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1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上必修一 語法1、 一般現(xiàn)在時1.一般現(xiàn)在時的構(gòu)成形式如下:肯定式疑問式否定式疑問否定式I work Do I work? I do not work.Do I not work?He(She, It)worksDoes he (she,it)work?He(She,It)does not workDoes he(she,it)not work?We workDo we work?We do not work Do we not work?You work Do you work?You do not work Do you not work?They work Do

2、they work?They do not workDo they not work?2. 一般現(xiàn)在時的基本用法(1)一般現(xiàn)在時常表經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或者經(jīng)常存在的狀態(tài),常與always,often,usually,everyday,sometimes等表示時間的狀語連用,有時候時間狀語可以不表達出來。由when,while,before,after,until,as soon as等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句亦可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。連詞if引導(dǎo)的條件從句有時亦可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。 I go to school everyday. Where do you

3、 live ? When I come across a new word I consult the English dictionary. If you speak slowly, I understand. If you speak quickly, I dont understand.(2) 一般現(xiàn)在時常用語一下情況 I.表示日常行為 The boys wake up at seven oclock, wash, dress quickly and run into the dining-room for breakfast. They wait until they hear the

4、 bell and then go to school. II.表示習(xí)慣、能力 He never wears a hat in winter.(習(xí)慣) Do you drive, John? (能力) III.表示客觀存在 The earth moves round the sun. Time and tide wait for no man. 歲月不等人 IV.報章、雜志、書籍不強調(diào)過去時間、單純表示客觀事實(即所載文字依然存在)時,亦用一般現(xiàn)在時 What does the newspaper say?3. 一般現(xiàn)在時表現(xiàn)在(1)表說話時刻,這一時刻往往是很短暫的。有時所表示的時間并不短暫

5、,一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)在時可與現(xiàn)在進行時交替使用 What time is now? The patient is much better now. He is wearing a tall hat and carries an umbrella.(2)表完成的動作,常表示示范性動作,亦可表示宣布或聲明什么事,亦可用來報道一件事,有時一般現(xiàn)在時表示的動作雖實際上尚未完成,但在說話人的心理上已完成,這種一般現(xiàn)在時還用在下列感嘆句中。 Now I put the sugar in the cup. Today we begin to study Lesson 8. The affair becomes

6、 serious. I repeat, this is important. There goes the bell! / Here he comes!(3)用于無限動詞和靜態(tài)動詞 The little boy stands on the chair.(無限動詞。使用一般現(xiàn)在時強調(diào)事實,用現(xiàn)在進行時則比較生動) I wish you every success.(靜態(tài)動詞,此處表內(nèi)心活動)4. 一般現(xiàn)在時表過去一般現(xiàn)在時有時可以用來表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。(1) 表示離現(xiàn)在較近的過去 I come to apologize.(此處的come表示“我已經(jīng)在這里這一事實”) What wi

7、nd blows you here?(2)表示離現(xiàn)在較遠的過去,介紹書籍和電影等情節(jié)時常用一般現(xiàn)在時,敘事文中為表生動也用一般現(xiàn)在時,在舞臺說明中也用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)表示動作。 Thats long, long ago. Then the man in the mask pulls a revolver out of his pocket and raises it. I happen to drop in on her once and you make such an issue of it. Gordon: Its always the way! Tears off apron, throws

8、it on the floor, and exit right, slamming the door.(3) 表示死者言行,如果死者的理論、著作仍舊存在并仍有影響的話,人隨死物猶在時,可用一般現(xiàn)在時,當(dāng)死者(多指死后不久者)的動作與現(xiàn)在直接有關(guān)時 Darwin thinks that natural selection is the chief factor in the development of species. In that letter she tells why she was up there. He leaves a wife and two children.(4) 用于間

9、接引語或讀例句。主句的謂語動詞如果是過去時態(tài),而間接引語是客觀事實或說話人認為是事實時,間接引語的謂語動詞應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時。有時在讀例句中,謂語動詞雖指過去,但已沒有什么時間概念,常用一般現(xiàn)在時。 The doctor said that Im a little overweight. No one is born an actor.5. 一般現(xiàn)在時表將來一般現(xiàn)在時有時可用來表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。(1) 表示最近的將來,說話人說話時動作尚未開始,但即將開始。表示最近將來的一般現(xiàn)在時常和why dont you連用,表示請求或者勸告。 Im off. Why dont you try t

