大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)(2013年12月考試改革適用)-試卷199

1、大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)（2013年12月考試改革適用）-試卷199（總分：118.00，做題時(shí)間：90分鐘）一、 Writing（ 總題數(shù)： 2，分?jǐn)?shù)： 4.00）1. Part I Writing（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）解析：2.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on Mark Twains remarkI can live for two months on a good compliment. You can cite examples to illustrate your point of vi

2、ew. You shouldwrite at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）正確答案：（正確答案：The Importance of Compliments Mark Twain once said, I can live for two monthson a good compliment. What he was trying to convey is the importance of compliments.In fact, all human beings have a need to be seen, ack

3、nowledged and encouraged, and a great compliment is certainlyone of the best ways to meet that need. There are many positive effects of good genuine compliments. For one thing,exchanging compliments with strangers can keep you off guard and warm your heart. Saying things like You lookwonderful today

4、 might seem ordinary, but these few words can turn a grey day into a sunny one. For another, to givepraise costs the giver nothing but a moments thought and a moments effort. It is such a small investment, and yetconsider the results it may produce. Last but not the least, recognition and praise are

5、 positive ways of motivatingpeople. Praising the good behavior and complimenting the person can bring out his best. In short, lets be alert to thesmall excellences around us and commend them. We will not only bring joy into other peoples lives, but also, veryoften, add happiness into our owns.）解析：二、

6、 Listening Comprehension（總題數(shù)： 11，分?jǐn)?shù)： 50.00）3. Part II Listening Comprehension解析：4. Section A解析：（分?jǐn)?shù)：8.00）A. Australia.VB. America.C. Britain.D. Austria.解析：A. Approving.B. Disapproving.C. Cautious.VD. Uncertain.解析：A. Give up his right to vote.B. Vote randomly.VC. Support one party firmly.D. Take polit

7、ics seriously.解析：A. When they are in a hurry.B. When they are forced to vote.C. When they dislike all the listed parties.VD. When they dont want to waste their votes.解析： （分?jǐn)?shù)：8.00）A. To attend the orientation.B. To meet his professor.C. To find some books.VD. To use the computer.解析：A. The name of the

8、 author.B. His student ID.VC. The title of the book.D. His whereabouts.解析：A. On the second floor of the west wing.B. On the second floor of the east wing.VC. On the first floor of the west wing.D. On the first floor of the east wing.解析：A. Because the professor may need them from time to time.B. Beca

9、use they are very precious and valuable.C. Because the professor hopes they are available to all the students.D. Because they are already reserved by some students.解析：5.Section B解析：（分?jǐn)?shù)：6.00）A. She performed acting roles for TV shows.VB. She sang for a local music group.C. She released her first musi

10、c album.D. She joined a music tour of America.解析：A. Best-selling Female Artist.B. Queen of Pop.C. MTV Video Music Awards.VD. The Star of Hollywood.解析：A. She divorced her husband.B. She won a Grammy Award.C. She was engaged and married.VD. She released her comeback album.解析：（分?jǐn)?shù)：8.00）A. It has the hig

11、hest water cleanliness standard in Europe.VB. It has the best natural swimming pool in Europe.C. It has the best purification specialist in Europe.D. It has the cleanest river in Europe.解析：A. Whether the water is clean enough.VB. If it can be used in various weather conditions.C. If it will lead to

12、less visitors.D. Whether the river traffic will be affected.解析：A. To separate the changing rooms from the pool.B. To provide a path to the swimming area.C. To make the pool shallow enough for children.D. To protect people from waves caused by river traffic.解析：A. Environment agencies.B. The city of L

13、ondon.C. The state government.D. Public donation.V解析：6.Section C解析：（分?jǐn)?shù)：6.00）A. The US governments monthly employment report.VB. The US governments monthly tax report.C. The US governments monthly budget report.D. The US governments monthly deficit report.解析：A. Its entirely the fault of Europes leade

14、rs.B. Its entirely the fault of the US politicians.C. Its not entirely the fault of Europes leaders.VD. Its not entirely the fault of the US politicians.解析：A. Introducing tax incentives for businesses.B. Cutting budgets on medicare.C. Pumping more dollars into the economy.VD. Coming to an agreement

