2019屆二輪復(fù)習(xí)高考英語(yǔ)新聞?lì)愰喿x做題技巧(8頁(yè)word版)

1、2019 屆二輪復(fù)習(xí)高考英語(yǔ)新聞?lì)愰喿x做題技巧01文體特點(diǎn)1. 新聞?lì)愇恼碌恼Z(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)題導(dǎo)語(yǔ)正文結(jié)語(yǔ)2. 新聞?lì)愇恼碌奈捏w風(fēng)格短小精煉（常用代詞）&客觀真實(shí)（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和間接引語(yǔ)的使用）02 命題特點(diǎn)1. 考查新聞事件的六要素，題型主要為細(xì)節(jié)題2. 考查對(duì)新聞事件的觀點(diǎn)，題型主要為觀點(diǎn)推斷題3. 考查語(yǔ)篇銜接，推斷某一特定詞或者短語(yǔ)的指代內(nèi)容，題型主要為指代、推斷題4. 概括主旨，題型主要為主題歸納題03 策略技巧1. 研讀導(dǎo)語(yǔ)，確定中心人物或者事件，把握主題2. 直接讀題，判斷題目類型3. 根據(jù)不同題型，采用不同定位方式查找信息備考建議04 文體特點(diǎn)新聞?lì)愇恼碌恼Z(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)首先， 我們來(lái)談

2、談高考新聞?lì)愇恼碌恼Z(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)。新聞報(bào)道一般來(lái)說(shuō)由四個(gè)部分構(gòu)成：標(biāo)題 （headline） 、導(dǎo)語(yǔ) （lead） ，正文 （body） 和結(jié)語(yǔ)（ending ）。標(biāo)題通常起著提綱挈領(lǐng)、吸引受眾的作用，被視為新聞的“眼睛”；導(dǎo)語(yǔ)概括通篇，旨在導(dǎo)讀， 被視為新聞的“靈魂”； 正文則具體描寫，被視為新聞的“軀干”; 結(jié)語(yǔ)總結(jié)概括，重申主題或者升華主題。一篇新聞報(bào)道首要吸引人注意的部分是它的標(biāo)題。英語(yǔ)新聞報(bào)道的標(biāo)題力求用一句話來(lái)概括整個(gè)新聞的內(nèi)容。因?yàn)闃?biāo)題揭示的是新聞最主要的、讀者最關(guān)心的核心內(nèi)容。如：Whale 'saves' biologist from shark 。從這個(gè)標(biāo)題中我們

3、可以知道文章的核心事件是一頭鯨從一只鯊魚口中救出了一位生物學(xué)家，一下子激起了讀者的好奇心，忍不住繼續(xù)向下閱讀。然而近年來(lái)高考新聞?lì)愇恼乱话汶[去標(biāo)題，卻在設(shè)題時(shí)要求考生自擬標(biāo)題，考查學(xué)生對(duì)文章的概括能力，有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)，實(shí)際上提升了對(duì)學(xué)生閱讀能力的要求。新聞的開(kāi)篇是導(dǎo)語(yǔ)部分。導(dǎo)語(yǔ)部分是用一段有趣的軼聞或者新聞中關(guān)鍵的事實(shí)引出整個(gè)文章的主題（Theme ,使讀者能夠獲取最具價(jià)值的信息，并有興趣繼續(xù)讀下去。 英語(yǔ)新聞的導(dǎo)語(yǔ)常占據(jù)一則新聞的第一自然段，最多不超過(guò)三個(gè)自然段，能全部或部分回答 Who What、When Where Why Howl問(wèn)題。正文是新聞報(bào)道的重要組成部分，其作用是補(bǔ)

4、充核心人物或者對(duì)核心事件進(jìn)行展開(kāi)、解釋和補(bǔ)充，或者是對(duì)導(dǎo)語(yǔ)所設(shè)懸念的解答。正文部分會(huì)采用事實(shí)、趣事、引語(yǔ)等各種消息來(lái)源來(lái)支持主題。我們將這種新聞結(jié)構(gòu)比作“沙漏”， 正文中的每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)就像沙漏中的沙子一樣，無(wú)論文章是采用正敘還是倒敘的手法，沙漏中的沙子都是圍繞導(dǎo)語(yǔ)中揭示的主題來(lái)展開(kāi)的，都會(huì)落在沙漏的容器里。結(jié)語(yǔ)一般比較簡(jiǎn)潔，有時(shí)受制于篇幅還會(huì)省略，主要作用是重申主題。接下來(lái)，筆者就以2017年浙江閱讀理解的C篇為例說(shuō)明新聞?lì)愇恼碌恼Z(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)（為了說(shuō)明的需要，每段段首加了段落標(biāo)記）。1） FLORENCEtaly - Svetlana Cojochru feels hurt. The Moldova