10、he bakers shop on Wells Streets?(2) 表示預(yù)定的行為,即將來的但已事先安排好的動作,這種安排很固定,不容輕易改變,好像變成了事實一樣。這種一般現(xiàn)在時多用于轉(zhuǎn)移動詞(go,come,arrive,leave,start,sail等),往往后接時間狀語。這種一般現(xiàn)在時常與一般將來時連用?,F(xiàn)今有不少非轉(zhuǎn)移動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時也可表示計劃中的未來動作。這種一般現(xiàn)在時也常與一般將來時連用。Be和have雖然非轉(zhuǎn)移動詞,但其一般時也可表示將來時間,強調(diào)未來的事實或早已規(guī)定的事。當(dāng)我們抽象地談未來,由于時間概念很弱,也可用一般現(xiàn)在時。 Tomorrow morning I le

11、ave England. You will never see me again. Today, China faces Cuba for the title while the Russians will play the Japanese for third place. Tomorrow is Sunday. Final victory is ours.(3) 表示將來的從句 Ill wait till he comes. 2、 現(xiàn)在進行時1.現(xiàn)在進行時的構(gòu)成形式如下:肯定式疑問式否定式疑問否定式I am workingAm I working? I am not working.Am

12、I not working?He(She, It)Is workingIs he (she,it)working?He(She,It)is not workingIs he(she,it)not working?We are workingAre we working?We are not working Are we not working?You are workingAre you working?You are not workingAre you not working?They are workingAre they working?They are not workingAre

13、they not working?2. 現(xiàn)在進行時的基本用法(1) 現(xiàn)在進行時的基本用法是表現(xiàn)在(說話人的說話時刻)正在進行的動作,可在now,at present, at this moment, these days等時間狀語連用,也可不用時間狀語。有時現(xiàn)在進行時所表的動作并不一定在說話人的說話適可進行,而是在包括說話時間在內(nèi)的一段時間當(dāng)中進行?,F(xiàn)在進行時有時可用來與過去對比。 What are you doing now? George is translating a book now. He is speaking English much more fluently than he

14、 used to. 現(xiàn)在進行時表現(xiàn)在時還有以下一些情況A. 表重復(fù)。少數(shù)瞬間動詞表不斷重復(fù)的動作(jump,knock,kick,hit,nod,tap,wink,cough,shoot,drop等)The boy is jumping with joy.B.表目前情況We usually have breakfast at 7, but during the holidays were having it at 8.C.用于描寫I am missing you dreadfully。D.用于闡釋或歸納When I say that, Im thinking of the students.E

15、.與狀語連用I am only jokingF.用于從句We are suffering while they are expandingG.無限動詞用于現(xiàn)在進行時,顯得生動Theres a lady in the picture.Shes lying in a couch.H.靜態(tài)動詞用于現(xiàn)在進行時You are not being polite.(2) 現(xiàn)在進行時表將來現(xiàn)在進行時除表現(xiàn)在外,還可以表將來。現(xiàn)在進行時表將來時常有“意圖”、“安排”(但不是固定不變的)或“打算”的含義。這種現(xiàn)在進行時比較生動,給人一種期待感。它表示最近或較近的將來,所用動詞多為轉(zhuǎn)移動詞Im going.(3)

16、現(xiàn)在進行時表過去現(xiàn)在進行時在時間上橫跨著過去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)?,所以它不但可以表現(xiàn)在和將來,也可以表里現(xiàn)在較近的過去。 What are you talking about?(4) 現(xiàn)在進行時表經(jīng)常有時現(xiàn)在進行時并不表具體時間,而是泛指一切時間。這種現(xiàn)在進行時標記生動,也比較口語化。表客觀事實的句子用現(xiàn)在進行時也是為了生動,往往和表經(jīng)常的副詞一起連用。 Whenever I see him, hes reading. The river is constantly flowing into the sea.3、 現(xiàn)在完成時1.現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成形式如下:肯定式疑問式否定式疑問否定式I have wor

