)才離開(kāi)家。 9. by the time 到。為止(所在句子的主句應(yīng)用完成時(shí)) By the time he gets there , his father has already gone. 他到家的時(shí)候，他爸爸已經(jīng)走了。 By the time I got to school, the class had already began. 我到校時(shí)，已經(jīng)開(kāi)始上課了。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句注意事項(xiàng)1.由when, w

30、hile, as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句例如： When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.當(dāng)你以為自己一無(wú)所知的時(shí)候，你就是在開(kāi)始知道一些事物了。 When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.當(dāng)真理被埋在地下的時(shí)候，它在生長(zhǎng)，它感到壓抑，它蓄存著

31、一種爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就會(huì)炸破一切！ Strike while the iron is hot. 趁熱打鐵。 Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的時(shí)候，請(qǐng)你照看一下我的衣服。 You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 當(dāng)你的手在空氣中揮動(dòng)的時(shí)候，你就能感覺(jué)到空氣在流動(dòng)。 Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我們的校長(zhǎng)一邊談一邊笑。 when, while和as的區(qū)別when引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞

32、，又可以是瞬間動(dòng)詞。并且when有時(shí)表示“就在那時(shí)”。 例如： When she came in, I stopped eating.她進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，我停止吃飯。(瞬間動(dòng)詞) When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.當(dāng)我住在農(nóng)村時(shí)，我常常為他擔(dān)水。（延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞） We were about to leave when he came in.我們就要離開(kāi)，就在那時(shí)他進(jìn)來(lái)了。(瞬間動(dòng)詞) While引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性的，并強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生（或者相對(duì)應(yīng)）。并且while有時(shí)還可以表示

33、對(duì)比。例如： While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，was reading和was watching同時(shí)發(fā)生) I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜歡踢足球，而你喜歡打籃球。（對(duì)比） As表示“一邊一邊”，as引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作，一般用于主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；as也可以強(qiáng)調(diào)“一先一后。例如： We always sing as we walk.我們總是邊走邊唱。（as表示“一邊一邊”

34、） As we was going out, it began to snow.當(dāng)我們出門時(shí)，開(kāi)始下雪了。（as強(qiáng)調(diào)句中兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著先后發(fā)生，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)開(kāi)始下雪的特定時(shí)間） as when while的辨析as when while都表示主、從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，三者差異如下： 表示“一邊。一邊"的意思 as 強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，并表示對(duì)比時(shí) 用于發(fā)生時(shí)間較短時(shí) when 1、還可以表示從句動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作在主幾句動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作"之前 "或"之后"發(fā)生。 2、when=and then; at that moment (正在那個(gè)時(shí)候) while 1、用于

35、時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)時(shí) 2、 強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，并表示對(duì)比時(shí) 有時(shí)這三個(gè)連詞可以互換，有時(shí)不可以。 It was raining hard when (as) I got there. 我到那里時(shí)，正在下大雨。 ( 動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，when可換為as, 但不能換為while，因?yàn)間et是點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞.) When I had read the article, he called me. 我看完這篇文章之后，她給我打了電話。( 從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句之前，注意時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)，只能用when ) When I got to the cinema, the film had begun. (當(dāng))我到了電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開(kāi)演

36、了。(從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意時(shí)態(tài)) He was about to leave, when the telephone rang. 他正要離開(kāi)，忽然電話響了。( 此時(shí)不能放在句首。主句動(dòng)詞一般表達(dá) “正在” “即將”. while, as不能代替 She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter. 他以為我在談她女兒，然而，實(shí)際上在談?wù)撐遗畠骸?表轉(zhuǎn)折，對(duì)比，when, as都不能代替它) While the alien was

37、buying a souvenir, the girl called the police. 外星人買紀(jì)念品時(shí)，那女孩給警察打了電話。(表示主句，從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，while后引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)動(dòng)詞不能是點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞，因?yàn)樗硎据^長(zhǎng)時(shí)間) Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away. 媽媽擔(dān)心，因?yàn)樾?ài)麗絲病了，特別是他父親不在家的時(shí)候。(此時(shí)as ,when, while可通用) 2.由before和after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。注意befor

