人教版英語(yǔ)八年級(jí)下冊(cè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)(共8頁(yè))

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上八年級(jí)英語(yǔ)下冊(cè)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)復(fù)習(xí)1. should 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，應(yīng)該，應(yīng)當(dāng)，用于詢問(wèn)，提出建議，或表達(dá)職責(zé)和義務(wù)。如：What should I do? You should have a talk with your parents.could 也可以提出建議，比較委婉。如： You could write him a letter.could還用于禮貌地請(qǐng)求，如：Could you please clean your room? 否定句式：Could you please not do sth?其他常用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：must必須，have to必須，不得不，may可能，可以，

2、can能，會(huì)，可能，可以need需要。 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形作謂語(yǔ)。2. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式(一）動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)：to+動(dòng)詞原形或不帶to。否定：not+to do或not do句法功能：1）主語(yǔ)：常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，不定式為真正的主語(yǔ)：It is +形容詞+for sb. to do sth.It is important to keep fit. =To keep fit is important.2)賓語(yǔ)：（1）直接賓語(yǔ)：想，喜歡，希望:want, like, love, would like, hope, expect; 決定同意拒絕開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)：decide, agree, refuse, b

3、egin, start, learn, 需要計(jì)劃幫助提供：need, plan，help，offer+ to do（劃線的動(dòng)詞還可以接doing） 如：Ill help to clean up the city parks。（賓語(yǔ)）疑問(wèn)詞（what, who, which, where, when ,how,）+to do 作賓語(yǔ)I dont know what to say. 我不知道說(shuō)什么。(2)賓補(bǔ)：tell,ask,want,wish,allow,invite,help,encourage，teach等+ sb. to do (hope不能接sb. to do)She asked me

4、 to say sorry. 她讓我道歉。不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)：使役動(dòng)詞make/let/have sb. do（3）用it作形式賓語(yǔ)：I thinkfind、+it+adj.+to do sth 如：I find it hard to learn English.3) 定語(yǔ)：放名詞或代詞后，如：a good way to do, the best time to do, a place to do, something to drink/eat. 4) 狀語(yǔ): 無(wú)固定搭配，常在完整句子后表目的。如：You could visit the sick kids to cheer them up

5、.你可以看望生病的孩子來(lái)使他們高興起來(lái)。5）表語(yǔ)：用在系動(dòng)詞后。My dream is to become a scientist.(二)、動(dòng)名詞doing1). 只接doing不接to do的動(dòng)詞：finish, enjoy, keep, practice, mind, consider, put off, give up, feel like, be busy, have problems/difficulty/trouble/fun , cant stop +doing 2). 接to do與接doing意不同：stop/continue to do停下來(lái)/接著去做另一事stop/con

6、tinue doing停止/繼續(xù)做某事, remember/ forget to do記得/忘記去做某事,remember/forget doing記得/忘記做了某事try to do努力去做某事 try doing 嘗試做某事3).接do與doing 意不同：感官動(dòng)詞see, hear, watch,notice + sb. do看見(jiàn)/聽(tīng)見(jiàn)/觀看/注意到某人做了某事。 see, hear, watch, notice +sb. doing 看見(jiàn)/聽(tīng)見(jiàn)/觀看/注意到某人正在做某事。4). 表示戶外活動(dòng)：go shopping, go skating 去溜冰, go fishing, go bo

7、ating, go camping, go hiking, go bike riding, go swimming.4). 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)看作單數(shù)。如：Listening to music makes me happy.5). 在介詞后動(dòng)詞要加ing, 即介詞+doing.如：Thanks for helping me.3.發(fā)出請(qǐng)求和請(qǐng)求允許的句型Could you (please)+動(dòng)詞原形+、？請(qǐng)你、好嗎？ （發(fā)出請(qǐng)求）肯定回答：Yes, I can. Yes, sure. No problem. 否定回答：Sorry, I cant. Im afraid I cant.Could

8、I +動(dòng)詞原形+、？ 我可以、嗎？ (請(qǐng)求允許)肯定回答：Yes, you can. Yes, please. 否定回答：Sorry, you cant. Im afraid you cant.以could開(kāi)頭的表示禮貌地發(fā)出請(qǐng)求或請(qǐng)求允許的疑問(wèn)句，簡(jiǎn)略回答不能用couldcouldnt,要用cancant4.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。1），結(jié)構(gòu)：=主語(yǔ)+was/were+doing+其它=主語(yǔ)+was/were+not+doing+其它=Was/Were+主語(yǔ)+doing+其它2），時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：last night, at this time of yest

