航空基礎(chǔ)英語

1、 A AVIATIONVIATION B BASICASIC E ENGLISHNGLISH航空基礎(chǔ)英語航空基礎(chǔ)英語201408281447353715248Module I TerminologyModule I Terminology Project I Aviation Terms Project I Aviation Terms Unit 1 Aircrafts TypeUnit 1 Aircrafts Type Unit 2 Aircrafts Structure Unit 2 Aircrafts Structure Unit 3 Aircrafts System Unit 3 Ai

2、rcrafts System 1. A vehicle which can fly is classified as 1. A vehicle which can fly is classified as follows:follows:aircraft 飛行器(1) lighter-than-air aircraft 輕于空氣的飛行器l balloon 氣球l airship 飛船(2) rotorcraft 旋翼式飛行器l helicopter 直升機(jī)l gyroplane 旋翼機(jī)(3) glider 滑翔機(jī)(4) airplane 飛機(jī)2. An airplane can be divi

3、ded into the 2. An airplane can be divided into the following groups according to the types following groups according to the types of aircrafts engine.of aircrafts engine.(1) propeller-driven aircraft 螺旋槳式飛機(jī)l piston propeller-driven aircraft 活塞螺旋槳式飛機(jī)l turboprop aircraft 渦輪螺旋槳式飛機(jī)(2) jet aircraft 噴氣式

4、飛機(jī)l turbojet aircraft 渦輪噴氣式飛機(jī)l turbofan jet aircraft 渦輪風(fēng)扇噴氣式飛機(jī)3. An airplane can be divided into the following 3. An airplane can be divided into the following groups according to the aircrafts flight velocity.groups according to the aircrafts flight velocity.(1) supersonic aircraft 超音速飛機(jī) Supersonic

5、 aircraft travels faster than the speed of sound.(2) hypersonic aircraft 高超音速飛機(jī) Hypersonic aircraft travels much faster than the speed of sound.(3) transonic aircraft 跨音速飛機(jī) Transonic aircraft travels approximately equal to the speed of sound.(4) subsonic aircraft 亞音速飛機(jī) Subsonic aircraft travels slow

6、er than the speed of sound but also very fast.4.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroup4.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtotheaircraftsairrange.saccordingtotheaircraftsairrange.(1)short-rangeaircraft/short-haulaircraft近程飛機(jī)Theairrangeisshorterthan2400kilometers.(2) medium-hau

7、l aircraft 中程飛機(jī) The air range is longer than 2400 kilometers but shorter than 4800 kilometers.(3) long-range aircraft / long-haul aircraft 遠(yuǎn)程飛機(jī) The air range is longer than 4800 kilometers.5.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowing5.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtothetypesofland

8、inggears.groupsaccordingtothetypesoflandinggears.(1)landplane陸上飛機(jī)Alandplaneisanairplanethatcantakeofffromorlandonland.(2)seaplane/hydroplane水上飛機(jī)Aseaplaneorhydroplaneisatypeofairplanethatcantakeofffromorlandonwater.(3)amphibianmfbn 水陸兩用飛機(jī)Anamphibianisanairplanewhichcanlandonbothlandandwater.6.6.Anair

9、planecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupAnairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtothenumberofwings.saccordingtothenumberofwings.(1)monoplane單翼飛機(jī)Amonoplaneisanairplanewithasinglepairofwings.(2)biplane雙翼飛機(jī) Abiplaneisan old-fashionedtypeofairplanewithtwopairsofwings,oneabovetheother.(3)multi

10、plane多翼飛機(jī)Amultiplaneisanairplanewithmorethantwopairsofwings, say, threeorfourpairs.7.Anairplanecanbedividedintothe7.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtothepositionsofthewifollowinggroupsaccordingtothepositionsofthewingrelativetothefuselage.ngrelativetothefuselage.(1)lowwingairplan

11、e下單翼飛機(jī)Alowwingairplaneisanairplanewhosewingisbelowthecabin.(2)midwingairplane中單翼飛機(jī)Amidwingairplaneisanairplanewhosewingisanywherebetweenthefuselage.(3) high wing airplane 上單翼飛機(jī) A high wing airplane is an airplane whose wing is above the cabin.8.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollo8.Anairplanecanbedivi