38、e引導(dǎo)的從句不再用否定式的謂語(yǔ)，并且當(dāng)before引導(dǎo)的從句位于主句之后，有時(shí)譯成“就，才”。還要注意主句和從句之間的時(shí)間關(guān)系。當(dāng)主句用將來(lái)時(shí)，從句總是用現(xiàn)在時(shí)；如果before引導(dǎo)的從句謂語(yǔ)用的是過(guò)去時(shí)，則主句動(dòng)詞多用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，這樣以便體現(xiàn)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后。After表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在從句動(dòng)作之后。主句和從句的動(dòng)作的時(shí)間關(guān)系正好與before引導(dǎo)的從句相反。例如： It will be four days before they come back. 他們要過(guò)四天才能回來(lái)。 Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.愛(ài)因斯坦幾乎把我撞倒

39、才看到我。 My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父親恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。 They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他們結(jié)婚還不到四個(gè)月就離婚了。 After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔細(xì)考慮過(guò)以后，告訴我你是怎樣決定的。 After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后，我們

40、回家了。（從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，主句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)） 3.由till或until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。till和until一般情況下兩者可以互換，但是在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，必須用否定形式；如果主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表達(dá)的意思不同。例如： I didn't go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父親回來(lái)我才上床睡覺(jué)。 It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me Engli

41、sh.直到散會(huì)之后他才開(kāi)始教我英語(yǔ)。 I worked until he came back.我工作到他回來(lái)為止。 I didn't work until he came back.他回來(lái)我這才開(kāi)始工作。 Please wait until I arrived.在我到達(dá)之前請(qǐng)等我。 4.由since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。since引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。一般情況下，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，而主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。但在It is +時(shí)間+since從句的句型中，主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如： I have been in Beijing since y

42、ou left. 自從你離開(kāi)以來(lái)，我一直在北京了。 Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你見(jiàn)面以后，你到哪里去了？ It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。 It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我們老板離開(kāi)北京有五個(gè)月了。 知識(shí)擴(kuò)展 1. It is since從。以來(lái)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了(因?yàn)閟ince +從句或名詞，表示一段時(shí)間) It is five years since we met las

43、t time.從我們上次見(jiàn)面已經(jīng)五年了。 2. It is +before(。才) It was a long time before I went to sleep again. 過(guò)了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間我才睡著。 It was an hour before(=until) the police arrived. 過(guò)了一個(gè)小時(shí)，警察才來(lái)。 5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。這些連詞都表示“一就”。例如： I will go there direc

44、tly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早飯，我立即到那里去。 The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一聽(tīng)到消息，馬上趕到了出事地點(diǎn)。 As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大，就給你來(lái)電話。 【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)when / before, no soonerthan相當(dāng)于as soon as之意。主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。當(dāng)hardly, scarcely, rarely和no s

45、ooner位于句首時(shí)，主句應(yīng)用倒裝語(yǔ)序。例如： He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他剛到家，就被邀請(qǐng)開(kāi)始另一旅程。 No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太陽(yáng)剛從地平線上升起，他就起床勞動(dòng)去了。 Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我剛坐下，他就進(jìn)來(lái)了。 He had hardly f

46、allen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.他剛要入睡就感到肩膀上被輕輕一觸。 6.由by the time引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。注意時(shí)態(tài)的變化：在一般情況下，如果從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；如果從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。例如： By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回來(lái)時(shí)，我已經(jīng)寫完這本書了。 By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finishe

47、d this work. 你明天來(lái)這兒的時(shí)候，我將已經(jīng)完成此工作了。 7.由each time, every time和whenever引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。例如： Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次來(lái)哈爾濱，總是來(lái)看我。 Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每當(dāng)那個(gè)人說(shuō)“說(shuō)實(shí)在話”的時(shí)候，我猜想他就要說(shuō)謊了。 You grow younger every time I see you.