9、erday等；或者與when,while,as引導(dǎo)的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用3），when 當(dāng)、的時(shí)候，引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)；可以和非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用（begin to rain非延續(xù)性），表示點(diǎn)時(shí)間；也可以和延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，表示段時(shí)間。I was waiting for the bus when it began to rain heavily. 當(dāng)開(kāi)始下大雨的時(shí)候，我正在等公交車。When I was waiting for the bus, it began to rain heavily.當(dāng)我正在等公交車時(shí)，開(kāi)始下大雨了。while 當(dāng)。時(shí)，引導(dǎo)的從句只能用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，和延

10、續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，表示段時(shí)間。當(dāng)復(fù)合句的主句和從句都用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，連詞只能用while不能用when。如：My mother was cooking dinner while my father was reading a newspaper.可歸納為以下主從時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)：過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)+when+一般過(guò)去時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)+when/while+過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)+while+過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)4)主從句判斷方法：連詞引導(dǎo)的是從句，另一個(gè)就是主句。主從位置不限定前后，若從句在前，中間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。主句從句各有自己的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。5. 連詞與狀語(yǔ)從句： 1）until 直到。用于肯定句，與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用；not 、unti

11、l , 直到、才，否定句中 ，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如： I studied until midnight. = I didnt stop studying until midnight.2）so that 以便、為了，引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句，且從句常含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（can, could, should等）You should talk to him so that you can say youre sorry.3） so+形容詞+that從句，如此、以至于，引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。 當(dāng)主句和從句的主語(yǔ)一致，且從句是肯定句時(shí)，so that與enough to可轉(zhuǎn)換; 當(dāng)從句時(shí)否定句時(shí)，so that與too

12、 to可轉(zhuǎn)換He is so strong that he can carry the box. = He is strong enough to carry the box. 他那么壯，能搬動(dòng)這個(gè)箱子。He is so weak that he cant carry the box. =He is too weak to carry the box. 他那么弱，搬不動(dòng)這個(gè)箱子。such+(a/an)+形容詞+名詞+that從句， 如：This is such an interesting book that I cant put it down. 4）as soon as一、就、引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

13、從句。談?wù)搶?lái)的事，時(shí)態(tài)要“主將從現(xiàn)”。如：I will call you as soon as I get home.我一到家就給你打電話。談?wù)撨^(guò)去的事，主從都用過(guò)去時(shí)。 5）unless連詞，除非，如果不=if not 。 時(shí)態(tài)符合“主將從現(xiàn)”You will be late unless you hurry up. = If you dont hurry up, you will be late.你將遲到，除非你快點(diǎn)。 6）although=though=even though,盡管，即使，雖然。引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，與but 不能連用。7） whether or 不管、還是, 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)

14、從句。6. 數(shù)詞知識(shí)：1）1000以上的基數(shù)詞的讀法，從右開(kāi)始數(shù)，每隔三位數(shù)加一個(gè)逗號(hào)：第一個(gè)逗號(hào)thousand(千)，第二個(gè)million(百萬(wàn))，第三個(gè)billion(十億) nine million, six hundred thousand 注意：hundred后通常加and,十位數(shù)和個(gè)位數(shù)之間加連字符-，小數(shù)點(diǎn)讀作point,小數(shù)點(diǎn)后的數(shù)一 一讀。2）確數(shù)：基數(shù)詞+hundredthousandmillion 。百/千/百萬(wàn)（前有數(shù)字后無(wú)s與of）如：four thousand概數(shù)：hundredsthousandsmillions +of 數(shù)以百計(jì)/。（前無(wú)數(shù)字后加s與of）3）

15、分?jǐn)?shù)的表達(dá)方式：分子分母=基數(shù)詞序數(shù)詞（當(dāng)分子大于1，分母加s）three quarters=three fourths 四分之三7. 形容詞、副詞的等級(jí)：原級(jí)：只描述一個(gè)人或事物，原級(jí)前可用very,quite, so, really等修飾。as+adj或adv.原級(jí)+as: 和、一樣，否定結(jié)構(gòu)：not asas+adj或adv.原級(jí)+as: 不如8. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（一）：表示過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。 常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：already已經(jīng)（肯定句中） yet已經(jīng)（用于疑問(wèn)句句末）還（用于否定句句末），just剛剛，ever曾經(jīng)never從來(lái)沒(méi)有，before以前（用于句末

