高考英語復(fù)習(xí) 基礎(chǔ)寫作歸納及常見錯誤總結(jié)

1、1. 1. 一個黃金法則一個黃金法則與與 寫作內(nèi)容寫作內(nèi)容 中規(guī)定的內(nèi)容有關(guān)的，能寫一點就中規(guī)定的內(nèi)容有關(guān)的，能寫一點就寫一點，哪個是不成句子的零星的一個或幾個單寫一點，哪個是不成句子的零星的一個或幾個單詞，也一定要寫，千萬不留空格！這是基礎(chǔ)較差詞，也一定要寫，千萬不留空格！這是基礎(chǔ)較差考生必須記住的黃金法則?？忌仨氂涀〉狞S金法則。因為從近年廣東高考英語閱卷情況看，只要能寫因為從近年廣東高考英語閱卷情況看，只要能寫出與寫作內(nèi)容相關(guān)的一個或幾個單詞就會給分！出與寫作內(nèi)容相關(guān)的一個或幾個單詞就會給分！若能用正確的簡單句表達(dá)全部內(nèi)容的，可以得該若能用正確的簡單句表達(dá)全部內(nèi)容的，可以得該題滿分的題滿

2、分的60%60%，即，即9 9分，這已大大超過全省的平均分，這已大大超過全省的平均分了啊！分了??！但是若是抄試卷中閱讀理解等地方的段落或句子，但是若是抄試卷中閱讀理解等地方的段落或句子，或者亂寫一些與寫作內(nèi)容無關(guān)的話，再寫多些也或者亂寫一些與寫作內(nèi)容無關(guān)的話，再寫多些也是零分！是零分！2. 2. 五個解題步驟五個解題步驟(1)(1)仔細(xì)審題仔細(xì)審題文章主題：做什么事？文章主題：做什么事？寫作原因：為何要寫這篇文章？寫給誰看？寫作原因：為何要寫這篇文章？寫給誰看？內(nèi)容信息：文章的內(nèi)容要點？內(nèi)容信息：文章的內(nèi)容要點？( (按照寫作內(nèi)按照寫作內(nèi)容的順序排列信息要點，盡量不要打亂順序容的順序排列信息要

3、點，盡量不要打亂順序) )邏輯順序：盡量找出信息點之間的邏輯關(guān)系，邏輯順序：盡量找出信息點之間的邏輯關(guān)系，如因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、并列、條件等。如因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、并列、條件等。主體時態(tài)：主要用哪種時態(tài)？主體時態(tài)：主要用哪種時態(tài)？主體人稱：用第幾人稱來寫？主體人稱：用第幾人稱來寫？(2)列舉提綱列舉提綱根據(jù)圖畫或圖表，圖畫外的所有中文說明，根據(jù)圖畫或圖表，圖畫外的所有中文說明，特別是特別是內(nèi)容要點內(nèi)容要點，列出要點，然后根據(jù)這些內(nèi)，列出要點，然后根據(jù)這些內(nèi)容要點，列出可能用到的關(guān)鍵詞匯及句型；容要點，列出可能用到的關(guān)鍵詞匯及句型；將關(guān)健詞補(bǔ)充成結(jié)構(gòu)完整準(zhǔn)確的句子，表述將關(guān)健詞補(bǔ)充成結(jié)構(gòu)完整準(zhǔn)確的句子，表述所有

4、內(nèi)容要點。所有內(nèi)容要點。(3)連句成篇連句成篇按照上述構(gòu)思后安排的寫作順序，使用恰當(dāng)?shù)陌凑丈鲜鰳?gòu)思后安排的寫作順序，使用恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接性詞語，連句成篇。為了確保只能用五個句連接性詞語，連句成篇。為了確保只能用五個句子，此步可能需要用到合并句子等技巧。子，此步可能需要用到合并句子等技巧。(4)認(rèn)真謄寫認(rèn)真謄寫連句成篇后，還要通讀檢查一遍，在準(zhǔn)確無誤連句成篇后，還要通讀檢查一遍，在準(zhǔn)確無誤后，用規(guī)范的書法認(rèn)真謄寫，整潔書寫非常重后，用規(guī)范的書法認(rèn)真謄寫，整潔書寫非常重要。要。(5)再度核查再度核查查查內(nèi)容信息內(nèi)容信息是否是否完整。完整。查句子結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整。如查句子結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整。如英文句子一定要有英文句

