空中領(lǐng)航學(xué)(E_01)

1、Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)1Air NavigationAir Navigation課件制作課程講授王惠民Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)2Flight, or air navigation is the means by which pilots reach their destination and find their exact location at any time.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)3 空中領(lǐng)航學(xué)是引空中領(lǐng)航學(xué)是引領(lǐng)領(lǐng)飛機(jī)飛機(jī)航航行的一門行的一門應(yīng)用應(yīng)用學(xué)學(xué)科，它以地球作為參照系來研究科，它以地球作為參照系來研究

2、飛機(jī)相對于地球的運(yùn)動(dòng)及其導(dǎo)航方法。飛機(jī)相對于地球的運(yùn)動(dòng)及其導(dǎo)航方法。 空中領(lǐng)航學(xué)所要解決的三大基本問題，是確定：空中領(lǐng)航學(xué)所要解決的三大基本問題，是確定： 飛機(jī)位置飛機(jī)位置 飛機(jī)航向飛機(jī)航向 飛行時(shí)間飛行時(shí)間 Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)4 空中領(lǐng)航學(xué)研究的主要內(nèi)容：空中領(lǐng)航學(xué)研究的主要內(nèi)容： 領(lǐng)航基礎(chǔ)及元素；領(lǐng)航基礎(chǔ)及元素； 領(lǐng)航原理和方法；領(lǐng)航原理和方法； 領(lǐng)航設(shè)備工作原理和使用；領(lǐng)航設(shè)備工作原理和使用； 領(lǐng)航誤差及修正原理；領(lǐng)航誤差及修正原理； 領(lǐng)航準(zhǔn)備和實(shí)施。領(lǐng)航準(zhǔn)備和實(shí)施。 Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)5Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)

3、航航學(xué)學(xué)6本課件本課件 (共九章共九章) 系根據(jù)西澳教材系根據(jù)西澳教材An Aviation Theory Centre Manual - Meteorology and Navigation ， 即即 The Pilots Manual 系列叢書第二冊制系列叢書第二冊制作，僅供課堂教學(xué)使用。特此申明，謹(jǐn)作，僅供課堂教學(xué)使用。特此申明，謹(jǐn)向該書編者致謝。向該書編者致謝。 Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)7Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Air NavigationBasic PrinciplesThe basic principles of air navi

4、gation apply to all aircraft, from the simplest trainers to the most sophisticated passenger jets. When flying cross-country, you are the pilot, the navigator and the radio operator.你既是駕駛員你既是駕駛員, 也是領(lǐng)航員，也是領(lǐng)航員， 又是無線電通信員。又是無線電通信員。Basic PrinciplesAir Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)8As a pilot, you must aviate, nav

5、igate and communicate. Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)9Types of Navigation The basic method of navigation in VFR (day) operations is map reading, which is visual-contact navigation. It requires more or less continuous visual reference to the ground and is therefore of limited value in poor visibility condi

6、tions or when navigating above extensive cloud cover.Types of Navigation The basic method of navigation in VFR (day) operations is map reading, which is visual-contact navigation. It requires more or less continuous visual reference to the ground and is therefore of limited value in poor visibility

7、conditions or when navigating above extensive cloud cover.Types of NavigationAir Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)10 To assist us with our visual navigation procedures, we can use any radio navigation equipment installed in our aeroplane to obtain information from ground-based radio beacons. To support visual na

8、vigation procedures, we use dead reckoning (DR) to deduce our position. To assist us with our visual navigation procedures, we can use any radio navigation equipment installed in our aeroplane to obtain information from ground-based radio beacons. To support visual navigation procedures, we use dead

9、 reckoning (DR) to deduce our position.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)11Form of the Earth All air navigation is done with reference to the surface of the earth. For practical purpose the earth can be treated as a perfect sphere with an average diameter of R = 6 371.004 km.Shape and Size地球半徑：地球半徑：RAir Navig