17、ked Have I worked? I have not worked.Have I not worked?He(She, It) has workedHas he (she,it)worked?He(She,It)has not workedHas he(she,it)not worked?We have workedHave we worked?We have not worked Have we not worked?You have worked Have you worked?You have not workedHave you not worked?They have work

18、ed Have they worked?They have not workedHave they not worked?3. 現(xiàn)在完成時的基本用法(1) 現(xiàn)在完成時跨在兩個時間之上,一是過去,一是現(xiàn)在。它的動作發(fā)生在過去,但對現(xiàn)在有影響(或結(jié)果),而這種影響(或結(jié)果)卻往往是說話人的興趣所在,所以常常后面不用時間狀語。現(xiàn)在完成時所表示的動作離說話人的時刻可近可遠。表示近距離的,表示遠距離的 The car has arrived. He has travelled over many lands.有時可以連用現(xiàn)在完成時去完成一個以上相互緊接的動作 They have gone to the

19、moon and come back t earth again.注意have been 和have gone的意思不同 I have been to the library. He has gone to the library.和一般現(xiàn)在時一樣,現(xiàn)在完成時也可以用于死者。也有兩種情況:一種是死者剛死不久,生者覺得他還像在人間。另一個情況是說名人。他們雖已死去,但其言行對現(xiàn)在仍有影響?,F(xiàn)在完成時有時帶有感情色彩。在口語中,往往用“have gone(或been) and+過去分詞”的形式。 Its a beautiful place. Your papa has told me about

20、it. He loved it very much. Shakespeare has written most of the best plays we know. What have you done! Youve gone and broken my fan.(2) 現(xiàn)在完成時表示持續(xù)和重復(fù)現(xiàn)在完成時常用來表示持續(xù)的動作或者狀態(tài),也用來表示過去重復(fù)的動作i.用預(yù)先動詞來表示持續(xù),表持續(xù)動作或狀態(tài)的動詞多是無限動詞(live,study,teach,be,wait等),常和since(自從)或for(經(jīng)歷)引動的詞語連用,在一般情況下,這種一般現(xiàn)在時今后還會延續(xù)下去,也可能不再延續(xù)。非無限動

21、詞一般不可用現(xiàn)在完成時表持續(xù)性,但非無限動詞在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中可以使用完成時,因為“否定”本身是可以延續(xù)的。 I have lived here for more than 30 years. Have you waited long? / These shoes are worn out. They have lasted a long time. I havent bought anything for three months.ii.也可用有限動詞表示持續(xù)。在當(dāng)代英語里,有些有限動詞已經(jīng)沖破了上述規(guī)則,在某種情況下也可以與since和for一道的詞語連用表“持續(xù)性”,但要注意介詞for有時并不

22、表示“經(jīng)歷”而是表“目的” The two leaders have met for two hours. Ive come only for a few moments.iii.表過去重復(fù)的動作。這種現(xiàn)在完成時常與always,often,many times,every day等時間狀語連用。還常與含有另一現(xiàn)在完成時的when從句連用,表示過去的經(jīng)驗。 My father has always gone to work by bike. I have often met him when I have been in London.(3) 現(xiàn)在完成時表示將來 i.同一般現(xiàn)在時一樣,現(xiàn)在完成

23、時也可以在時間狀語從句里表示將啦 We are going after weve had breakfast. ii.有時現(xiàn)在完成時可從屬于一般將來時,用在賓語從句中表示將來 If he asks for me, tel him I have left for Paris. iii.有時可以替代將來完成時,以強調(diào)一種自然的或必然的結(jié)果 There is but one more question, then I have done.(問完了)(4) 現(xiàn)在完成時與其他詞語連用 A.與賓語從句連用,后接的賓語從句可用任何時態(tài) Have you found out how wide the ditc