5、n has lived here seven years as a caregiver to Italian kids and the elderly, but in order to stay she's had to prove her language skills by taking a test which requires her to write a postcard to an imaginary friend and answer a fictional job ad.2） Italy is the latest Western European country tr

6、ying to control a growing immigrant （移民） population by demanding language skills in exchange forwork permits, or in some cases, citizenship 3） Some immigrant advocates worry that as hard financial times make it more difficult for natives to keep jobs, such measures will become more a vehicle for int

7、olerance than integration （融合 ）. Others say it's onlynatural that newcomers learn the language of their host nation , seeing it as a condition to ensure they can contribute to society4） Other European countries laid downa similar requirement for immigrants, and someterms are even tougher. The go

8、vernments argue that this will help foreigners better join the society and promote understanding across cultures.5） Italy, which has a muchweaker tradition of immigration, has witnessed a sharp increase in immigration in recent years. In 1990, immigrants numbered some 1.14 million out of Italy's

9、 then 56.7 million people, or about 2 percent. At the start of this year, foreigners living in Italy amounted to 4.56 million of a total population of 60.6 million, or 7.5percent, with immigrants' children accounting for an ever larger percentage of births in Italy.6） Cojochru, the Moldovan care

10、giver, hoped obtaining permanent residence （ 居住權(quán) ） would help her bring her two children to Italy; they live with her sister in Moldova, where salaries are amongthe lowest in Europe. She was skeptical that the language requirement would encourage integration.7） Italians always “ see me as a foreigne

11、r ” , an outsider, even though she's stayed in the country for years and can speak the local language fluently, she said.28. Why does Cojochru have to take a language test? （ 細(xì)節(jié)題 ）A. To continue to stay in Italy B. To teach her children ItalianC. To find a better job in ItalyD. To better mix wit

12、h the Italians 29. Some people worry that the new language requirement may . （觀點(diǎn)推斷題）A. reduce Italy's population quicklyB. cause conflicts among peopleC. lead to financial difficultiesD. put pressure on schools30. What do we know about Cojochru? （細(xì)節(jié)題）A She lives with her sister now in ItalyB She

13、 enjoys learning the Italian language C She speaks Italian well enough for her job D She wishes to go back to her home country 經(jīng)過(guò)搜索，筆者找到本文的出處是 中子菜單politics 欄目下有關(guān)immigration debate 的一篇報(bào)道，標(biāo)題為Italy makes immigrantsspeak Italian 。其實(shí)從標(biāo)題就可以看出文章的中心事件和人物。文章的內(nèi)容符合新聞?lì)愇恼碌牡湫徒Y(jié)構(gòu)，第一段和第二段為導(dǎo)語(yǔ)部分，一句“ Svetlana Cojochru

14、feels hurt ”吸引力很強(qiáng)，通過(guò) Svetlana Cojochru 的遭遇引出所要報(bào)道的主題，即第二段的意大利對(duì)移民新增了語(yǔ)言技能考試的要求，讓讀者忍不住想要了解該移民政策的影響。第三至第五段為主體部分，從意大利自身的背景分析實(shí)施這一移民政策的原因以及人們對(duì)這一政策持有的不同意見(jiàn)。第六和第七段是結(jié)語(yǔ)，再回到導(dǎo)語(yǔ)中的主人公的想法及對(duì)這一政策的感受，形成首尾呼應(yīng)。新聞的時(shí)效性和鮮活性也決定了其采用的與眾不同的文體風(fēng)格。首先， 新聞是短小精練的，要在區(qū)區(qū)幾百個(gè)字的文章中包含新聞事件的諸多元素，時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，人物，起因，過(guò)程和結(jié)局已屬不易。有時(shí)為了讓讀者能夠更好地了解新聞事件，記者還要補(bǔ)充很多

15、的背景信息。為了控制文章的篇幅，而又能完整地傳遞信息，記者會(huì)使用很多的語(yǔ)篇黏連手段，其中用的最普遍就是采用代詞，指代前文中講述過(guò)的細(xì)節(jié)或者下文中即將提到的細(xì)節(jié)，這類詞主要是this,that , it , they, which, who 等?？忌枰_理解這些代詞所指代的內(nèi)容，避免誤解文章中的某些細(xì)節(jié)。其次，從句法來(lái)看，由于新聞報(bào)道注重事實(shí)本身，強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀性，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)占有一定的比重。為了反映事實(shí)的真實(shí)性，讓讀者聽(tīng)到“原聲”， 以體現(xiàn)記者報(bào)道的客觀性， 正文多使用直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)，而在使用直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，為了凸顯新聞內(nèi)容，記者傾向于使用“掉尾句”，即把說(shuō)話人或信息來(lái)源放在句尾，如： A