15、on a deficit cutting plan.解析：（分?jǐn)?shù)：8.00）A. Living in areas with noise pollution.B. Living in areas with light pollution.C. Living in areas with water pollution.D. Living in areas with air pollution.V解析：A. Heart disease caused by high blood pressure.B. Health problems associated with pollution.VC. Lead

16、ing risk factors for heart disease.D. Blood-pressure lowering drugs.解析：A. It usually happens in urban areas.B. It is known as a deadly disease for humans.Ct could be prevented in many cases.VD.It can be cured in five to eight years.解析：A. Slightly polluted areas.VB. Heavily polluted areas.C. Urban ar

17、eas.D. Rural areas.解析： （分?jǐn)?shù)：6.00）A. The impact of smoking lasts less than 30 years.B. Smoking has a long-term impact on our molecular machinery.VC. Damages caused by smoking can never be cured.D. Ailments are mainly caused by damage to the DNA.解析：A. They checked the lungs of 16,000 people.B. They exa

18、mined the heartbeats of 16,000 smokers.C. They measured the blood pressure of 16,000 smokers.D. They looked at blood samples from 16,000 people.V解析：A. The effects of smoking on their DNA still exists.VB. The damage to their DNA will be cured one year later.C. The function of their DNA has been chang

19、ed.D. The chance of having cancer is still high.解析：三、 Reading Comprehension（ 總題數(shù)： 8，分?jǐn)?shù)： 60.00）7.Part III Reading Comprehension解析：8.Section A解析：When the job market worsens, many students figure they cant indulge（沉溺于）in an English or ahistory major. They have to study something that will lead 1to a jo

20、b. So it is almost inevitable that over the next fewyears, as labor markets struggle, the humanities will continue their long 2. The labs are more glamorous（迷人的）thanthe libraries. However, let mestand up for the history, English and art classes, even in the face of todays economicrealities.Studying

21、the humanitiesimproves your ability to read and write.You will have 3power if you are the person in the officewho can write a clear and concise memo. Studying the humanities will give you a familiarity with the language ofemotion. In an information economy, many people have the ability to 4a technic

22、al innovation: a new MP3 player.Very few people have the ability to create a great brand: the iPod.Branding involves the location and arousal（覺醒，激勵(lì)）of 5, and you cant do it unless you areconversant（精通的）in the language of romance. Finally, and most importantly, studying the humanities helps you6The B

23、ig Shaggy. Over the past century or so, people have built 7systems to help them understand humanbehavior:economics, political science, gametheory and evolutionary psychology. But none completely explain behaviorbecause deep down people have passions and 8that dont lend themselves to systemic modelin

24、g. They haveyearnings and fears that 9in an inner beast you could call The Big Shaggy. If youre 10about The Big Shaggy ,youll probably get eaten by it.A）affection I）enormousB）aware J）murderC）befriend K）observeD）blindly L）produceE）directlyM)senseF)drives N)slideG)dumb O)various H)dwell10. Section B解析

25、：Why Depression Needs a New DefinitionAMany psychiatrists believe that a new approach to diagnosing and treatingdepressionlinking individual symptoms to their underlying mechanismsis needed for research to move forward. Inhis Aphorisms, Hippocrates defined melancholia(憂郁癥), an early understanding of

26、 depression, as a state of fears andlosing courage, if they last a long time. It was caused, he believed, by an excess of bile(膽汁)in the body(the wordmelancholia is ancient Greek for black bile).BEversince then, doctors have struggledto create a more precise and accurate definition of the illness th

27、at stillisnt well understood.In the 1920s, the German psychiatristKurt Schneider argued that depression could be divided intotwo separate conditions, each requiring a different form of treatment: depression that resultedfrom changes in mood, which he called inner depression , and depression resultin

28、g from reactions to outside events,or reactive depression. His theory was challenged in 1926, when the British psychologist Edward Mapother argued inthe British Medical Journal that there was no evidence for two distinct types of depression, and that the apparentdifferences between depression patien

29、ts were just differences in the severity of the condition.CToday, Schneiderssubtypeshave largely fallen out of favor, but over the years, many more definitions were offered in their place. In 1969, theAmerican psychologist Rollo May wrote in his book Love and Will that depression is the inability to

30、 construct a future, while the cognitive psychologist Albert Ellis argued in 1987 thatdepression, unlike appropriate sadness , stemmed from irrational beliefs that left sufferers ill-equipped to deal witheven mild setbacks.DIn 1952, the AmericanPsychiatric Association tried to standardize the defini

