英語文章中常見的邏輯關(guān)系

1、v1.0可編輯可修改英語文章中常見的邏輯關(guān)系1. 并列關(guān)系and, and also, or, neither nor, either or, not only but also, likewise, similarly,equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, sameas;2. 遞進關(guān)系also, then, besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more; indeed;3. 因果關(guān)系because, for, since, a

2、s, thus, hence, therefore, so, so.that, such .that, in order that,consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, because of,considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, lest, as a result, for this reason;4. 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系but, however, yet, contrarily, on the contrary, by con

3、trast, on the other hand, unfortunately;5. 讓步關(guān)系although, though, even though, even if, even, nevertheless, despite, in spite of; regardless of; anyway, anyhow6. 列舉（順序）關(guān)系firstsecondlast of all, in the first placein the second placefinally, to begin with tocontinue, first then, on one handon the other

4、 hand, for one thing for another,oneanother, some othersstill others;7. 對比關(guān)系while, whereas, as , / rather than, instead of, not.but;8. 時間關(guān)系when, whenever, before, after, since, as, while, until, till, simultaneously, meanwhile, in themeantime, at the same time;9. 條件關(guān)系if, only if, if only, unless, ot

5、herwise, as soon as, as long as, in case, suppose that, supposing that, provided that, providing that, when, whenever, with;10. 舉例關(guān)系such as, for example, for instance, of (these, those, them), among (these, those, them), toillustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speakin

6、g, namely;關(guān)聯(lián)詞運用實例說明1 .表示舉例說明a case in point, after all, as a proof, as an illustration, as an example, for example, forinstance, in particular, just as, namely, such, specifically, that is, to illustrate, to demonstratea) Many southern cities are growing above the national average Atlanta is a case

7、in point.b) The news about calcium and kidney stones is a case in point.c) Prisoners should be treated with respect they are human beings after all.d) These are, after all, very familiar species.e) It's extremely expensive to live in NewYork. For example, I pay $1, 250 for a one-bedroom apartmen

8、t.f) Many countries, for example Mexico and Japan, have a lot of earthquakes.g) Old English was in many ways similar to Modern German. For instance, the nouns, adjectives,and verbs were highly inflected.h) Weneed to rethink the way we consume energy. Take, for instance, our approach to transport.i)

9、Automobile prices in particular have fallen in recent months.j) His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as (=equally)popular.k) One of the most important stages has yet to be started, namely beginning to fit the person into their new job.l) The issues are in two m

10、ain clusters, namely the safety and the pricing and procurementof drugs.n) We're talking about moneym) The rules make it quite clear what should be done in such a situation.specifically, the money we need to repair our schools.o) One solution would be to change the shape of the screen, that is,

11、to make it wider.2. 表示增補意義additionally, again, along with, also, and, and then, as well as, besides, equally, even,further, furthermore, in addition, in other words, just as, likewise, moreover, not only.but also, similarly, to put it another way, to repeat, then, too, what's morea) They may als

12、o additionally represent much more; they may indeed have a highly integrating social function.b) And again, these workshops will benefit the community considerably.c) Dunne was murdered, along with three guards.d) Sugar is bad for your teeth. It can also contribute to heart disease.e) This is a flex

13、ible and user-friendly system suitable for beginners and advanced users alike.f) Fry the onions gently, and then add the meat and cook for a few minutes.g) The organization gives help and support to people in need, as well as raising money forlocal charities.h) People choose jobs for other reasons b

14、esides money.i) We want the economy to grow, but equally we want low inflation.j) It is possible to make good movies cheaply. Further, "low-budget" doesn't have to mean"bad."k) The majority of Americans increased their wealth in the past decade. Furthermore, the gains were su

15、bstantial.l) A new security system was installed. In addition, extra guards were hired.m) The company provides cheap Internet access. In addition, it makes sharewarefreelyavailable.n) The tax only affects people on incomes over $200, 000 in other words, the very rich.o) The clams were delicious. Lik

