定語(yǔ)從句的講解

1、1. 先行詞指物時(shí)，用關(guān)系代詞thatwhich在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。 如：He bought a coat thatwhich cost little 他買(mǎi)了一件便宜上衣。（作主語(yǔ)） The car which that he bought yesterday is a secondhand one 他昨天買(mǎi)的車(chē)是個(gè)二手貨。（作賓語(yǔ)） 2. 先行詞指人時(shí)，用關(guān)系代詞thatwho在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)（在口語(yǔ)中，代替whom）。 如：The man who that gave a speech on TV is the president 昨天在電視上演講的人是總統(tǒng)。（作主語(yǔ)） This is

2、 the strange man thatwhowhom I met yesterday 這就是我昨天碰到的那個(gè)怪人。（作賓語(yǔ)） 3.whose在從句中作定語(yǔ)，既可指人，作“某（些）人的”解；也可指物，作“某（些）物的”解。 如：This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake 這就是在那次大地震中失去雙親的那個(gè)小姑娘。 We live in a house whose windows open to the south 我們居住在一所窗戶朝南的房子里。 理清上述關(guān)系還能幫助我們判斷定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)

3、詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。 又如：He is one of the students who work hard 他是學(xué)習(xí)努力的學(xué)生之一。（who指先行詞the students） He is the only one of the students who goes abroad 他是學(xué)生中唯一出國(guó)的。（who指先行詞the only one） 二、記清多用關(guān)系代詞that的幾種情況。 1.先行詞為all， everything， nothing， something， anything， little， few， much等不定代詞時(shí)。 如：There is little that I can use

4、幾乎沒(méi)有什么我能用的了。 2.先行詞被all， each， few， much， every， no， some， any等不定代詞修飾時(shí)。 如：All the books that you need are here 你所需要的書(shū)都在這兒。 3.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。 如：This is the first composition that he has written in English 這是他用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)的第一篇作文。 4.先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。 如：He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited 他談

5、到了他曾拜訪過(guò)的老師和學(xué)校。 5.主句是以who或which開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句時(shí)。 如：Who is the man that is speaking over there？ 在那里說(shuō)話的人是誰(shuí)？ 6.先行詞被the only，the very， the last等修飾時(shí)。 如：This is the very gun that I am looking for 這正是我在找的槍。 7.關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。 如：He is not the young man that he was thirty years ago 他已不是三十年前的那個(gè)年輕人了。 關(guān)系副詞where, when和why 同學(xué)

6、們對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句已經(jīng)有了初步的認(rèn)識(shí)。我們已學(xué)了關(guān)系代詞who， whom， whose， which和that的用法，這里就說(shuō)說(shuō)關(guān)系副詞where， when和why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的語(yǔ)義特點(diǎn)和用法特點(diǎn)。 關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。 一、 副詞where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 1. 當(dāng)先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，如place， room， mountain， airport等，同時(shí)又在從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句需要用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)。 例如：The two lost boys happened to come into a cave where they discove

7、red some very valuable prehistorical rock paintings by chance 那兩個(gè)迷路的男孩碰巧進(jìn)入了一個(gè)山洞，在那里他們意外地發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些非常有價(jià)值的史前巖畫(huà)。 在上述例句中，where代表in the cave，作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。 2. 通常，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的where大都可以轉(zhuǎn)換成“介詞which”的形式。例如：The American soldiers rushed into the President Mansion where in which they found those gold bars美國(guó)士兵沖進(jìn)總統(tǒng)官邸，在那里他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了那些金條。

8、 3.當(dāng)表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞在從句中不是作狀語(yǔ)，而是作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須用關(guān)系代詞that或which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，而不是用where。 試比較： The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that which) people all over the world look forward to visiting 長(zhǎng)江三峽是個(gè)美麗的地方，全世界的人都渴望來(lái)參觀。 The Yangtze River is our mother river where the Chinese people have created the brilliant Chines

9、e civilization 長(zhǎng)江是我們的母親河，中華民族在那里創(chuàng)造了燦爛的華夏文明。 在第一句的定語(yǔ)從句中，visiting是一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，必須帶賓語(yǔ)，而關(guān)系副詞where不能作賓語(yǔ)，所以只能用which或that引導(dǎo)，而且二者可以省略；在第二句的定語(yǔ)從句中，不缺主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)，所以用where作狀語(yǔ)。 二、 系副詞when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 1.當(dāng)先行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞，如time， day， year， month， week等，同時(shí)又在從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句需要用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)。 例如：Galileo lived at a time when the human spirit w

