非謂語動詞的難點解析

1、非謂語動詞的難點1. 不定式與分詞作狀語的區(qū)別2. 主動的不定式與被動的不定式的區(qū)別及用法3. 不定式的主動式表示被動意義4. 不定式和動名詞的否認(rèn)式5. 不定式的邏輯主語6. have sb. do sth. 與 have sb. doing stl的區(qū)另7. 凡表示目的、理由、功能、意圖等語意的名詞作主語時，其表語應(yīng)用不定式定語或狀8. 表示目的、意向、愿望、企圖、努力、傾向等語意的詞后面要接不定式作賓語、 語9不定式短語和動名詞短語作主語的用法及區(qū)另10. (作插入語的 )獨立不定式的用法11. 某些動詞的動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義12. 不帶 to 的不定式的用法13. “ wh-疑

2、問連詞+不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)作主語、表語、賓語或同位語14. 當(dāng)一個不定式被省略掉時，不定式符號 to 常常保存，代替整個動詞不定式15. only too, but too, all toO和不定式連用時，不定式表示肯定意義16. 動詞不定式作狀語其邏輯主語應(yīng)與主句的主語邏輯上一致17. 動名詞用于“ It is no use (good) doing ，" 等句型18. 動詞后跟動名詞和跟不定式的比擬1. 不定式與分詞作狀語的區(qū)別 不定式作狀語時，只用來表示目的、原因和結(jié)果，其位置常常在被修飾詞或句子的后面。分詞作狀語時，可表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、結(jié)果、目的、方式或伴隨情況

3、，其位置常常在被修飾詞或句子的前面。下面從兩者都能充當(dāng)?shù)膸追N成分來看一下它 們的區(qū)別。1. 不定式與分詞作狀語的區(qū)別A. 作原因狀語分詞作原因狀語時常位于句首或在主謂之間，在意義上相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句， 強(qiáng)調(diào)這 個原因。不定式作原因狀語時， 常位于句子后面， 主句中的謂語動詞多是表示內(nèi)心活動的詞， 其后 的不定式說明他們產(chǎn)生的原因。e.g. Being poor in health, he retired at the age of fifty.Lost in the strange city, poor Bill fell to cry.He seemed surprised to mee

4、t us.I ' m happy to hear the news.B. 作結(jié)果狀語分詞作結(jié)果狀語常由 thus 引起。不定式除本身的形式外，還可和tooto, enough to, such to, so as to, so等搭配as to使用。e.g. The glass fell to the ground, thus broken to pieces.The boy is always telling lies, thus losing all of his friends.I consider him too lazy to be a good worker.等。e.g.C.

5、 作目的狀語 分詞作目的狀語的情況不多，而且位置都在句末。 不定式那么主要用作目的狀 語，位置可以放在句子前面，也可以放在后面，常和一些 詞組搭配，女口 in order to, so as toHe teleph oned me, in vit ing me to go.We started early so as to get there before ten.In order to calm dow n, he smoked a cigarette.2. 主動的不定式與被動的不定式的區(qū)別及用法A. 通常，在不定式前能找到不定式所表達(dá)的動作的執(zhí)行者時，此不定式用主動形式；當(dāng)不定式前不能找到

6、不定式所表達(dá)的動作的執(zhí)行者時，此不定式用被動形式。e.g. I have work to do.We found the report had to un dersta nd.He is read ing the report to be published tomorrow.This letter is to be typed.B. 在“there be吉構(gòu)中，即可用主動式也可用被動式，但兩種形式還是有差異。e.g. There are a nu mber of problems to solve有些問題需要解決。此句用的是動詞不定式的主動形式，不定式的邏輯主語可以從上下文看出來。假設(shè)邏輯主

7、語是 we,那么本句可以改寫成 There are a number of problems that we must solveThere are a number of problems to be solved有 些問題需要解決。此句用的是動詞不定式的被動形式，可以改寫成There are a number ofproblems that must be solved.不定式的邏輯主語可以從上下文看不出來There is nothing to see. 沒有什么值得一看。There is no thi ng to be see n. 什么東西都看不見。There is nothing t

8、o do now. 我們現(xiàn)在無事可做。There is n othi ng to be do ne now. 我們現(xiàn)在什么也不能做毫無方法3. 不定式的主動式表示被動意義不定式的動詞為及物動詞時，其后沒有賓語，該不定式一般都用被動式，但在以下場合中用不定式主動式表示被動意義。A ?不定式與它修飾的名詞有動賓關(guān)系并與該句主語有主謂關(guān)系時，不定式要用主動語態(tài)。例如：I' ve many difficulties to overcome. I want a book to read.B. 當(dāng)動詞 buy, show, lend 等后的間接賓語是不定式的邏輯主語時，不定式要用主動 語態(tài)。 例如