31、tions of mental illnesses, including depression, by creating ataxonomy(分類法)of mental illnesses. In the first edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual, depression was listed under the broad category of disorders without clearly definedphysical cause. The DSM-III, published in 1980, was the APA

32、s firstattempt to clarify the definitions of specific disorders by listing their symptoms: the new edition included guidelines fordifferentiating depression from other disorders, and outlined eightsymptoms of depression, included poor appetite or significant weight loss and complaints orevidence of

33、diminished ability to think or concentrate. If an adult met four of the eight symptoms, the manual counseled,he or she would meet the criteria for clinical depression. In the DSM-V,published in 2013, depressive disorders were finally allocated their own chapter. The diagnostic criteria were mostlyun

34、changed, with the exception of one additional symptom: Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, asindicated by either subjective report(e. g. , feels sad or empty)or observation madeby others(e. g. , appears tearful).ESome scientists believe thatthe DSM-Vdefinition is still too vague. As th

35、e psychiatrist Daniel Goldberg noted in the journal World Psychiatry in 2011,填空項(xiàng)1_（正確答案：E）填空項(xiàng)1_（正確答案：N）填空項(xiàng)1_（正確答案：I）填空項(xiàng)1_（正確答案：L）填空項(xiàng)1_（正確答案：A）填空項(xiàng)1_（正確答案：C）填空項(xiàng)1_（正確答案：O）填空項(xiàng)1_（正確答案：F）填空項(xiàng)1_（正確答案：H）填空項(xiàng)1_（正確答案：G）解析：解析： 根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知， 空格處需要填入一個(gè)形容詞作表語(yǔ)。備選形容詞中只有B)aware，G)dumb分?jǐn)?shù)：20.00）能和about搭配，但B）aware不符合此處句意表達(dá)，故

36、排除；G）dumb符合上下文語(yǔ)境，故為正確答案。many of the DSM symptoms are opposites, which can make it difficult for researchers working to develop a moreprecise understanding of the condition. A patient who has psychomotor retardation（精神運(yùn)動(dòng)性阻滯）, hypersomnia（嗜睡） , and gaining weight is scored as having identical symptoms

37、 as another who is agitated, sleeping badly, and hasweight loss, Goldberg wrote.FMany recent studies have verified Goldbergs concerns. In 2000, for example, a groupof researchers at Johns Hopkins University attempted to identify subtypes of depression by studying the symptoms ofnearly 2,000 patients

38、. However, the researchers were unable to find much of a pattern connecting gender, familyhistory, symptoms, and the degree of the condition（mild to severe）. Depression is of different kind, they concluded,adding that the severity of an episode appears to be more informative than the pattern of symp

39、toms. And in 2010,researchers in Germany testing the validity of the DSM-IV definition found that the criteria captureda hugepopulation of patients with widely varying associations with the pattern of co-morbidity（共病）, personality traits, features of the depressive episode and demographic characteri

40、stics. The results, they argued,challenge our understanding of major depression as a similar categorical entity. GPart of the problem, said ScottMonroe, a professor of psychology at the University of Notre Dame, is that in medical term, depression is considered asyndrome rather than a disease. While

41、 a disease is a specific condition characterized by a commonunderlying causeand consistent physical traits, a syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms known to frequently appear together,but without a single known cause. In a paper published in June in the journal Current Directions in Psychol

42、ogicalScience, Monroe called for scientists to begin defining depression withmore precision. It is in this vague andimprecise realm that problemscan arise, he wrote, and vague insights based on imperfect similarities and differences eventually may prove to beclear oversights. HPart of the reason tha

43、t scientists are still working in the vague and imprecise realm , as Monroeput it, is because they still dont have a clear answer for what causes depression. In the 1960s, the dominant hypothesiswas that it stemmed from a chemical imbalance in the brain, specifically from lower levels of the neurotr

44、ansmitterserotonin（血清素）. As a result, drug companies poured resources into developing selective serotonin reuptakeinhibitors（SSRIs）, drugs that increased the amount of serotonin in the brain. SSRIs are still the most commonlyprescribed type of antidepressantdespite the fact thatresearch has shown th

45、at lower levels of serotonin do not necessarily cause depression for all individuals. And in 2010,a review of three decades worth of studies on antidepressants found that while SSRIs can be helpful for severelydepressed people, their effectiveness may be minimal or nonexistent in those with mild or