10、as waking after a thousand years of sleep 伽利略生活的時(shí)代是人類(lèi)靈魂經(jīng)過(guò)了千年沉睡之后正在蘇醒的時(shí)代。 2.與where一樣，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的when也可以轉(zhuǎn)換成“介詞which”的形式。 例如： All the Chinese， at home and abroad， will forever remember the date when on which the Red Five-star Flag was raised in Hong Kong 海內(nèi)外的所有華人都不會(huì)忘記五星紅旗在香港的土地上升起時(shí)的日子。 3.當(dāng)先行詞為the time， the

11、 moment， the day， the minute等時(shí)，關(guān)系副詞when可以省略，也可以用that引導(dǎo)。 例如：The moment (that when) I turned round， she had left and disappeared in the crowd 當(dāng)我轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身來(lái)時(shí)，她已經(jīng)離開(kāi)并消失在人群中了。 Do you still remember the day we got to know each other？ 你還記得我們彼此相識(shí)的那一天嗎？ 這時(shí)的定語(yǔ)從句（省略了when或that），實(shí)際上已經(jīng)是一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句了。 4.當(dāng)表示時(shí)間的先行詞在從句中不是作狀語(yǔ)，而是作

12、主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須用關(guān)系代詞that或which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，而不是用when。 例如： The film reminded me of those miserable days (that which) I spent in my childhood 這部電影使我想起了我童年時(shí)代度過(guò)的那些苦難日子。 三、 關(guān)系副詞why引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 1.當(dāng)先行詞是表示原因的名詞reason時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句需要用關(guān)系副詞why引導(dǎo)，此時(shí)的定語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明先行詞的內(nèi)容。 例如：Do you know the reason why there are heat losses in a steam engine？

13、你知道蒸汽機(jī)中存在熱損耗的原因嗎？ 2.我們也可以用for which來(lái)替代why。 例如：The reason why for which you failed， I think， was that you had turned a deaf ear to your mothers advice 我認(rèn)為你失敗的原因是你不聽(tīng)你母親的忠告。 注意：在“the reason why sb does sth is that從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，that不能換成because。 定語(yǔ)從句錯(cuò)誤分析 初學(xué)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，同學(xué)們易犯的錯(cuò)誤歸納起來(lái)有語(yǔ)義重復(fù)、主謂不一致及引導(dǎo)詞的誤用等。同學(xué)們可以先試著找出下列這些句子

14、中的錯(cuò)誤并加以改正，然后參閱題后的分析。 1 The woman which was interviewed on CCTV last night was the late US President Nixons daughter 分析 定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞有兩大類(lèi)：一類(lèi)是關(guān)系代詞，包括that, which, who, whom和whose。當(dāng)先行詞是指人的名詞或代詞時(shí)，要用who, whom或whose來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，并且，它們分別在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)；當(dāng)先行詞是指事物的名詞或代詞時(shí)，要用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句；而that既可以指人，又可以指物。另一類(lèi)是關(guān)系副詞，常用的有wher

15、e（表地點(diǎn)），when（表時(shí)間）及why（表原因）。本例中的先行詞指人，所以應(yīng)把which改成who或that。 2 The main topic people are often talking about it at present is the construction of the Yangtze Three Gorges Dam 分析 the main topic是先行詞，people are about it at present是定語(yǔ)從句，其中關(guān)系代詞that或which在句中作介詞about的賓語(yǔ)，被省略了。所以it是重復(fù)的成分，應(yīng)該去掉。初學(xué)者很容易犯語(yǔ)意重復(fù)的錯(cuò)誤，應(yīng)當(dāng)十分

16、注意。 3 God bless this ship and all that sails in her！ 分析 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與先行詞的數(shù)保持一致。本例先行詞是一個(gè)表復(fù)數(shù)概念的代詞all，所以定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞sails應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)，即sail。句意是：上帝保佑這條船和所有乘船的人吧！關(guān)于主謂一致，有一個(gè)特例值得注意。見(jiàn)第4例。 4 Franklin D Roosevelt was the only one of the US presidents that were in office for 4 terms 分析 當(dāng)先行詞是“the only one of