16、t least 77 people were killed and 115 others injured, the Civil Defense chief said.新聞?lì)愇恼碌奈捏w風(fēng)格命題特點(diǎn)考查新聞事件的六要素，題型主要為細(xì)節(jié)題從2017年浙江卷閱讀C篇我們可以看出，命題人命題時(shí)主要考查的是新聞事件相關(guān)的重要細(xì)節(jié)。此類型的題目多出自文章導(dǎo)語(yǔ)和主體部分。如第 28 題就是詢問(wèn)Cojochru 參加語(yǔ)言測(cè)試的起因，第30 題就是詢問(wèn)事件所涉及的核心人物Cojochru 的個(gè)人細(xì)節(jié)。又如 2017 年全國(guó)卷I 的 C 篇第 28 題“ Why did UNESCO set April 30 as

17、International Jazz Day? ”、 2017 年全國(guó)卷III 的 B 篇第 25 題“ Why was TheLast Picture show put on? ”和第 26 題“ What will prob ably happen to the building? ”這類題型的難度相對(duì)不大，得分率高。高考試卷的命題也要求學(xué)生在閱讀時(shí)區(qū)分事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)，學(xué)會(huì)總結(jié)和概括人們對(duì)新聞事件的觀點(diǎn)，這也符合核心素養(yǎng)培養(yǎng)框架的要求，有利于學(xué)生文化品格的提升。如2017年浙江卷閱讀C篇29題就是詢問(wèn)人們對(duì)此類移民語(yǔ)言測(cè)試的態(tài)度以及持 這種態(tài)度的原因。再比如2017年全國(guó)卷I的C篇的第30題“

18、What can weinfer about Moran's opinion on jazz? ”和 2017 年天津卷C 篇的第 48 題“ What doconsumers think of the operation of driverless cars?” ，都是詢問(wèn)新聞事件涉及的特定群體對(duì)該事件的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。這類題型因?yàn)樯婕瓣U述人們的觀點(diǎn)以及支撐細(xì)節(jié)，有時(shí)可能跨越幾個(gè)段落，所以難度較大?？疾閷?duì)新聞事件的觀點(diǎn)，題型主要為觀點(diǎn)推斷題考查語(yǔ)篇銜接，推斷指代內(nèi)容題型主要為指代、推斷題新聞的篇幅有限，決定了寫作中作者會(huì)使用很多的語(yǔ)篇銜接手段，而其中高考考查最多的是指稱。如2016年全國(guó)

19、卷II的C篇第30題“What does the underlin ed 'it' in Paragraph 2 refer to” 和 2017年天津卷 C篇第 46題 “What does the phrase “ death valley ” in Paragraph 2 refer to ”就是要求學(xué)生具備語(yǔ)篇意識(shí)， 了解上下行文中意義的銜接，通過(guò)理解其中代詞或者名詞所指的確切含義，從而準(zhǔn)確理解全文。這類題型要求學(xué)生掌握新聞寫作行文的技巧。正如在新聞?lì)愇恼抡Z(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)中所闡述的那樣，高考在新聞?lì)愇恼略O(shè)題時(shí)往往故意隱去文章標(biāo)題，要求學(xué)生在了解新聞事件的各種信息后匯總，擬出一個(gè)

20、能概括新聞事件主要內(nèi)容和吸引人眼球的標(biāo)題。例如，2017年天津卷C篇的第50題“What could be the best title for the passage?” 和 2017 年全國(guó)卷 I 的 C篇第 31題“ Which of the following can be the best title for the text? ”正是 要求學(xué)生擬出標(biāo)題。這類題目需要考生重視導(dǎo)語(yǔ)以及結(jié)尾的關(guān)鍵信息。概括主旨，題型主要為主題歸納題策略技巧綜合新聞?lì)愇恼碌恼Z(yǔ)篇特征和高考命題特點(diǎn)，筆者認(rèn)為完成新聞?lì)愰喿x理解可以采用以下閱讀步驟和閱讀策略。研讀導(dǎo)語(yǔ)，確定中心人物或者事件，把握主題作為新聞?lì)愇?/p>