48、每次遇到你，見(jiàn)你更年輕了。 8.由as long as和so long a引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。這兩個(gè)連詞表示“有多久就多久”，通常譯為“只要”。例如： You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以隨意到哪里去，只要在天黑以前回來(lái)就行。 I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存，我就要反對(duì)這種境況。 9.when和while的區(qū)別引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。when 和 while 都可表

49、示“當(dāng).時(shí).”“這時(shí)候.”when后及短暫性動(dòng)詞（land，come in，meet，leave 等），while后及延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞（shop，visit，read，sleep 等） when 后及一般過(guò)去式。eg：The girl was shopping when she saw the alien. What was Charlotte doing when the alien took off ? while 后及過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。eg：While the alien was buying a souvenir , the boy called the police. While the ali

50、en was reading the book , the boy called the TV station1.二、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句概念：地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句 (adverbial clause of place) 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句一般由連接副詞where, wherever等引導(dǎo)，已經(jīng)形成了固定的句型， 要點(diǎn):由連詞where和復(fù)合關(guān)系詞wherever (=no matter where )引導(dǎo). 例如： 句型1：Where+地點(diǎn)從句，（there）+主句。 【注意】此句型通常譯成“哪里哪里就”；主句在從句后面時(shí)，there可用可不用；如果主句在從句的前面時(shí)，一般都不用there。例如： Where t

51、here is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在沒(méi)有雨水的地方，耕作是困難的，或根本不可能的。 They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他們都是好人。因此他們走到哪里都受到熱烈歡迎。 You should have put the book where you found it. 你本來(lái)應(yīng)該把書放回原來(lái)的地方。 Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people ar

52、e liberated.哪里有了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨，哪里人民得解放。 句型2：Anywhere/ wherever+地點(diǎn)從句，+主句。 【注意】anywhere本身是個(gè)副詞，但是，?？梢砸龑?dǎo)從句，相當(dāng)于連詞，意思相似于wherever, anywhere引導(dǎo)的從句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是個(gè)連詞，表示“在何處，無(wú)論何處”。例如： Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海員。 知識(shí)擴(kuò)展1.Where there is a will , there is a way. 有志者事竟成。(諺語(yǔ)) 1.It will

53、be mixed school where not all the children are disabled. 他將是一所混合式學(xué)校，那里的兒童并不都是殘疾。(在限定性定語(yǔ)從句中對(duì)限先行詞起限定作用。) 2.Wherever you go , I go too. 無(wú)論你到什么地方，我都去。(wherever=no matter where)無(wú)論何處，多用于句首。 3.Wherever there is smoke , there is fire. 無(wú)風(fēng)不起浪。(諺語(yǔ)) 4. While she was wondering where to go , she met a policeman.

54、疑問(wèn)副詞where后跟不定式,構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ).三、條件狀語(yǔ)從句要點(diǎn)： 條件狀語(yǔ)從句由連詞if, unless (=if not) 引導(dǎo)。 1.If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go hiking. 如果明天不下雨, 我們就去遠(yuǎn)足. 2.You will get good grades if you study hard. 如果你努力學(xué)習(xí),就會(huì)取得好成績(jī). 3.I will go to the party unless he goes there too. 我會(huì)去參加聚會(huì)的, 除非他也去.(如果他不去,我就去.) 4.You will be late unl

55、ess you leave immediately. 如果你不馬上走,你將會(huì)遲到的.(=If you dont leave immediately, you will be late.) 難點(diǎn)提示：用條件狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)要注意時(shí)態(tài)的正確使用,當(dāng)主句是將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)候,從句要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí). lHe will not leave if it isnt fine tomorrow. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)， 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) lThey are going to have a picnic if it doesnt rain next week. 一般將來(lái)時(shí), 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)四、原因狀語(yǔ)從句要點(diǎn): 由連詞because, since, as引導(dǎo), 也可由for, now that 等詞引導(dǎo) 1.I didnt go to school yesterday because I was ill. 我昨天沒(méi)去上學(xué)，因?yàn)槲疑×恕?2. Since everybody is here, lets begin our meeting. 既然大家都來(lái)了, 讓我們開(kāi)始開(kāi)會(huì)吧. 3. As you are in poor health, you should n