5、子一定要有主語和謂語主語和謂語，且在，且在人稱和數(shù)人稱和數(shù)方面要注意主謂一方面要注意主謂一致；致；兩個句子之間一定要有連詞兩個句子之間一定要有連詞。查是否有單詞拼寫錯誤、時態(tài)錯誤等。查是否有單詞拼寫錯誤、時態(tài)錯誤等?？凑麄€語篇是否連貫?？凑麄€語篇是否連貫。3. 三個重要基礎(chǔ)三個重要基礎(chǔ)根據(jù)廣東高考基礎(chǔ)寫作的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中根據(jù)廣東高考基礎(chǔ)寫作的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中“句子結(jié)句子結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)確構(gòu)準(zhǔn)確”的要求，我們必須具備有關(guān)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的的要求，我們必須具備有關(guān)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的三點基礎(chǔ)：三點基礎(chǔ)：(1)掌握簡單句的五個基本句型和掌握簡單句的五個基本句型和there be結(jié)構(gòu)。結(jié)構(gòu)。所謂簡單句就是由一個主語所謂簡單句就是由一個主語

6、(包括并列主語包括并列主語)和一和一個謂語個謂語(包括并列謂語包括并列謂語)組成的句子，即一個主謂組成的句子，即一個主謂關(guān)系的句子。關(guān)系的句子。主謂：主謂：The sport first appeared in 1896.這這項運動最早出現(xiàn)于項運動最早出現(xiàn)于1896年。年。主謂賓：主謂賓：We did a survey among 600 students.我們在我們在600個學(xué)生中作了一次調(diào)查。個學(xué)生中作了一次調(diào)查。主謂雙賓：主謂雙賓：My parents bought me a pair of shoes.我父母給我買了一雙鞋。我父母給我買了一雙鞋。主謂賓賓補(bǔ)：主謂賓賓補(bǔ)：We paint

7、ed the wall white. 我們把墻漆成了白色。我們把墻漆成了白色。主系表：主系表：Our spelling becomes worse.我們的拼寫變得更差了。我們的拼寫變得更差了。There be +主語主語 (+地點地點/時間時間) There will be a football match between China and South Korea in Shanghai Stadium this evening.今晚在今晚在上海體育館有一場中國隊和韓國隊之間的足球上海體育館有一場中國隊和韓國隊之間的足球賽。賽。特別提醒：特別提醒：根據(jù)歷年高考閱卷的情況，考生寫根據(jù)歷年高考閱

8、卷的情況，考生寫句子最易犯的錯是：不用句子最易犯的錯是：不用be時卻用了，或者該用時卻用了，或者該用be時卻沒用。因此，我們須注意：時卻沒用。因此，我們須注意：英語句子通常要有謂語動詞，否則就不完整。英語句子通常要有謂語動詞，否則就不完整。如表達(dá)如表達(dá)“他很累他很累”，不能說，不能說He very tired.而要說而要說He is very tired.因為因為tired是形容詞，句中無動詞，是形容詞，句中無動詞，要加上要加上be。切記：當(dāng)句子意思好像完整，但句中。切記：當(dāng)句子意思好像完整，但句中沒有動詞時，一定要加上沒有動詞時，一定要加上be。當(dāng)句中已有謂語動詞時，若不是進(jìn)行時態(tài)或當(dāng)句中已

9、有謂語動詞時，若不是進(jìn)行時態(tài)或被動語態(tài)，一定不要再用被動語態(tài)，一定不要再用be。如表達(dá)。如表達(dá)“他昨天來他昨天來過這里過這里”，不能說，不能說He was came here yesterday.而而要說要說He came here yesterday.(2)掌握并列句的結(jié)構(gòu)。掌握并列句的結(jié)構(gòu)。所謂并列句就是兩個所謂并列句就是兩個或兩個以上的簡單句用并列連詞連在一起構(gòu)成或兩個以上的簡單句用并列連詞連在一起構(gòu)成的句子。即：的句子。即：簡單句簡單句+并列連詞并列連詞(and, but, yet, or, etc.) +簡單簡單句。如：句。如：Work hard, or you will fail.