46、moderatedepression.IBruce Cuthbert, the director of adult translational（平動(dòng)）research and treatment development at theNational Institute of Mental Health （NIMH） , thinks that part of the problem is that researchers have largely focused theirattention on finding a one-size-fits-all treatment that doesn

47、t exist. When you do a clinical trial, youre getting a bunch ofpeople whoare depressed , but theyre actually very different, he said. Its like comparing apples, pears, and oranges.Youre not going to see a significant effect. Youre not going to be able to say, This treatment works for fruits. Tryingt

48、o create a singular treatment for depression, Cuthbert said, is liketrying to create one for cancer:toounspecific to actually be helpful. Our current diagnostic system is running out of steam for research. While DSMhasbeen described as a Bible for the field, it is, at best, a dictionary, creating a

49、set of labels and defining each, theNIMHdirector TomInsel wrote in 2013.JIn 2010, Insel invited Cuthbert, who was then working as a psychologyprofessor at the University of Minnesota, to help the NIMH develop a new framework for defining mental illness. Theresult, unveiled in 2013, was the Research

50、Domain Criteria（RDoC）, a system created to flip the way researchers thinkabout mental disorders. Unlike the DSM, RDoC isnt organized by disorder: instead, its organized around specificsymptoms, like fear, anhedonia（the inability to feelpleasure） , and willingness or unwillingness to work. The system

51、 also lists the genes, neural circuits, physical response,and self-reported behavior associated with each symptom.KThe theory behind this RDoC system is that treating aspecific symptom will produce better results than treating a broad category of illness. Many depression patients exhibitanhedonia, f

52、or example, but many others dont. But if researchers took a group of patients who all displayed anhedonia,regardless of their diagnosis（its alsoa commonsymptom of schizophrenia）and tested treatmentsfor that very specific symptom, they would get better results for treating anhedonia.LThe current defi

53、nition ofdepression, Cuthbert explains, has largely stemmed from scientists observing patients and then developing lists ofsymptoms based on what they saw. The belief was that if you described the disorder well enough, you would be ableto define it, he said.But its becoming increasingly clear, he sa

54、id, that by relying on describing the disorder, scientists are only slamming thesurface in terms of understanding it. Cuthbert hopes that the RDoC system will challenge researchers to look at themechanics of each symptom more closely, and in the process, come up with more well-informed ideasaroundho

55、w to diagnose mental illness. Were starting over with how we think about mental disorders, Cuthbert said. Our current diagnostic system isrunning out of steam for research. Our current concept of depression is left over from times when we didnt reallyunderstand it very much, he added. We know so muc

56、h more about it nowphysically, genetically, neurochemicallyand we should be using that. （分?jǐn)?shù)：20.00）（1）.A particular psychiatrist believed that there were two distinct types of depression which should be treateddifferently.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00） 填空項(xiàng)1:（正確答案：正確答案：B）解析：（2）.It has been confirmed that antidepressants a

57、re effective in acute depression but of little or no effectiveness in mildor moderate depression.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）填空項(xiàng)1:_（正確答案：正確答案：H）解析：（3） .It was impossible for researchers to find similar characteristics in patients suffering the same degree of depressionin the early 21st century.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00） 填空項(xiàng)1:（正確答案：正確答

58、案：F）解析：（4）.One authoritative figure thinks that researchers are looking in the wrong direction in treating depression.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）填空項(xiàng)1:_（正確答案：正確答案：I）解析：（5）.Scientists only scratch the surface of the problem in understanding depression because relying on meredescription of the illness is insufficient.（分

59、數(shù)：2.00） 填空項(xiàng)1:（正確答案：正確答案：L）解析：（6）.One theory goes that seeking treatments for a specific disease is more effective than seeking treatments for acategory of disease.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）填空項(xiàng)1:_（正確答案：正確答案：K）解析：（7）.The definite cause of depression still remains unknown, which is in part why scientists are still work

60、ing on it.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）填空項(xiàng)1:_（正確答案：正確答案：H）解析：（8） .Classifying depression into subtypes has already been in disfavor and replaced by many more new definitions.（分?jǐn)?shù)：2.00）填空項(xiàng)1:（正確答案：正確答案：C）解析：（9）.The definition of depression in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual went through severaleditions over the past