17、the復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與one保持一致，用單數(shù)當(dāng)先行詞是“one of the 復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與復(fù)數(shù)名詞保持一致，用復(fù)數(shù)。 例如：The Great Wall is one of the man-made constructions that have been seen from space 5 The speed at that the rocket can escape from the earth is 11.2 kilometers per second 分析 當(dāng)介詞提前時(shí)，不能用關(guān)系代詞that或who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，而應(yīng)該用which或whom

18、。這兒的先行詞speed是表事物的名詞，所以應(yīng)該把that改成which，而且不能省略（因?yàn)橹苯釉诮樵~后）。句意是：火箭的逃逸速度是每秒11.2公里。 6 This is a new type of airplane, which parts are all made at home 分析 不管先行詞是指人還是物，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，都必須用whose；但是指物時(shí)，還可以用“the 名詞of which”的形式表示。故本例可改成：This is a new type of airplane, whose parts are all made at home或者This is a new

19、type of airplane, the parts of which are all made at home 7 Anything which exists in the universe has its two sides 分析 當(dāng)先行詞是表事物的不定代詞，如all,everything,anything時(shí),關(guān)系代詞要用that，而不用which，故本句要把關(guān)系代詞which 改為that。 8 Whatever Saddam did couldnt change US mind to attack Iraq, that we had expected 分析 that 不能用來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限

20、定性定語(yǔ)從句。本定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是一個(gè)先行句，即前面整個(gè)句子，所以本從句中的關(guān)系代詞that必須改為which。當(dāng)然也可以用when, where, who（m）等引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，而且不可省略，whom也不能用who代替。 例如：Mr. Robert, whom Ill invite to my new house, is a famous lawyer of our city 9.Recently I have been reading a good book, it was about the relationship between man and nature 分析 該句中前后兩

21、句之間為逗號(hào)，且無(wú)連接詞，故后一句應(yīng)是一個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞book,所以it應(yīng)改為which。 定語(yǔ)從句是歷年高考試題的考查熱點(diǎn)之一，下面就定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)特別注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題加以舉例分析： 關(guān)系代詞which 例1 The Greens will move into the new house next Monday, it will be completely finished A by the time B by which time C that D which 例2 Water boils at 100, it changes to gas A at which temperat

22、ure B at which C by which temperature D by which 析：which 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，在從句中除了作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)外，還可以作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞，常用于“介詞which名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中，相當(dāng)于“and介詞thisthat名詞”。所以例1選B；例2選A。 關(guān)系副詞when 例1 Could you suggest a time it would fit you to visit us and try out the machine？ 例2 Think of a time you were happiest(Senior3,L93) 例3 There was a ti

23、me all scientists were willing to share their results（Senior3,L3） A that B when C which D where 析：當(dāng)先行詞為a time(一段時(shí)間)時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞常用when，而不采用that，故以上例題均選B。在我們課本中類(lèi)似的句子還有：This was at a time when there was no radio, TV or cinema(Senior2,L70) Its about a time when there were black slaves in North America(S

24、enior1,L53) 關(guān)系代詞but 例：There is no one wishes peace A who B but C that D whom 析：本題句意為“沒(méi)有人不希望和平。”but作關(guān)系代詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。but相當(dāng)于who that dont doesnt，but本身含有否定意義。故本題選B。 定語(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句及其他從句的混合 例1 It was in the small house was built with stones by his father he spent his childhood A which that B that where C which w

25、hich D where that 析：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，本句的主句為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，第一空應(yīng)由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞house。故本題選A。 例2 The meeting was put off, was exactly we wanted A whichwhich B as that C whichwhat D it that 析：由題意可知，第一空應(yīng)由關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，第二空應(yīng)由what引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。故本題選C。 練習(xí)： 從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。 1.Dont call between 12 oclock and 1 oclock

26、, I am usually having lunch A at which B during which time C by which time D by which 2. The song is so popular there is no one in our class likes it A that who B that but C which who D which but 3.It is such a good place everybody wants to visit it is well-known all over the world A which that B as