9、：I' llshow you the right path to take.Will you lend me an English book to read?C. 主動的不定式在以下情況下也表示被動意義。 1 當(dāng)表語為表示看法或感受的形容詞，即easy, difficult, hard, simple, dangerous,convenient, pleasa nt, in teresti ng, healthy, awkward 等，而且其后作狀語的不定式與句 中 主語有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時，該不定式要用主動形式而不用被動形式。例如：This machine is impossible

10、 to repair. 這臺機(jī)器不能修復(fù)。Patients with some knowledge of medicine are easy to convince. 有醫(yī)學(xué)知識的病人易 于說 服。 2 表語為描述主語的人或物所具有的特性的形容詞，如good, big, strong, heavy,clear, rough, valuable, smooth, sleepy, attractive, beautiful, thin, bright, sour, frosty 等 , 其后 作狀語的不定式與句中主語有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時， 該不定式要用主動形式而 不用被動形式。 例如：The ai

11、r is thin to breathe.Venus is bright to see without a telescope.3在tooto或enough to后的不定式可以用主動式，也可以用被動式，如果不定式有自己的邏輯主語，必須用不定式主動式。例如：The milk is not cool enough for you to drink.The change is too little to be observed.The case is light eno ugh for me to carry. 不能用被動式4不定式作定語并與中心詞有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系時， 該不定式常用被動式， 但也可

12、以用主動式。例如:The greatest thi ng to remember is this.The acti on to be take n is correct.He is not a man to be trusted.少數(shù)作表語的不定式，如to blame, to let, to seek, to do等，盡管與句中主語有動 賓關(guān)系， 常用不定式主動形式。例如：You are not to blame for what happe n ed.出了這種事情不怪你。These small houses are to let at a low ren t這些小房子將以低價出租。A bet

13、ter way is yet to seek.還得找一種更好的方法。The watch was very difficult to repair.4. 不定式和動名詞的否認(rèn)式動詞不定式和動名詞的否認(rèn)式都是在其前面加not構(gòu)成。例如：He decided not to be late aga in.I think you ' excuse her not coming to you.I advise them to withdraw so as not to get involved.I expect you not to smoke here.5. 不定式的邏輯主語A.用介詞of引出的

14、不定式的邏輯主語當(dāng)句中的表語為動態(tài)形容詞，即描寫人或物的特征或品德的形容詞時，通常使用“Ji is +形容詞 + of sb. + 不定式。常用的這類形容詞有:absurd, bold, brave, busy, careful, careless,clever, con siderate,cowardly, cruel, foolish, frie n dly, gen erous,good, hon est, kin d, lazy, ni ce, no isy, polite, rude, reas on able, selfish, shy, silly, stupid, though

15、tful, wicked 等。例如： It was brave of the policema n to tackle the armed men.It was clever of him to find his way here.B.用介詞for引出的不定式的邏輯主語+形容詞+ for sb. +不定式句型。常用的這些形容詞有 :easy, difficult, importa nt,hard, n ecessary, esse n tial, impossible, dan gerous, com mon, unu sual, big, small, tall, l ong, short,

16、 wide, old, you ng, beautiful等。(這類形容詞的共同特點是表示“客觀情況)。例如：It is easy for you to do the work well.It is n ecessary for you to go there.6. have sb. do sth. 與 have sb. doing stl 的區(qū)另A. “ have sb. do sth 這種結(jié)構(gòu)用來表示一個人使另一個人做某事。例如：What would you have me do ?你要我做什么？I have everybody fill out a form.我叫所有的人都填了表格。B.

17、 “have sb. doing sth 有以下用法：(1) 表達(dá)預(yù)期的目標(biāo)，常與表示一段時間的狀語連用。例如：I ' have you speaki ng En glish in six mon ths.我將使你在六個月 內(nèi)會說英語。(2) 與can't或won't連用，表達(dá)不可容忍的情況。例如：We can ' have them forci ng their views on every one else.我們不能容許他們把自己的觀點強(qiáng)加于其他人。(3) 表達(dá)不愿意引起的后果。例如：Do n'tshout! You ' have the n

18、eighbors complai ning!別喊！你會招鄰居抱怨的。(4) 表示說話人無法控制的事情。例如：We have salesma n calli ng.每天都有推銷員在叫賣。7. 凡表示目的、理由、功能、意圖等語意的名詞作主語時，其表語應(yīng)用不定式該類名詞的慣用句型是：“主語+ be動詞+ to不定式。常用的該類名詞有：purpose, objective, goal, aim, fun cti on, reas on, inten ti on, ambiti on. 例如：The primary reas on why the Con stituti on requires a ce