16、），so far到目前為止，once一次如：I have already finished my homework, so I can watch TV now.(完成作業(yè)對(duì)現(xiàn)在看電視的影響)（二）表示從過(guò)去開(kāi)始延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：for+一段時(shí)間，since+過(guò)去某時(shí)刻/ ago/過(guò)去時(shí)從句，in the last/past years， how long. 必須與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，如：I have had this bike for three years.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)：1)主語(yǔ) + have / has + 過(guò)去分詞 + 其他(

17、當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)用has，其余人稱用have)過(guò)去分詞：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成與動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式相同：+ed；不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞P136。havehas been （to）+地點(diǎn) 去過(guò)某地（已回來(lái)，）havehas gone ( to) +地點(diǎn) 去了某地（未回來(lái)，）havehas been （in） +地點(diǎn)（還在某地，和時(shí)間段連用）（當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)是副詞時(shí)，介詞省略）。如：I have been to Beijing twice.我去過(guò)北京兩次。Where is she？ She has gone to Beijing.她去哪了？她去了北京。She has been in Beijing for two we

18、eks. 她在北京呆了兩個(gè)星期了?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：1、與現(xiàn)在是否有聯(lián)系：一般過(guò)去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。I read this book yesterday (只強(qiáng)調(diào)讀這個(gè)動(dòng)作) I have read this book. I learn something new now. (讀這個(gè)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響：學(xué)到一些新東西)2、一般過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去的具體時(shí)間連用，如：yesterday, last year, when, two days ago等?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則不能。9、Whats the matter with sbsth? 某人或某物怎么了？ 詢

19、問(wèn)問(wèn)題的其他常用句型：Whats the troubleproblem with sb?Whats wrong with sb? What happened to sb? 某人發(fā)生了什么事？10、健康問(wèn)題的表達(dá)：1）havehas a coldfevercough (感冒，發(fā)燒，咳嗽)2）havehas a stomachachetoothacheheadache(胃疼，牙疼，頭疼)3）havehas a sore backthroat (背疼，嗓子疼)4 ) head and neck hurt 頭和脖子疼（P2）5) hurt yourself 傷到你自己（P4）hurt his back

20、傷到他的背(p5)6）cut oneself身體部位 cut myself切到自己（P2）7）have a heart problem心臟病 have problems breathing 呼吸困難 8）get hit 被打 get sunburned 被曬傷11、不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)：foot-feet tooth-teeth Japanese-Japanese Chinese- Chinese 12. too much 太多，可以修飾動(dòng)詞和不可數(shù)名詞；much too 太，修飾形容詞， too many 太多，修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。13.enough修飾名詞，可前可后，water enough=enou

21、gh water足夠的水；修飾形容詞需后置，big enough足夠大14.用an 表示“一個(gè)”的詞：X-ray, 8-year-old boy, accident, alarm, amusement park, island, interesting book, honest student等元音開(kāi)頭的詞（不是看元音字母）15. with 介詞 帶有，具有。如：hot tea with honey 反義：without沒(méi)有，不帶有：without eating breakfast16. because of+名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞ing; because+ 從句17. 反身代詞：?jiǎn)螖?shù)：myself

22、, yourself ,himself, herself, itself 復(fù)數(shù)：ourselves, yourselves, themselves常見(jiàn)短語(yǔ)：hurt oneself 傷到某人自己 by oneself 獨(dú)自 enjoy oneself 玩的開(kāi)心18. a few, few 后接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)，a little, little后接不可數(shù)名詞；a few幾個(gè),a little有點(diǎn)兒，表示肯定意義，few,little 很少、幾乎沒(méi)有，表示否定意義。19. be used to doing sth 習(xí)慣做某事 used to do sth 過(guò)去常常做某事I used to stay

23、up late, but Im used to going to bed early.我過(guò)去常常熬夜，但是現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣早睡了。20. lonely 孤獨(dú)的（有感情色彩）alone單獨(dú)，獨(dú)自（無(wú)感情色彩）feel lonely; live alone21.動(dòng)副短語(yǔ)接代詞時(shí)，代詞要放中間，如: give it/them up22. So +助動(dòng)詞/be/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ 主語(yǔ) “某人也一樣” 如：I often exercise. So _ he.Neither +助動(dòng)詞/be/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ 主語(yǔ)“某人也不”23. 區(qū)分：neither 兩者都不，either 兩個(gè)中任一個(gè)，both兩個(gè)都，all三個(gè)或以上都

24、。用neither of或either of 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)為單數(shù)；用both of all of 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)。如： Neither of them _been to London before. Both of my parents _(be) doctors24.區(qū)分：三個(gè)“也”too用于肯定句末，either用于否定句末，also用于句中。如：He did not want to lose his toy monkey, _25. 花費(fèi)：spend, pay, cost, and takesb spend timemoney on sth doing sth 某人花費(fèi)時(shí)間、金錢