12、dedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtoitswinggroupsaccordingtoitsmission.mission.(1)militaryaircraft軍用飛機(jī)(2)civilaircraft民用機(jī)Module I Terminology Project I Aviation Terms Unit 1 Aircrafts Type Unit 2 Aircrafts Structure Unit 3 Aircrafts System1. Airframe1. Airframe(1) fuselage 機(jī)身The fuselage (or body) o

13、f the airplane holds all of the parts together and carries the passengers or cargo.(2) wing / airfoil 機(jī)翼The wings generate most of the lift necessary for flight. aileron 副翼Ailerons are parts of the wing which are used to roll the aircraft. At the trailing edge, its an aileron. leading edge slat 前緣縫翼

14、 trailing edge flap 后緣襟翼Flaps and slats are parts of the wing which are used during take off and landing to increase lift and drag. spoiler 擾流板Spoilers are parts of the wing which are used to roll the aircraft and to decrease lift and increase drag during landings. Between the leading and trailing e

15、dges, its a spoiler.(3) empennage / the tail assembly 尾翼 vertical stabilizer 垂直安定面、垂直尾翼 rudder 方向舵A rudder is a control surface connected to the vertical stabilizer and is used to yaw the aircraft. horizontal stabilizer 水平安定面、水平尾翼 elevator 升降舵Elevators are control surfaces connected to the horizonta

16、l stabilizer and are used to pitch the aircraft. stabilator 全動式水平尾翼Stabilators are control surfaces which provide both horizontal stability and pitch control for the aircraft.(4) landing gear / undercarriage 起落架Airplanes require landing gear for taxiing, takeoff and landing.(5) powerplant 動力裝置Most m

17、odern aircraft are powered by gas turbine, or jet engines.2.Four Forces on the Aircraft2.Four Forces on the Aircraft(1) lift 升力，浮力Lift is a mechanical force generated by a solid object moving through a fluid.(2) gravity / weight 重力Weight is a force that is always directed toward the center of the ea

18、rth.(3) thrust 推力，拉力Thrust is a mechanical force generated by the engines to move the aircraft through the air.(4) drag 阻力Drag is a mechanical force generated by a solid object moving through a fluid.3. Fuselage Construction3. Fuselage Constructioncabin / passenger cabin 客艙cargo / cargo compartment

19、貨艙cockpit / flight compartment 駕駛艙bulkhead 隔板former 隔框wing attachment points 機(jī)翼安裝處firewall 防火墻stringer 長桁stressed skin 耐壓蒙皮semi-monocoque 半硬殼式結(jié)構(gòu)4.Wing Components4.Wing Componentswing tip 翼梢rib 翼肋spar 翼梁fuel tank 油箱stringer 長桁skin 蒙皮aileron 副翼5.Empennage Components5.Empennage Componentsvertical stabi

20、lizer 垂直安定面rudder 方向舵horizontal stabilizer 水平安定面elevator 升降舵stabilator 全動式水平尾翼trim tab 配平調(diào)整片6.Landing Gear Components6.Landing Gear Componentsnose landing gear 前起落架main landing gear 主起落架wheel (起落架)輪conventional landing gear 傳統(tǒng)起落架tail wheel 機(jī)尾(起落架)輪tricycle landing gear 三輪式起落架nose wheel 機(jī)頭(起落架)輪7.Pow

21、erPlant Compartment7.PowerPlant Compartmentengine 發(fā)動機(jī)，引擎propeller 螺旋槳cowling kal引擎罩，整流罩firewall 防火墻8. Fastener 8. Fastener 緊固件緊固件structural joint 結(jié)構(gòu)縫shank 軸cotter 開口銷washer 墊圈hinge 鉸鏈wrench 扳鉗bearing 軸承bolt 螺栓，螺釘rivet 鉚釘swage 接頭鎖緊螺母nut 螺母，螺帽pin 銷釘screw 螺絲9.Implement 9.Implement 工具工具milling machine 銑