10、努力工作，否則你努力工作，否則你就要失敗。就要失敗。I made no answer and she went away.我沒有我沒有回答，接著她就走了?；卮?，接著她就走了。She invited me, but I turned her down.她請了她請了我，但我拒絕了她。我，但我拒絕了她。(3)掌握主從復(fù)合句的結(jié)構(gòu)。掌握主從復(fù)合句的結(jié)構(gòu)。復(fù)合句指的是含有復(fù)合句指的是含有兩個或更多的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，其中有一個兩個或更多的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，其中有一個(或或更多更多)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)整個句子的某一主謂結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)整個句子的某一(些些)成分。成分。充當(dāng)定語的句子充當(dāng)定語的句子(有主謂結(jié)構(gòu)有主謂結(jié)構(gòu))叫定

11、語從句，充當(dāng)叫定語從句，充當(dāng)狀語的從句叫狀語從句，充當(dāng)主語、賓語或同狀語的從句叫狀語從句，充當(dāng)主語、賓語或同位語的從句叫名詞性從句。主句與從句之間用位語的從句叫名詞性從句。主句與從句之間用從屬連詞從屬連詞(when, before, until, unless, if, although, that, which, who, when, where, etc.)連接起來。連接起來。大體上可表述為以下兩種結(jié)構(gòu)：大體上可表述為以下兩種結(jié)構(gòu)：主句主句+從屬連詞從屬連詞+從句從句He was fond of drawing when he was a child.他他還是個孩子時就喜歡畫畫。還是個孩子

12、時就喜歡畫畫。從屬連詞從屬連詞+從句，主句從句，主句When he was a child, he was fond of drawing.他他還是個孩子時就喜歡畫畫。還是個孩子時就喜歡畫畫。特別提醒：特別提醒：凡是有兩個或多個句子凡是有兩個或多個句子(有主謂關(guān)系有主謂關(guān)系的稱句子的稱句子)，若之間沒有句號或分號，就必須要，若之間沒有句號或分號，就必須要有連詞，否則句子結(jié)構(gòu)就不完整。有連詞，否則句子結(jié)構(gòu)就不完整。4. 五個重要巧技五個重要巧技因只能使用五個句子，若信息點較多，我們必因只能使用五個句子，若信息點較多，我們必須使用以下方法，合并整理句子結(jié)構(gòu)，才能表達(dá)須使用以下方法，合并整理句子結(jié)構(gòu)

13、，才能表達(dá)完所有的信息點，也只有這樣才能提升句子的檔完所有的信息點，也只有這樣才能提升句子的檔次。次。(1)使用非謂語動詞短語。使用非謂語動詞短語。特別是分詞短語作狀特別是分詞短語作狀語和作定語。語和作定語。(2)使用使用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。即即“with+賓語賓語+賓賓補(bǔ)補(bǔ)”。(3)用從屬連詞，合并為主從復(fù)合句。用從屬連詞，合并為主從復(fù)合句。特別要注特別要注意使用一兩個限制性或非限制性定語從句。意使用一兩個限制性或非限制性定語從句。(4)用并列連詞，合并為并列復(fù)合句。用并列連詞，合并為并列復(fù)合句。如如but, and, while(表對比表對比), for(表原因表原因)等。另外