10、ation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)12Rotation of the EarthPolar axisTrue southTrue north The earth rotates toward the east. 極極 軸軸66 33Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)13Imaginary Lines on the Earths SurfaceGreat Circles 大圓大圓A great circle (GC) drawn on the earths surface has a plane which passes through the centre of the sphere

11、 (earth). 大圓以地球的球心為其圓心。大圓以地球的球心為其圓心。經(jīng) 線赤 道無線電信號Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)14Great circleSmall circleAir Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)15大圓具有如下特點(diǎn)：大圓具有如下特點(diǎn)： 大圓是在球體表面上所能畫出的最大的圓；大圓是在球體表面上所能畫出的最大的圓； 在球體表面兩點(diǎn)之間的最短距離是大圓的?。辉谇蝮w表面兩點(diǎn)之間的最短距離是大圓的?。?除了像地球的地理兩極（徑向相反）的兩點(diǎn)以除了像地球的地理兩極（徑向相反）的兩點(diǎn)以 外，在球體表面上兩點(diǎn)之間只能畫出一個(gè)大圓。外，在球體表面上兩點(diǎn)之間只能畫出

12、一個(gè)大圓。Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)16Small Circles 小圓小圓A small circle is any circle on the surface of a sphere that is not a great circle; that is, the centre of a small circle is not at the centre of the earth. 在地球表面上除大圓以外的圓，其圓心不是球心。在地球表面上除大圓以外的圓，其圓心不是球心。The plane of a small circle does not pass through

13、the centre of a sphere. 小圓平面不通過球心。小圓平面不通過球心。球心圓心Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)17Latitude 緯度緯度南極南極北極北極赤道赤道Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)18Latitude緯緯 度度Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)19Longitude 經(jīng)度經(jīng)度南極南極北極北極本初子午線本初子午線( 0經(jīng)線經(jīng)線 )英國倫敦格林威治英國倫敦格林威治皇家天文臺皇家天文臺Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)20Longitude經(jīng)經(jīng) 度度Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)21Pos

14、ition on the EarthThe usual method of specifying the exact position of any point on earth is by reference to imaginary lines of forming the latitude and longitude grid on the surface of the earth. 參照地球表面的緯度和經(jīng)度網(wǎng)格參照地球表面的緯度和經(jīng)度網(wǎng)格,可為地球上任何一點(diǎn)精確定位。可為地球上任何一點(diǎn)精確定位。例如例如: 北京北京 39 57 N, 116 28 EAir Navigation空空中中

15、領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)22The more commonly methods to pass position information by radio include the following: Stating a position as over(過過) or abeam(切切) a landmark or a navigation aid; and Stating the distance(距離距離) and bearing(方位方位) of an aircraft from a landmark or a navigation aid.Alternative methods for speci

16、fying aircraft position.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)23DirectionDirection is the angular position of one point to another without reference to the distance between them. To measure direction, the full circle is divided into 360.It is usual to refer to direction as a three-figure group to prevent any misu

17、nderstanding.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)24Beechcraft BE-55Piper P28ACessna C150The most fundamental reference from which angles are measured is that of true north, from 000 T through 090 T, 180 T, 270 T to 360 T.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)25NMAir Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)26 A great circle crosses successive me

18、ridians at a gradually changing angle. A rhumb line crosses all meridians longitude at the same angle.In practical terms, the great-circle direction and the rhumb-line direction may be considered to be the same over short distances, say less than 200 nm.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)27True Direction When

19、we measure direction by reference to the local meridian, we are using the north geographic pole or true north as the reference. This direction is referred to as true direction.Direction is measured from a meridian.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)28Magnetic Direction The actual direction shown by a freely su

20、spended magnet is called magnetic north, and this is the datum we use to measure magnetic direction.The earths magnetic field.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)29Variation 磁差磁差 Variation is the angular difference between true north and magnetic north. Variation east, magnetic least; variation west, magnetic b

21、est.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)30地 球 磁 場磁 差A(yù)ir Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)31Isogonals and the agonic line.Airport PERTH JANDAKOT 325 51S11552 52EMag Var: 1.483WU.S.A.AustraliaAir Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)32Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)33Relative Bearings 相對方位角相對方位角 The relative bearing of an object from an aeroplane is