25、做某事sb pay some money for sth 某人付錢買某物it takes sb some time to do sth 做某事話費(fèi)多少時(shí)間sth cost (sb) some money 某物花費(fèi)某人多少錢26in order to +do (短語(yǔ))為了，目的是。否定：in order not to doso that +從句 “為了，以便于”27. 區(qū)分兩個(gè)“如此”: such+（aan）+形容詞+名詞 , so + 形容詞/副詞。 如：such bad weather; so lovely28、復(fù)合句中的賓語(yǔ)從句用陳述語(yǔ)序。如：I can do what I love to

26、 do and help others at the same vide sth for sb=provide sb with sth 為某人提供某物 同義：offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb.30. keep sb./sth. + 形容詞：使某人或某物保持。 如：keep clean and tidy 保持干凈整潔31.Why dont you +do=Why not +do(動(dòng)詞原形) 為什么不。？ (提建議)Why dont you talk to your parents? = Why not talk to your parent

27、s?其他提意見(jiàn)的句型（了解）Whathow about +doing sth？ 做某事怎么樣？Shall we +do sth 讓我們做某事好嗎？Lets +do sth 讓我們做某事吧Would you mind +doing sth 你介意做某事嗎？You had better (not) +do sth 你最好（不）做某事32. instead 相反，卻，代替，修飾整個(gè)句子（放句首或句末）. instead of+名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞ing: 代替，而不是（放句中）如：He would like to stay at home _ going shopping.33.leave和forget

28、的區(qū)別: leave sth someplace把某物落在某地 forget to do sth忘記做某事（抽象的事情） 如：You _ homework at home yesterday. 34. other +名詞復(fù)數(shù) “其他的?！?，泛指；onethe other（兩個(gè)中）一個(gè)。另一個(gè)；another（三個(gè)及以上中）另一個(gè)；any other +名詞單數(shù) “任何其他的?！?the other +名詞復(fù)數(shù)=the others “其余的?！?，特指35.This thatlastnext +時(shí)間（前面沒(méi)有介詞）如：What were you doing last night?36. 常見(jiàn)不可

29、數(shù)名詞（抽象名詞）：pressure, stress, information, news, advice, weather, pollution, progress37. 區(qū)分：maybe也許、可能, 常放句首；may be可能是，在句中作謂語(yǔ)。38. 介詞：1)against倚、碰、撞、反對(duì)。如：fight against對(duì)抗，beat against撞擊；2).during在。期間，如：during the daytime,during the holiday; 3). among 在三者或以上之中，如：among the students, between 兩者之間，如：the cla

30、sses在課間，between the school and the bank. 4）by 在。旁邊by the sea; 不遲于by 5 oclock; 被，由某人by Moyan; 乘騎by bus; 通過(guò)做某事by exersicing；5）)along沿著 along the way 6）down沿著；向下down the street, sit down39.區(qū)分： whole adj 全部的，整體的 the+whole+cn單數(shù) 如： the whole family 整個(gè)家庭All+the+uncn復(fù)數(shù) all the money所有的錢 all the books所有的書40.

31、 感嘆句：1） what+aan+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+主謂！2） what+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞+主謂！3） How+形容詞/副詞+主謂！_ a long time you slept in the forest!你們?cè)谏掷锼诉@么久！41. 區(qū)分: voice （人的）嗓音 sound 泛指聲音 noise噪音 42. population 集合名詞，人口，人口數(shù)量1）The population of + is 某地的人口是、（指人口總稱，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單數(shù)）The population of China is 1.3 billion.2)分?jǐn)?shù)百分?jǐn)?shù)+of the populat

32、ion are (謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù))90% of the population in China are Han people.3)形容人口多少：big, large, small The population of China is large,中國(guó)人口眾多。4）對(duì)人口提問(wèn)：what或how large 如：Whats the population of China?43.tour 旅行,旅游（觀光游玩）；Journey(長(zhǎng)途)，trip(短途)，travel泛指44. How high/long/wide/deep is .? 多高/長(zhǎng)/寬/深? 答：Its +數(shù)字 + meters/kilometers high/long/wide/deep.45. as用法：1）由于 2）當(dāng)。時(shí) 3）作為。（人）46. seem用法：意為：看起來(lái)，似乎It seems +形容詞+ to do；It seems that+從句； sb. seems to do 47. else 常用在疑問(wèn)詞或復(fù)合不定代詞后：who else, what else, anything el