14、，表示等。另外，表示“正在或正要做某事，突然又發(fā)生另一件事正在或正要做某事，突然又發(fā)生另一件事”的的句型在寫作中也經(jīng)常用到：句型在寫作中也經(jīng)常用到：was/were doing sth. whendid; was/were about to do sth. whendid; was/were on the point of doing sth. whendid(5)一些特殊句型。如使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句、感一些特殊句型。如使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句、感嘆句、嘆句、there be開頭的句子、以開頭的句子、以it作形式主語或形作形式主語或形式賓語的句子等。式賓語的句子等。5. 運用關(guān)連詞語運用關(guān)連詞語篇章結(jié)

15、構(gòu)連貫是三大評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一，因此，我篇章結(jié)構(gòu)連貫是三大評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一，因此，我們在寫作時，除按邏輯組合信息點外，還必須學(xué)們在寫作時，除按邏輯組合信息點外，還必須學(xué)會靈活運用連接性詞語。除上述提到的并列連詞會靈活運用連接性詞語。除上述提到的并列連詞和從屬連詞之外，特別推薦使用以下連接性詞語：和從屬連詞之外，特別推薦使用以下連接性詞語：(1)表起始：表起始：first of all, to begin with, in my opinion, according to, as far asIm concerned, as you know等。等。 (2)表遞進(jìn)：表遞進(jìn)：besides, whats m

16、ore, moreover, furthermore, whats worse = to make things worse = worse still, in addition to, still, even等。等。(3)表并列：表并列：also, as well (as), or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, and, and then, bothand等。等。(4)表因果：表因果：therefore, as a result (of), thanks to, due to, owing to等。等。(5)表強(qiáng)調(diào)：表強(qiáng)調(diào)：above al

17、l, indeed, surely, certainly, of course, at least, obviously等。等。(6)表解釋：表解釋：that is to say, in other words, believe it or not, to tell you the truth等。等。(7)表比較：表比較：just as, just like, in the same way, more or less, similarly, instead等。等。(8)表空間：表空間：on the left/right, to the left/right of, on one side o

18、fon the other side of, at the foot/top/end of, in the middle/centre of等。等。(9)表時間：表時間：at first, in the beginning, next, then, later, now, about two months later, after a while, soon, afterwards, since then, meanwhile, in the end, at last, finally, for the first time, after that, the next moment, up t

19、o now, before long, from then on, sooner or later等。等。(10)表總結(jié)：表總結(jié)：in short, in a word, in conclusion, in general, in brief, generally speaking, on the whole, to sum up, in all等。等。(11)表轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ龋罕磙D(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ龋簓et, however, otherwise, on the other hand, on the contrary, in spite of, after all, in fact, as a mater

20、 of fact等。等。 (12)表列舉或舉例：表列舉或舉例：for one thingand for another (thing); first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally/ last but not least (最后但同等重要的最后但同等重要的); for example/instance, takefor example, such as, that is, as follows, and so on等。等。 (13)常用的放在句首，修飾整個句子的連接性副常用的放在句首，修飾整個句子的連接性副詞詞：(un)luckily, (un)fort

21、unately, hopefully, naturally, strangely, apparently, in this way等。等。寫作中常見錯誤：寫作中常見錯誤：1). 動詞與主語關(guān)系不清動詞與主語關(guān)系不清誤：誤：I saw an old man going out of City Park and was about to cross Park Road. 正：正：I saw an old man going out of City Park and he was about to cross Park Road.誤：誤：But the car ran off immediately

22、 instead of stopping to apologize to the man. 正：正：But the driver drove off immediately instead of stopping to apologize to the man. 誤：誤：The park should charge the entrance fee.正：正：The entrance fee should be charged for parks.正：正：People should pay for the entrance fee if they go to the parks.2). 主謂不一

23、致主謂不一致誤：誤：Father and I am going to visit her. 正：正：Father and I are going to visit her.誤：誤：There had many people on the bus.正：正： There were many people on the bus. 3). 時態(tài)、語態(tài)混用時態(tài)、語態(tài)混用誤：誤：The meal is so nice that we all enjoyed it very much. 正：正：The meal was so nice that we all enjoyed it very much.誤：誤