22、 its angular distance from the aircrafts heading measured clockwise from the nose of the aeroplane from 000REL through to 360REL.RB = 035Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)34Conversions 換算換算 A Relative Bearing A Magnetic BearingAircraft magnetic heading +Relative bearing of object from aircraft =Magnetic beari

23、ng of object from aircraft飛機(jī)航向角飛機(jī)航向角+ +相對方位角相對方位角= =磁方位角磁方位角NMAircraft magnetic headingRelative bearing of object from aircraftAir Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)35Distance For navigation purposes, the unit of measurement of horizontal distance is the nautical mile (nm). For other aviation uses, such as visibi

24、lity, horizontal distance from cloud and runway lengths, the unit is either the kilometer or meter.Units of MeasurementAir Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)36The Nautical Mile 海里海里 The nautical mile has its origin in its relationship to the size of the earth, where 1 min of latitude is equal to 1nm.1 nm = 1, 852

25、 mA nautical mile is absolutely not an Imperial measurement, although many think it is. 10 nm10 minAir Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)37SpeedAirspeed and Groundspeed Because of the effect of the wind, the speed of an aeroplane can be expressed in two ways:It is measured in relation to the ground, ground speed.

26、It is measured relative to the air mass through which it is moving, airspeed.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)38The effect of the wind on the speed of an aeroplane.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)39BAS（基本表速）（基本表速） - shown by ASI IAS （指示空速）（指示空速） CAS （校正空速）（校正空速） EAS （當(dāng)量空速）（當(dāng)量空速） TAS （真空速）（真空速） - actual speed through

27、 the air 空速表機(jī)械誤差修正空速表機(jī)械誤差修正空氣動(dòng)力誤差修正空氣動(dòng)力誤差修正空氣壓縮性修正空氣壓縮性修正空氣密度修正空氣密度修正Airspeed Indicator Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)40True Airspeed (TAS) For navigation purposes we need to know our true airspeed (TAS) or actual speed through the air.TAS =CAS/ 0Where, / 0 is the air density ratio./ 0Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)

28、航航學(xué)學(xué)41For the same IAS, warmer air increases TAS.For the same TAS, the aircraft in less dense air has lower IAS.TAS 80 ktIAS 80 ktTAS 93 ktIAS 80 ktAir Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)42Movement in an Air MassVelocity The velocity is a rate of change of position in a given direction and is therefore a combinati

29、on of both speed and direction.Movement in an Air MassVelocityAir Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)43Wind Velocity 風(fēng)速向量風(fēng)速向量 The wind velocity is nearly always expressed as a five- or six-figure group; the first three figures are the direction from which the wind blows, and the last two or three indicate the spee

30、d of the wind.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)44Ground Velocity 地速向量地速向量 The result due to the wind velocity effect is that the aeroplane has another velocity in addition to that described by its heading and TAS, and this is the ground velocity, or its track and groundspeed. TR/GS vectors.Air Navigation空空中中

31、領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)45Vector Addition 向量加法向量加法Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)46The Triangle of Velocities 航行速度三角形航行速度三角形 HDG/TAS + W/V = TR/GS航向航向 /真速真速 + 風(fēng)向量風(fēng)向量 = 航跡航跡 /地速地速W/VTR/GSHDG/TASThe Triangle of Velocities 航行速度三角形航行速度三角形 HDG/TAS + W/V = TR/GSAir Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)47The wind side of a typical navigation compu

32、ter.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)48Altimetry (Vertical Navigation)Vertical MeasurementAltitude (高度高度) is the vertical distance of a level, a point, or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea level (MSL).Flight Level (高度層高度層) is a surface of constant atmospheric pressure that is related to

33、 a specified pressure datum, 1, 013.2 hPa, and is separated from other such surfaces by specified pressure intervals.Height (高高) is the vertical distance of a level, a point, or an object considered as a point, measured from a specified datum.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)49 A pressure altimeter calibrate