24、h was? B.與時間狀語連用。現(xiàn)在完成時是一個現(xiàn)在時態(tài),所以他可以和包括“現(xiàn)在時刻”在內(nèi)的時間狀語連用,如now,today,this week, this month,this year,always,often等。現(xiàn)在完成時一般不可和具體地飚過去的時間狀語如just now, a minute ago連用,但可與just,recently, of late, before,never,always,often,already,in the past等籠統(tǒng)地表過去的時間狀語連用。 The rain has stopped now. Hes just gone. C.與since連用?,F(xiàn)在

25、完成時表持續(xù)時可與since需哦為借此與連詞引導(dǎo)的詞語(即短語與從句)連用。Since做副詞用時 也可以與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。另外,since從句雖長用一般過去時,但有時也可以用現(xiàn)在完成時。用現(xiàn)在完成時時,since的意思是“在.期間”或“自.期間”的開頭,但其后的動詞必須是無限動詞,有持續(xù)性。但since從句的現(xiàn)在完成時也可與一些非無限動詞連用,這時,它與一般過去時沒什么多大的區(qū)別。 Nothing has happened since. I have met him often since I have lived here. Its a long time since Ive seen yo

26、u. D.與介詞短語連用?,F(xiàn)在完成時除可和介詞for(經(jīng)歷)和since(自從)引導(dǎo)的介詞短語連用外,還可和before,after,during,from,in等借此引導(dǎo)的借此短語連用?,F(xiàn)在完成時也可后接內(nèi)含一般過去時的when(或while)從句。 He has usually finished all his correspondence before bed time. I havent studied English when I was at school. E.與long ago連用。 Shes gone long ago. F.與疑問副詞連用?,F(xiàn)在完成時可以和how,why及w

27、here等疑問副詞連用。也可以與疑問副詞when連用,但往往有反問語氣。 How have you done it?(強調(diào)結(jié)果.如用一般過去時則問方式) When have I ever been accustomed to be treated like this? 我什么時候吃過這套 G.與其他時態(tài)連用?,F(xiàn)在完成時常和一般過去時連用。從時間先后看,共有三種情況:即現(xiàn)在完成時所表的動作(或狀態(tài))發(fā)生(或存在)于過去一般時所表的動作(或狀態(tài))之后、之前或同時。 My friend gave it to me, and I have since kept it in the drawer.(之后

28、) Professor Lin left yesterday for America where a lecture-tour has been arranged for him. (之前) I have climbed that hill many a time when I was young. (同時) 現(xiàn)在完成時??捎脕硪龑?dǎo)一般過去時 I have seen the film. I saw it last week. 有時這兩種時態(tài)形成一種對照 She has made several attempts to get way, but we succeeded in persuadin

29、g her to stay. 現(xiàn)在完成時也常和其他現(xiàn)在時態(tài)連用 Were tired. Its been a long day. 現(xiàn)在完成時也常和另一現(xiàn)在完成時連用 Why! He has only just gone. What has brought him back soon? H.用于時間和原因狀語從句?,F(xiàn)在完成時和一般現(xiàn)在時一樣,也可用在when,before,after,until,as soon as等引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中。這種從句中的現(xiàn)在完成時較之于一般現(xiàn)在時,常強調(diào)下列三種情況: a.強調(diào)動作的完成或結(jié)果 When he has finished his letters, h

30、e usually takes them to the post himself. b.強調(diào)從句的動作與主語的動作不緊相連接,二者之間有時隔 They often play chess after they have had supper. c.強調(diào)無限動詞的動作已完成。 When I have studied a book I write a report n it. I.用于間接引語?,F(xiàn)在完成時也可以用在過去時態(tài)之后的間接引語中,表示說話人相信間接引語的真實性。 I heard you have been ill.4、 一般過去時1.一般過去時的構(gòu)成形式如下:肯定式疑問式否定式疑問否定式I

31、 worked Did I work? I did not work.Did I not work?He(She, It)workedDid he (she,it)work?He(She,It)did not workDid he(she,it)not work?We workedDid we work?We did not work Did we not work?You worked Did you work?You did not work Did you not work?They work Do they work?They do not workDo they not work?4