16、ewise, the eggplant was excellent.p) Using language is a very complex enterprise. Moreover, there is more to communication than merely putting sentences together.q) The system was not only complicated but also ineffective.r) The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. Similarly, fue

17、l prices havefallen quite considerably.s) Money makes money. To put it another way, the more you invest, the greater your potential profit will be.t) The problem demands a global solution. To put itanother way, local regulations will havevery little effect.u) First you need to collect all the inform

18、ation and make detailed notes. Then you can start to actually write your essay.v) Think about what you owe, too, in terms of mortgages, credit cards, loans or hire purchase.w) Gas is a very efficient fuel. And what' s more, it's clean.3. 表示強調(diào)above all, anyway, as a matter of fact, certainly,

19、 indeed, in fact, in particular, mostimportant, obviously, of course, surely, to be sure, truly, undoubtedly, without doubta) Although it is somewhat limited in its applications it is easy to operate and above allit is fun.b) He got lost and spent hours looking for the station, and anyway it was pas

20、t midnight bythe time he got home.c) And, as a matter of fact, the U. S. Golf Association was delighted.d) Books and people certainly affected him.e) Most of the essays were very good indeed.f) Her teachers said she was a slow learner, whereas in fact she was partially deaf.g) Automobile prices in p

21、articular have fallen in recent months.h) But the reverse is true when an attorney represents a person who is obviously guilty orwhose guilt is widely perceived.i) This is very obviously the approach of some one writing exclusively and specifically forthe young.j) Of course there will be some diffic

22、ult times ahead.k) If a sign were needed that the Internet has becomea real market, the arrival of tax avoidance is surely it.l) Throwing money at the problem is surely not the way to convince people of sincerity.m) It was difficult, to be sure, but somehow we managed to finish the job.n) If we trul

23、y believe we can win, then we have a very good chance at doing it.o) Undoubtedly, public interest in folk music has declined.p) Sally was without doubt one of the finest swimmers in the school.4 .表示對比或?qū)φ誦y contrast, but, conversely, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, on the other hand,otherwise,

24、 unlike, whereas, while, yeta) The birth rate for older women has declined, but, by contrast, births to teenage mothershave increased.b) The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but to provide work for young people.c) American consumers prefer white eggs; conversely, British buyers lik

25、e brown eggs.d) Scandinavian cruises are very popular in the summer; conversely, the Carib bean is mostpopular in the winter.e) The stock lost 60 cents a share, in contrast to last year, when it gained 21 cents.f) Instead of being annoyed, he seemed quite pleased.g) It wasn't a good thing; on th

26、e contrary it was a huge mistake.h) Nuclear power is relatively cheap. On the other hand, you could argue that it'snot safe.i) It is equally vital that both should be mentioned, otherwise a client,particularly a buyer,could be seriously misled.j) Unlike most people in the office, I don't com

27、e to work by car.k) A bowl of instant oatmeal costs about $1.5, whereas regular oatmeal costs only $0. 5 per bowl.l) The old system was fairly complicated whereas the new system is really very simple.m) Schools in the north tend to be better equipped, while those in the south are relatively poor.n)

28、Last summer there was a drought, yet some people were still watering their lawns everyday.5. 表示比較by comparison, equally, equally important, in comparison, in the same way, in the same manner, like, likewise, similarlya) After months of living in a tropical climate, Spain seemed cool by comparison.b)

29、 By comparison with other European countries, car prices in the UK are very high.c) Even when the correct word was given a high probability, there were many other words with an equally high probability.d) Many business people do not know what sexual harassment is. Equally important, they donot know

30、how to prevent it.e) an extremely unpleasant disease which is, however, easy to treatf) Cotton production was on the increase. However, it was still a small industry comparedto hemp and canvas production.g) The deaf children of hearing parents are almost normal in comparison, having everythingexcept

31、 language experience.h) There is often stronger social control evident in the socialisation of girls in comparison to boys.i) Good management accounts separate the well-organised from the rest but are not vital inthe same way.j) I don't want him treating me like Jim treated me.k) The clams were