34、d in accordance with the International Standard Atmosphere has the following properties: When set to a QNH altimeter setting, it will indicate altitude;When set to a pressure of 1,013.2 hPa, it may be used to indicate flight level.Note. QFE settings are not used in Australia.Altimeter SettingsWhen s

35、et to a QFE altimeter setting, it will indicate height above the QFE reference datum; Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)50 The actual MSL pressure at any one place is called QNH, and an altimeter set to QNH (with the altimeter subscale set to the actual MSL) will indicate altitude. QNH SettingQNH SettingAir N

36、avigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)51Variations in Mean Sea Level Pressure The actual MSL pressure differs most of the time from that under ISA conditions,and it also varies from day to day, and even from hour to hour, as the various pressure systems move across the country.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)52 The charts we

37、use for navigation show the height above mean sea level of all high ground and obstacles. Therefore, with the altimeter set to QNH, we will have an immediate indication of our vertical separation from the ground beneath us (terrain clearance).Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)53Effect of Variation in the MSL

38、Pressure Plan and profile views of synoptic situation.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)54 The constant variation of MSL pressure has the potential to cause two significant operational problems. If corrections are not made to the QNH setting the following will occur:Terrain Clearance（離地高度）（離地高度） when flying f

39、rom high pressure to low pressure, the altimeter will over-read. when flying from low pressure to high pressure, the altimeter will under-read.From high to low, beware below.從高從高(壓區(qū)壓區(qū))飛往低飛往低(壓區(qū)壓區(qū)) ， 當(dāng)心高度低。當(dāng)心高度低。Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)55Traffic Separation（空中交通間隔）（空中交通間隔） Safe traffic separation requ

40、ires all aircraft in the same vicinity to use the same QNH altimeter setting.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)56Area QNH To ensure a proper vertical separation , all aircraft operating in the same general vicinity must use the same altimeter subscale setting, the area QNH. Area QNH settings are used by all a

41、ircraft operating at or below 10,000 ft AMSL (transition altitude). The area QNH is a forecast value that is valid for a period of 3 hr and normally applies throughout an area QNH zone. Before flight, the area QNH will be available through the AVFAX system. In flight, the area QNH will be available

42、from ATS. Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)57Accuracy of Area QNH SettingArea QNH values are required to be accurate to within 5 hPa of the actual QNH at any low-level point (below 10,000 ft AMSL) within, or on, the boundary of their respective AQZs during the period of validity of the forecast.The indicated

43、 altitude will be within 150 ft of the actual altitude anywhere in the associated AQZ.Accuracy of Area QNH SettingArea QNH values are required to be accurate to within 5 hPa of the actual QNH at any low-level point (below 10,000 ft AMSL) within, or on, the boundary of their respective AQZs during th

44、e period of validity of the forecast.The indicated altitude will be within 150 ft of the actual altitude anywhere in the associated AQZ.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)58Flight LevelsAbove 10,000 ft (the transition altitude) we select the standard MSL pressure of 1,013 hPa, and with the altimeter set to thi

45、s, we fly at flight levels.Cruising Flight LevelsCruising AltitudesAir Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)59Pressure Height (Pressure Altitude)There are two methods of determining pressure altitude: we can set 1,013 hPa on the altimeter subscale and read off directly the value of the pressure height; or we can mak

46、e a simple calculation as shown below, using our knowledge that up to 5,000 ft, the approximate rate of fall of pressure is 1 hPa per 30 ft.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)60How to find pressure height.Example:When 1,013 is greater than QNH, pressure height is greater than elevation.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)61How to find pressure height.Example:When 1,013 is less than QNH, pressure height i s l e s s t h a n elevation.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)62Altimeter Setting Rules （高度表撥正規(guī)則）（高度表撥正規(guī)則）You are not permitted to cruise within the transition layer.Air Navigation空空中中領(lǐng)領(lǐng)航航學(xué)學(xué)63LimitationsFL110 is not availab