19、n sus every ten years is toprovide a basis for the appo in tme nt of represe ntatives among the states.語 1常用的該類動詞： intend, decide, wish, expect, agree, choose, refuse, attempt, endeavor, plan, try, tend. 2常用的該類形容詞： able, likely, pleased, glad, eager, anxious, ready, inclined, apt, liable. 3常用的該類名詞：

20、effort, ability, attempt, ambition, chance, opportunity, promise, way, time, force.例如： I admire his ability to handle such difficult problems.The manager disclosed his intention to resign.9不定式短語和動名詞短語作主語的用法及區(qū)別 不定式短語和動名詞短語作主語時，可以用 it 做形式主語，常常將不定式或 動名詞短語后移，而使用“ It + 謂語 + 作主語的不定式動 名詞短語句型。不 定式短語和動名詞短語作主

21、語的區(qū)別是：不定式一般表示特定的具體 的行為動作，動名詞往往表示抽象概念， 表達(dá)某個一般的動作，或表示說話者的親身經(jīng)歷。 例如： Transforming raw materials into useful products is called manufacturing.把原材料轉(zhuǎn)換為有用的產(chǎn)品的過程被成為生產(chǎn)制造。Bei ng polite is n eeded any time and any where 任何時候在任何地點都需要有禮貌。10. 作插入語的獨立不定式的用法 獨立不定式與動詞不定式不同， 與句中其他局部沒有 語法關(guān)系，只作插入語用，對全句進(jìn)行解釋，表示說話人的態(tài)度或起承上啟

22、下的作用。獨立 不定式無論位于何 處，它必須用逗號與句子隔開。常用的獨立不定式有：to beg in with 首先to pass to ano ther subject 換個話題to tell the truth 老實說 to speak the truth 老實說tosumto return to the subject 言歸正傳to be sure 確實，當(dāng)然strange to say 說也奇怪 to speak frankly 老實說 not to speak of 更不用說 to be frank老實說 to start with 首先 to summarize概括地說例如：To

23、tell the truth, I donreally like her.to be one justice 平心而論to coneludeto say nothing of 更不用說to be plain坦白地說to make matters worse 更糟的是to make a long story short 簡言之For the time being he is unemployed, and to make matters worse, his wife is in the hospital.目前他失業(yè)了，更糟的是，他妻子生病住進(jìn)了醫(yī)院。To be sure, he is an a

24、ble man 確實，他是個能干的人。To beg in with, we must con sider the problem all-sidedly.For the new country to survive, let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity, new econo mic polices will be required.11.某些動詞的動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義英語中有些動詞，例如：want(需要)，need, deserve, require, be worth 等后面接動名詞，雖是主動語態(tài)，卻具有被動的意味。當(dāng)然，這些動詞

25、后面也可以接不定式的被動形式，其表達(dá)的意義與主動形式的動名詞是一樣的。例如：My bike n eeds repairi ng. (= My bike n eeds to be repairi n g.)The house wants clea ning. (= The house wants to be clea n ed.)My radio isn ' work in g. It n eeds repairi ng.12. 不帶to的不定式的用法動詞不定式有帶to和不帶to兩種形式，在下面幾種場合中，不定式不能帶to。A.在情態(tài)動詞 will, shall, would, shou

26、ld, can, could, may, might和口 must 之后；在 would rather和had better之后，以及在作為助動詞的 need, dare之后，不定式不 帶to。例如：I drather go alone.Need I do the wash in gup?B. 當(dāng)不定式作 see, hear, overhear, listen to, feel, watch, notice, observe, mark, perceive,behold, sense, look a 等感官動詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語時不帶to。例如：Did you feel the earth move

27、?I ' e n ever observed her do otherwise 我 從未看見她不是這樣做的。I beheld the fish rise.我看到魚浮起來。Have Jane come in, please 請讓簡來一下。注意：這些動詞用于被動式時，后面要跟帶to的不定式。C. 當(dāng)不定式作 make, let, leave, have, bid 等使役動詞以及find, help, know 等動詞的 賓語 補(bǔ)足語時不帶to。What makes you thi nk so? 什么使你這樣想呢？Nobody could make me cha nge my mind.We

28、 found some metals melt at the low temperature.I ' help you carry the desk upstairs.注意：這些動詞用于被動式時，后面要跟帶to的不定式。D. 當(dāng)不定式在 had/would better, had best, would/ had better, would/ had sooner, would soon er tha n, would/had just as soon, had/ would as soon as, had/ would as life, had/would liefer than,