32、delicious. Likewise, the eggplant was excellent.l) The cost of food and clothing has come down in recent years. Similarly, fuel prices havefallen quite considerably.6. 表示讓步admittedly, after all, all the same, although, certainly, clearly, even so, it is true (that), in spite of, nevertheless, of cou

33、rse, still, truea) The technique is painful, admittedly, but it benefits the patient greatly.b) Printing and presentation should be as attractive as possibleafter all the libraryis an attractive place, isn't itc) I realise she can be very annoying, but I think you should apologise all the same.d

34、) We decided to take rooms in Longwood House, although we knew we could not really affordthe rent.e) We are not especially well-treated, certainly not as well as the locals.f) Clearly, the racial problems in America have no easy answers.g) The fines for speeding are large, but even so, they are not

35、always a deterrent.h) And it is true that after his death she ceased to exist for the world beyond the farm.i) But in spite of the hardships, real efforts and progress are being made.j) A false belief may nevertheless be justified.k) Though employment growth is down, the area is still attracting hea

36、lth care, high tech,banking and sports-related industries.7. 表示結(jié)果accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in this way, so, therefore,thusa) Some of the laws were contradictory. Accordingly, measures were taken to clarify them.b) As many as 2, 500 people died as a result of the

37、 earthquake and the ensuing tidal waves.c) Most computer users have never received any formal keyboard training. Consequently, their keyboard skills are inefficient.d) The cost of transport is a major expense for an industry. Hence factory location is animportant consideration.e) In this way normal

38、healthy people may be tested without inducing any damage in their brain.f) The building work is taking quite a long time, and therefore costing us money.g) Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. Thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty.8表示轉(zhuǎn)折although, but, despite, except for,

39、though, however, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, onthe other hand, otherwise, rather than, though, yeta) You can copy down my answers, although I'm not sure if they're right.b) In the US it is normal for the police to carry guns, but not in Britain.c) Despite international pressure, prog

40、ress has slowed in the peace talks.d) Pen Pros: Except for personal letters, handwritten notes are withering into extinction.e) The rooms, though small, were pleasant and airy.f) This is a cheap and simple process. However there are dangers.g) In spite of her success, Spencer continues to get depres

41、sed.h) Cardew did not join the navy. Instead, he decided to join the theater and become an actor.i) Thus we can talk of a local government system which is different from a central government system but nevertheless interacts with it.j) Reintroduction of food after elemental regimens must nevertheles

42、s be undertaken with thegreatest of care irrespective of whether or not elimination diets are used.k) The hamburger was tough and overcooked. The fries, on the other hand, were terrific, andwell worth the money.l) Stir the sauce until it cools, otherwise it will be lumpy.m) It presumes that reality

43、is dynamic rather than static, and therefore seeks relationships between ideas, to aim at synthesis.n) There is no important theory-based reason why these countries rather than others were selected.o) The offenders were dealt with firmly though fairly.p) They charge incredibly high prices, yet custo

44、mers keep coming back for more.9. 表示結(jié)論as has been noted(mentioned , stated) , at last , finally , in a word, all in all , conclusion, in short , in sum , in summary , to conclude , to sum up , to summarizea) An inhibition, as mentioned above , is rarely used .b) At last, we were able to afford a hou

45、se.c) We finally found a decent apartment close to campus.d) Pop, in a word , is fascination versus meaning .e) It was , all in all , more like a prison than an office.f) In brief, the President plarts to cut defense spellding and lowet taxes.g) In conclusion, I want to thank all the people who have

46、 volunteered their time to ourorganization .h) In short, the report says that more money should be spent on education.i) In sum , we need to cut costs .j) In summary, do not sell your shares.k) To conclude, the prospects for philosophy of religion look brighter than they have done for many moons.l) To sum up, for a healthy heart you must take regular exercise and stop smoking. rn) To summarize, in most cases the schools were achieving th