32、. 一般過去時的基本用法(1) 一般過去時常表示過去某一時間所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。一般過去時常和表示過去的狀語連用,如a minute ago,yesterday,last week,in 1900,during the night, in those days等。用一般過去時的時候,要說“過多少時間之后”,一般用after,不用in。 Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday.(2) 一般過去時亦可與today,this week,this month,this year等時間狀語連用。但這些時間狀語須指過去,絕不包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)。 Did you see him

33、today?(3) 一般過去時雖不可與now連用,但卻可與just now 連用 He went out just now.(4) 一般過去時表過去時還有一下情況: a.用于since從句。主句的謂語動詞如現(xiàn)在完成時,其后接的since引導(dǎo)的從句一般須用一般過去時,如果since從句的謂語動詞是無限動詞或者靜態(tài)動詞,則一般仍表動作或狀態(tài)的結(jié)束,并無持續(xù)性。 You havent changed much since we last met. Its a long time since I lived here. b.時間狀語可省略。一般過去時通常要與表示過去的時間狀語連用,但以下情況可以省略。

34、從上下文可以清楚地看出時間狀語時,前文如有現(xiàn)在完成時引導(dǎo)時,和現(xiàn)在時態(tài)對比時,有表示過去習(xí)慣的used to時。 Did you sleep well? Have you measured how wide the window was? He is no longer the man he was. I used to play football in the street. c.所表示的動作多已完成 ,但靜態(tài)動詞的一般過去時所表示的狀態(tài)當(dāng)然一半未完成,但在一般情況下,無限動詞仍表示持續(xù)的動作。 I wrote a composition yesterday. Why were you ab

35、sent from school yesterday? I sat in the chair and my cat sat on the rug. d.可表示死者的動作和狀態(tài)。在英語中,說到死去的人時,一般借用過去時態(tài)。 -Who is the man in the picture? -He was my father. e.有時有感情色彩 You asked for it! 你是自找的5. 一般過去時表現(xiàn)在、過去的將來(1)一般過去時有時形式上為過去,實際上指現(xiàn)在。用過去形式乃是根據(jù)時態(tài)一致的原則。 I didnt know you were here.(2)一般過去時還可以用來表示未完客氣

36、,也指現(xiàn)在。 Did you wish to see me?(3)一般過去時有時可以表示將來發(fā)生的事 In the years to come, it will be a great thing for a man to say that I died here like a hero.(4) 一般過去時也可以表示過去的將來發(fā)生的事。 They had to leave early ad they started work the next day.6. 一般過去時表示過去的過去(1)表“過去的過去”時,如果不是強調(diào)先后、因果等關(guān)系,??捎靡话氵^去時。這種一般過去時常用于從句中。 The bo

37、y said he was sorry for what he did.(2)英語里“過去的過去的過去”也有可能用一般現(xiàn)在時表示 I was told that she had lived here since her husband died.(3)一般過去時也可用于倒敘在過去的過去發(fā)生的時間。這種一般過去時常與時間狀語連用。 Fang Fang came to the Beijing Zoo in 1972 after spending 6 years in the bamboo forests of Baoxing County, Sichuan Province. One day in

38、 spring, she fell into a trap and was dragged to a nearby village. After a few days she was caged and escorted to Beijing by train.(4)在不會引起誤會的情況下,一般過去時在無時間狀語的情況下也可以用于倒敘 Bessie died. She had a quarrel with her mother and she went alone to HongKong.(5)過去完成時一般趙忠倒敘相繼發(fā)生的動作或時間以及已結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)。而一般過去時則常用于倒敘存在而尚未結(jié)束

39、的狀態(tài)或事實。(6)一般過去時講的原話變成間接引語時,時態(tài)可以不變?yōu)檫^去完成時,仍用一般過去時。 After that, she told me, the hotel went from Class C to much worse.7. 一般過去時的從屬關(guān)系有時,一般過去時是由所屬關(guān)系決定的。它可以屬于現(xiàn)在、將來、過去時態(tài)。(1) 從屬于現(xiàn)在時態(tài) When the ball goes out of bounds, the referee decides which player touched it last.(2)從屬于將來時態(tài) After a good many years you will look back on these early pieces of work and realize that they

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