24、：The old man knocked down by the car and injured badly.正：正：The old man was knocked down by the car and injured badly.4). 句子成分殘缺句子成分殘缺誤：誤：The young man running in the street fast. 正：正：The young man was running in the street fast.誤：誤：They think whether go to college or not doesnt matter.正：正：They think

25、 it makes no difference whether they go to college or not5). 中文式英語中文式英語誤：誤：Next month have a sports meeting. 正：正：Next month we will have a sports meeting.誤：誤：Have some students think that college is so expensive that common families cant afford it.正：正：Have Some students think that the college tuitio

26、n is so high that common families cant afford it.6). 名詞單復(fù)數(shù)不分名詞單復(fù)數(shù)不分誤：誤：He will give a talk on American film. 正：正：He will give a talk on American films.誤：誤：He is one of the best player in our school.正正: He is one of the best players in our school.7). 贅詞現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重贅詞現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重誤：誤：At last, the lost boy returned bac

27、k. 正：正：At last, the lost boy returned.誤：誤：On one day, he went to the cinema.正：正： One day, he went to the cinema.2. 機(jī)械翻譯機(jī)械翻譯修改前：修改前：My hobbies are swimming, skating, collecting stamps, pop music. 修改后：修改后：In my spare time, I enjoy listening to pop music and collecting stamps. My favorite sports are sw

28、imming in summer and skating in winter.修改前：修改前：In the daytime, we took lessons and had to do our homework. In the evening, we had to do our homework. 修改后：修改后：We have to go to school even at weekends and do much homework both in the daytime and in the evening.誤：誤：In the past ten years, the village ha

29、s taken place great changes. 正：正：In the past ten years, great changes have taken place in the village.3. 句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系不清句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系不清 誤：誤：It hit the old man down but the driver, a woman, didnt stop her car. Finding she had caused an accident, the woman sped her car to flee away. The old man and I saw the

30、cars number. Its AC864. The old man couldnt move , I decided to help him.正：正：It hit the old man down but the driver, who was a woman, didnt stop her car. Finding she had caused an accident, the woman sped her car to flee away. Fortunately, I saw the cars number. Its AC864. Noticing the old man could

31、nt move, I decided to help him.4. 畫蛇添足畫蛇添足 、過多的長句使句子復(fù)、過多的長句使句子復(fù)雜化（語言不簡潔）雜化（語言不簡潔）修改前：修改前： A famous sportsman was giving a speech which was rather interesting.修改后：修改后：A famous sportsman was giving an interesting speech.修改前修改前 Nowadays, some people are still cutting down trees without permission. The

32、air pollution is becoming more and more serious which is caused by buses and cars. Whats more, so many rivers are polluted by dirty water which is from factory. In addition, sandstorm struck us now and then, from which we suffered a lot.修改后修改后 Nowadays, some people are still cutting down trees witho

33、ut permission. As a result, people have to suffer sandstorms now and then. Whats more, as buses and cars give off a lot of poisonous gases, the air is getting dirtier and dirtier. Moreover, there are many rivers polluted by dirty water from factories. The situation is becoming more and more serious.

34、修改前：修改前：As soon as came in, we heard some voice made by instruments. There were some students playing piano violin and so on .修改后：修改后： As soon as we came in, we heard a piece of beautiful music played by the students by different instruments, such as, piano, violin and so on.5. 過于簡單的句子使文章缺少邏輯過于簡單的句子

35、使文章缺少邏輯 性，可讀性。性，可讀性。修改前修改前Yesterday, there was a policeman in the street. He stopped a car. The car was at the corner. It looked like a Honda. There was a boy on the sidewalk. He was riding his bicycle. The bicycle was a two-wheeler. The car nearly knocked down the boy.修改后修改后Yesterday, a policeman s

36、topped a carHonda at the corner of the street, because it nearly knocked down a boy who was riding a two-wheel bicycle on the sidewalk. 修改前修改前Suddenly, a car run quickly from the third street and turned to the west. The car didnt stop and hit the old man. The driver didnt stop and have a look. The car ran away quickly. The car was yellow