21、章的靈魂，導(dǎo)語(yǔ)為我們提供了豐富的解題線索。研讀的時(shí)候我們不能錯(cuò)過(guò)任何一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，重點(diǎn)甄別 Who What、When Where Why How六要素的 信息點(diǎn)，了解新聞的主要內(nèi)容。直接讀題，判斷題目類型在研讀導(dǎo)語(yǔ)把握文章的主題后，考生無(wú)需繼續(xù)閱讀文章，可以直接讀題干，了解題目所屬類型和所需回答問(wèn)題的要點(diǎn)和關(guān)鍵詞，然后帶著問(wèn)題以關(guān)鍵詞作為標(biāo)簽詞到文章中查找答案。這種先讀主題和題目的方法有利于把握閱讀重點(diǎn)，可以讓考生在閱讀的時(shí)候更有針對(duì)性， 也比較節(jié)省時(shí)間。如果在讀完導(dǎo)語(yǔ)后仍然覺(jué)得對(duì)文章的主題把握不是很準(zhǔn)確，也可以選擇再跳讀后文，即各段的首尾句。根據(jù)不同題型，采用不同定位方式查找信息上文提到，高考

22、中新聞?lì)愇恼麻喿x理解題目類型一般分為細(xì)節(jié)題、觀點(diǎn)推斷題、指代推斷題和主題歸納題。若是細(xì)節(jié)題，了解題目所需信息是什么，再以中心人物或事件作為標(biāo)簽，到文章查讀含有這個(gè)信息的句子，一般就能快速找到答案。而新聞文章一般只圍繞一個(gè)線索來(lái)展開(kāi)故事，很容易找到信息。若是觀點(diǎn)推斷題，讀題時(shí)要辨別是尋找哪一個(gè)群體對(duì)這一新聞事件的態(tài)度。然后以這一群體為標(biāo)簽詞到文章中定位信息。通過(guò)對(duì)高考題的研究，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)觀點(diǎn)推斷題的信息可能是一個(gè)段落，也有可能散落在幾個(gè)段落中，所以同學(xué)們?cè)趯ふ視r(shí)要耐心一些，找齊所有信息，進(jìn)行總結(jié)概括才能找到答案。若是指代推斷題，一般只要研讀圍繞所要推斷的詞的上下文，分辨這個(gè)詞所指代的內(nèi)容即可。若是

23、主題歸納題，應(yīng)重點(diǎn)閱讀導(dǎo)語(yǔ)部分和結(jié)尾部分，了解新聞涉及的主體人物和主要事件，然后比對(duì)所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，找出包含主體人物和主要事件的那個(gè)選項(xiàng)，就可以找到正確答案。以2017年天津卷的C篇為例1） This month, Germany's transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles （ 自主駕駛車輛）. They woulddefine the driver's role in such cars and govern how such

24、 cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.2） The proposal attempts to deal with what somecall the “ death valley ” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.3） Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always

25、 chooses property （財(cái)產(chǎn) ） damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humansbased on age or race; and that if a humanremoves his or her hands from the driving wheel to check email, say the car's maker is responsible if there is a crash.4） “ The change to the road traffic law w

26、ill permit fully automatic driving, ” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.5） Whois responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “ The liability （ 法律責(zé)任 ） issue is the biggest one o

27、f them all, ” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK.6） An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “ be watchful and monitoring the road ” at every moment.7） But that is not what manypeople have in mind whenthinking of driverl

28、ess cars. “ Whenyou say 'driverless cars', people expect driverless cars. ” Merat says. “You know - no driver. ”8） Because of the confusion, Merat thinks somecar makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation.9） Driverless cars mayend up being a form of public

29、 transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.10） That would go down poorly in the US, however. “ The idea that the government would take over dri

30、verless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here, ” says Calo.46. What does the phrase “ death valley ” in Paragraph 2 refer to? （ 指代推斷題）A. A place where cars often break down.B. A case where passing a law is impossible.C. An area where no driving is permitted.D. A situ

31、ation where drivers' role is not clear.47. The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to . （細(xì)節(jié)題 ）A. stop people from breaking traffic rulesB. help promote fully automatic drivingC. protect drivers of all ages and racesD. prevent serious property damage48. What do consumers think of the operation

32、of driverless cars? （觀點(diǎn)推斷題 ）A. It should get the attention of insurance companies.B. It should be the main concern of law makers.C. It should not cause deadly traffic accidents.D. It should involve no human responsibility.49. Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in （ 細(xì)節(jié)題 ）A. Singapore B. the UKC. the US D. Germany50. What could be the best title for the passage? （主題歸納題）A. Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability?B. Fully Automatic Cars: A New BreakthroughC. Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Re