22、床boring machine 鏜床punching machine 沖床turning machine 車床sawing machine 鋸床routing machine 特形銑床Module I Terminology Project I Aviation Terms Unit 1 Aircrafts Type Unit 2 Aircrafts Structure Unit 3 Aircrafts SystemHydraulic System Hydraulic System 液壓系統(tǒng)液壓系統(tǒng)Fuel System Fuel System 燃油系統(tǒng)燃油系統(tǒng)FlightFlight Con

23、trol System Control System 飛行操縱系統(tǒng)飛行操縱系統(tǒng)Landing Gear System Landing Gear System 起落架系統(tǒng)起落架系統(tǒng)Air Conditioning System Air Conditioning System 空調(diào)系統(tǒng)空調(diào)系統(tǒng)Oxygen System Oxygen System 供氧系統(tǒng)供氧系統(tǒng)Ice and Rain Protection Ice and Rain Protection 防冰和防雨防冰和防雨Fire Protection system Fire Protection system 防火系統(tǒng)防火系統(tǒng)Pneumat

24、ic System Pneumatic System 氣源系統(tǒng)氣源系統(tǒng)Electrical System Electrical System 電氣系統(tǒng)電氣系統(tǒng)Powerplant Powerplant 動力裝置動力裝置Aircrafts Aircrafts SystemSystem1. Hydraulic System 1. Hydraulic System 液壓系統(tǒng)液壓系統(tǒng)Among the units commonly operated by hydraulic systems are landing gear, wing flaps, speed and wheel brakes, fi

25、xed-wing and rotary-wing folding mechanisms and flight control surfaces.There are three types of hydraulic fluids currently being used in civil aircraft： vegetable base hydraulic fluid 植物液壓油mineral base hydraulic fluid 礦物液壓油phosphate ester base fluids 磷酸酯液壓油The phosphate ester base fluids are used i

26、n high performance piston engines and turboprop aircraft.reservoir reservoir 液壓油箱液壓油箱filter filter 過濾器過濾器accumulator accumulator 蓄壓器蓄壓器check valve check valve 單向閥單向閥hand pump hand pump 手動泵手動泵power-driven pump power-driven pump 動力驅(qū)動泵動力驅(qū)動泵pressure regulator pressure regulator 壓力調(diào)節(jié)器壓力調(diào)節(jié)器pressure gage p

27、ressure gage 壓力表壓力表relief valve relief valve 減壓閥，安全閥減壓閥，安全閥actuating unit actuating unit 動力傳動裝置動力傳動裝置piston piston 活塞活塞cylinder cylinder 汽缸汽缸actuating cylinder actuating cylinder 作動筒作動筒A basic hydraulic system includes:1. reservoir2. power-driven pump3. filter4. pressure regulator5. accumulator6. ch

28、eck valve7. hand pump8. pressure gage9. relief valve10. actuating unit11. cylinder2. Fuel System 2. Fuel System 燃油系統(tǒng)燃油系統(tǒng)The aircraft fuel system stores fuel and delivers the proper amount of clean fuel at the right pressure to meet the demands of the engine. A well designed fuel system ensures posit

29、ive and reliable fuel flow throughout all phases of flight, which include changes in attitude, violent maneuvers and sudden acceleration and deceleration. The indicators such as fuel pressure gages, warning signals and tank quantity gages are provided to give continuous indications of how the system

30、 is functioning. GasolineGasoline（汽油） and kerosenekerosene（煤油） are the two most widely used aviation aviation fuelsfuels（航空燃料）.Two types of jet turbine enginejet turbine engine（渦輪噴氣發(fā)動機(jī)） fuel in common use today are:l kerosene grade turbine fuel 煤油渦輪燃料l a blend of gasoline and kerosene fractions 汽煤混合

31、餾分燃料 The integral fuel tankintegral fuel tank（整體油箱） in a jet airliner has： fuel tank 油箱 main tank 主油箱 reserve tank / auxiliary tank 儲備油箱 center tank 中央油箱 trim tank 重心調(diào)整油箱 vent surge tank 通風(fēng)(防震動)油箱 horizontal stabilizer tank (on some aircraft)Two types of fuel feed system are used to supply the fuel