29、had as good, may as well, might just as well, more likely to than, had/would rathethan等短語之后不帶to。例如：You had better tell her the truth.你最好對她講真話。I would as lief go there as any where else.我寧愿去那兒不去另 U處。You may just as well tell us what you really want to do.不妨把你的真實意圖講給 我們聽一聽。make do湊合hear speak 聽說make b

30、elieve 假裝hear say聽另U人說起hear tell聽說hear tell of 聽說hear talk聽說let go放開let go of放開let fall 放開let drop放開let fly放開let drive放開let slip 錯過let hand不管let ride不管，放任自流let pass放過，不追究例如:He made believe that he was frighte ned他裝出一副嚇壞了的樣子She will make do with the old typewriter until the new one arrives.新打字機(jī) 至U達(dá)之前

31、，她將湊合著用舊的。I have heard say that he has bee n married before 我 聽說他過去結(jié)過婚。I ofte n hear tell of his exemplary deeds.我常常聽到人們傳頌他的模范事跡。It would be a pity to let slip such an opport un ity.錯過這樣一個時機(jī)真可惜。Assoon as I let go of the leash, the dog ran away我一放開皮帶，狗就跑了。F. 介詞but, except, besides, save 等之前有動詞do或do的某

32、種形式以及 can but 不得 不，只得，can not but 只得，只能，cannot help but 不得不，不能不，cannot choose but只好，不得不等短語時，其后的不定式不帶to。例如：What do you like to do besides swim?I could n ' choose but speak the truth. 我不能不說真話。He will do any thi ng but tell a lie. 除了撒謊他什么都可干G.用 and, or,tha n, rather tha n, soo ner tha 等詞語連接的并列不定式時不

33、帶to。例如:I ' dlike to sit down and have a rest.I decided to write rather tha n telepho ne.Do you want to have lunch now or wait till later?H.當(dāng)句子用“ all / thing / what+定語從句作主語時，其表語不定式可以不帶to。The only thing you can do is wait and see.All he did was press the button.What they should do now is investiga

34、te and find the facts.13. “ wh-疑問連詞+不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)作主語、表語、賓語或同位語英語中，某些動詞，女口： kn ow, ask, decide, discuss, learn, tell, show, teach, explain, find out 等后常用“ who what, which, when, where, how, whether-or 等+ 不定式" 結(jié) 構(gòu)作賓語。此外，該結(jié)構(gòu)在句中還可做主語、同位語或表語。例如：I wonder how to get to the station.They don ' tknow w

35、hether to come or not.The problem of which to select as his successor was quickly disposed of.Are you sure Miss Li knows how to use the new equipment?14. 當(dāng)一個不定式被省略掉時，不定式符號 to 常常保存，代替整個動詞不定式 當(dāng)一個不 定式被省略掉時，不定式符號 to 常常保存，代替整個動詞不定式。例如：“ Will you come tomorrow? "“I' llbe glad to. "有時 to 也可以省

36、略尤其是在形容詞和名詞之后 。當(dāng)want或like用于從句時如,在when, if, what, as之后，不定式符號to常 常省略。 例如：I' ve decided to do what I like.“Will you join us? "“I' m glad to. "15. only too, but too, all toO和不定式連用時，不定式表示肯定意義too作“非常"解時，相當(dāng)于very，常用but, only, all修飾，這時不定式一般表 示原因。例如：He is but too glad to join us. 他很快樂參加

37、我們的隊伍。I am only too glad to see you. 見到你太快樂了。I ' m only too pleased to help you. 我很快樂能給你幫助。We are only too happy to have you with us.另外， too apt to, too ready to 等結(jié)構(gòu)也表示肯定意義。16. 動詞不定式作狀語其邏輯主語應(yīng)與主句的主語邏輯上一致 同分詞分詞短語 一樣，不定 式短語作狀語時，其動作的發(fā)出者應(yīng)與同一句中的主語邏輯上一致，否那么也是不合邏輯的，必須更換主語。例如：To earn some extra mon ey, i

38、t was n ecessary for Frank to work overtime 八To earn some extra mon ey, Frank had to work overtime "17. 動名詞用于“ It is no use good doing ， 等句型 動名詞作主語時， 也可以用 it 做先行主語。動名詞短語常用在以 no use, nogood, senseless, dangerous, difficult, a waste, a nuisance, useless, foolish, fun, nice, hard work, sad thing, a bore, a waste of time, worth, worthwhile 等詞語作表語的句中。例如：It is foolish behaving like that. 那樣做是愚蠢的。It is a mere waste of time answering these letters 恢復(fù)這些信件，只不過是浪費時間而已。There is no use crying over split milk.It is no use buying