27、 as C as that D that as 4 We are living in an age many things are done on computer(北京2003春) Awhich Bthat Cwhose Dwhen Key:14BBCD 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和主句之間常用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，它與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，只對(duì)先行詞作補(bǔ)充或附加說(shuō)明，如省略，也不影響主句意思的表達(dá)。如：Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses上述例子作如下改動(dòng)，句子意思仍然完整： Water has many uses 一、 關(guān)于引導(dǎo)非限制性定

28、語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞，須注意以下三點(diǎn)： 1.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞在指物時(shí)，只能用which，而不能用that；關(guān)系代詞which既可指代先行詞，也可指代前面整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容。 如：He lives in Weifang, which is only an hours ride from here (關(guān)系代詞 which 在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，指代主句中的 Weifang。) I have lost my pen, which I like very much (關(guān)系代詞which在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，指代主句中的pen。) New Concept English is intended for

29、 foreign students, which is known to all of us (關(guān)系代詞which 在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，指代整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容。) 2.關(guān)系代詞 which 和as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別：as 有“正如” 、“就像” 的意思， 而which沒(méi)有；as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，可以放在主句之前或之后；而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后。 如：As is known to all, he is the best student in our class (as 指代整個(gè)主句，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。) He opposed

30、the idea, as could be expected (as指代整個(gè)主句，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。) 常用的這種句式有：as we all know, as is known to all, as is said above, as is already mentioned above, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等。 3.在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，修飾人并在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用關(guān)系代詞who, 作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)用關(guān)系代詞whom。 如：Our guide, who was a French Canadian, was an

31、excellent cook She is like Miss Carter, whom I used to meet in Boston 二、 在下列情況下必須使用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 1.當(dāng)先行詞為專(zhuān)有名詞或球類(lèi)、疾病、學(xué)科等獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物時(shí)。 如： He caught SARS, which threatened people a lot They will fly to Paris, where they plan to stay two or three days Football, which is now played in over 100 countries, is the mo

32、st popular game in the world 2.當(dāng)主句內(nèi)容完整，先行詞意義明確時(shí)。 如：His house, which was finished only a month ago, was burnt down to the ground last night We will put off the outing until next week, when we wont be so busy 3.當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句修飾整個(gè)主句時(shí)。 如：They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them The

33、y moved the fallen tree, which took them a long time 4.當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句修飾主句中的一部分時(shí)。 如：She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was 5.當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句由“代詞數(shù)詞名詞形容詞比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)等of whichwhom”引導(dǎo)時(shí)。 如：China has hundreds of islands off its southeast coast, the largest of which is Taiwan Chaplin directed a lar

34、ge number of films, most of which were silent 一、 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別 限制性定語(yǔ)從句，顧名思義，是對(duì)先行詞從本質(zhì)或特征上進(jìn)行限制的一種定語(yǔ)從句，它所修飾的詞代表一個(gè)（些）或一類(lèi)特定的人或事、物。例如：A man who doesnt want to learn from others cant achieve much 一個(gè)不向別人學(xué)習(xí)的人是不能指望有多大成就的。 A man被限定后，指一類(lèi)特定的人。 限制性定語(yǔ)從句是不能去掉的，否則剩下的部分就失去意義而不能成立。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句則不然，它只對(duì)所修飾的詞作進(jìn)一步的說(shuō)明，去掉之

35、后并不影響整個(gè)句子的含義。在形式上，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與主句之 間通常必須有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。 例如：Finally we visited the Giant Yangtze Gorges Dam， which is the greatest key water control project in the world at present 最后我們參觀了長(zhǎng)江三峽大壩，它是目前世界上最大的水利樞紐工程。 本句若去掉定語(yǔ)從句，主句部分的含義仍然完整。歷年的高考題中，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是出現(xiàn)頻率最高的考點(diǎn)之一，因此值得我們注意。 二、 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的which可以指代前面的先行詞，也可以指代前面整個(gè)句子。 例如：That Peter will marry Alice， which has not been announced yet， has spread around 彼特要娶愛(ài)麗斯這件事還沒(méi)宣布，卻已被傳得沸沸揚(yáng)揚(yáng)。 句子中的which指代“彼特要娶愛(ài)麗斯”這件事。 三、 除which外，還可用when， where， who，whom等關(guān)系副詞或關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。 例如：After graduation， I decided to stay in Chongqing， where I spent my childhood and four years of colleg