32、to the engines. They are:l gravity feed system 重力式供給系統(tǒng)l pressure feed system 壓力式供給系統(tǒng)The gravity feed system The gravity feed system is the simplest type is the simplest type which is still in use on which is still in use on many low-powered many low-powered airplane, while the airplane, while the pr

33、essure feed system is pressure feed system is much complex in much complex in construction and construction and operation.operation.manifold cross-feed system 總管交輸系統(tǒng)firewall shut-off valve 防火墻關(guān)斷活門tank 油箱filter 過濾器manifold valve 總管閥auxiliary tank 儲備油箱fuel manifold 燃油總管refueling receptacle 燃油加注接頭boost

34、er / boost pump 增壓泵tank shut-off valve 油箱關(guān)斷活門engine-driven fuel pump 發(fā)動機(jī)驅(qū)動燃油泵3. Flight Control System 3. Flight Control System 飛行操縱系統(tǒng)飛行操縱系統(tǒng) Flight control is the action taken to make the aircraft follow any desired flight path. When an aircraft is said to be controllable, it means that the aircraft

35、responds easily and promptly to the movement of the controls. Moving the control surfaces on an aircraft changes the airflow over the aircrafts surface.The flight control surfaces are hinged or movable airfoils designed to change the attitude of the aircraft during flight. These surfaces may be divi

36、ded into three groups, usually referred to as the primary group and auxiliary group.The primary group includes the ailerons, elevators and rudder. They are used for moving the aircraft about its three axes. The ailerons and elevators are generally operated from the cockpit by a control stick on sing

37、le-engine aircraft and by a wheel and yoke assembly on multi-engine aircraft. The rudder is operated by foot pedals on all types of aircraft.The auxiliary group includes spoilers, speed brakes, slats and flaps. The auxiliary group may be divided into two sub-groups: the lift augmenting devices and t

38、he lift decreasing devices. The lift augmenting devices are trailing edge flaps and leading edge slats. The lift decreasing devices are speed brakes and spoilers.The flight control systems may be divided into two major parts: the primary control systems and the auxiliary control systems. The primary

39、 control systems are used to control the primary group of control surfaces, while the auxiliary control systems are used to control the auxiliary groups of control surfaces.(1) control surface 操縱面 primary control surface 主操縱面 aileron 副翼 rudder 方向舵 elevator 升降舵 auxiliary control surface 輔助操縱面 trim 調(diào)整

40、片 flap 襟翼 speed brake 減速板 horizontal stabilizer 水平安定面(2) primary control system 主操縱系統(tǒng)(3) auxiliary control system 輔助操縱系統(tǒng)(4) control stick 操縱桿(5) foot pedal 腳蹬(6) control column 駕駛桿(7) control wheel 駕駛盤(8) push-pull rod 推拉桿Different control surfaces are used to control the aircraft about each of the

41、three axes.(1) vertical axis / yaw axis 垂直軸 yaw 偏航 The nose of the aircraft swings from side to side.(2) lateral axis / pitch axis 橫軸 pitch 俯仰 The nose of the aircraft moves up and down.(3) longitudinal axis / roll axis 縱軸 roll 滾轉(zhuǎn) The wings of the aircraft move up and down.Primary Primary control co

42、ntrol surfacesurfaceAirplane Airplane movementmovementAxes Axes rotationrotationType of Type of stabilitystabilityAileronAileron Roll Roll LongitudinaLongitudinal l Lateral Lateral Elevator/ Elevator/ stabilatorstabilatorPitch Pitch Lateral Lateral LongitudinaLongitudinal l Rudder Rudder Yaw Yaw Ver

43、ticalVerticalDirectionalDirectional 4. Landing Gear System 4. Landing Gear System 起落架系統(tǒng)起落架系統(tǒng)The landing gear of a fixed-wing aircraft consists of main and auxiliary units, either of which may or may not be retractable. The auxiliary landing gear consists of tail or nose wheel installations, outboard

44、 pontoons（浮筒）, skids（剎車）, etc., with necessary cowling and reinforcement.The main landing gear forms the principle support of the aircraft on land or water and may include any combination of wheels, floats, skids, shock-absorbing equipment, brakes, retracting mechanism with controls and warning devices, cowling, fairing（整流罩） and structural members necessary to att