江蘇高考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)定語(yǔ)從句

1、概念 定語(yǔ)可以由形容詞、名詞、代詞、分詞、不定式以及介詞短語(yǔ)等來(lái)?yè)?dān)任，也可以由一個(gè)句子來(lái)充當(dāng)，充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)功能的句子稱(chēng)為定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句“三要素”1 . 先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的名詞或代詞指人的先行詞指物的先行詞 先行詞還可以是前面整個(gè)句子所敘述的事情。He has passed the driving test, which surprises all of us. （which 替代前面所敘述的事情） 先行詞2 .關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)的詞（1）關(guān)系詞的作用替代前面的先行詞（替代作用）連接主句和定語(yǔ)從句（連接作用）在定語(yǔ)從句中作句子成分（成分作用）（2）關(guān)系詞的分類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在從句中做的句

2、子成分種類(lèi)關(guān)系代詞：在從句中做主，賓，表，定（that/which/who/whom/whose/as ）關(guān)系副詞：在從句中作狀語(yǔ)（When/where/why）3 .定語(yǔ)從句：用來(lái)做定語(yǔ)，修飾限定先行詞的句子定語(yǔ)從句的分類(lèi)1. 限制性定語(yǔ)從句：對(duì)先行詞起限定修飾作用。He is a teacher who works at our school.2.非限制性定語(yǔ)從句：對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用(先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi))Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a beautiful city with a long history.比較：He

3、has two sons, who work in the same company.(He has only two sons.)He has two sons who work in the same company.(Perhaps he has two more sons)定語(yǔ)從句的10 個(gè)難點(diǎn)1. 關(guān)系代詞的省略（限定性定語(yǔ)從句）(1)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)She is the girl (whom / that) I loved before. ( 可以省略whom/that)(2)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)He is no longer the boy (that) he u

4、sed to be.(可以省略that)(3)關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)，介詞在從句句尾時(shí)可以省略Housing price is a problem (that/which) people are interested in.比較：Housing price is a problem in which people are interested. (此時(shí)只能用which 且不能省略)2 .先行詞是人（that/who 的區(qū)別 ）(1)用that 的情況以疑問(wèn)詞who 開(kāi)頭的句子中Who is the man that is shouting there?關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)She is not

5、the girl that she used to be.先行詞被the very, the right, the only 修飾This is the very person that we are looking for.(2)用 who 的情況先行詞是one, ones, anybody, all, none, those 等Those who want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school.句子中有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,一個(gè)用了that, 另外一個(gè)用whoWho is the boy that won t

6、he gold medal?在 there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中There are many young men who are against him.在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)中Tom, who is my best friend, has gone abroad to study.3 .先行詞是物(that / which 的區(qū)別 )(1)用which 的情況在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中She lost the game, which depressed her greatly.關(guān)系詞置于介詞之后，作賓語(yǔ)The pen with which you write is Jack s.先行詞是that 或定語(yǔ)從句

7、中套定語(yǔ)從句,一個(gè)關(guān)系詞用that, 另一個(gè)用which.Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which is newly open to us.(2)用that 的情況先行詞是不定代詞如all, little, few, much,anything, everything, nothing, none, no one 等She did all that she could to help us.先行詞被all, every, no, some, little, much, the only, he very,

8、the right ， the last 等所修飾時(shí)This is the very book that I want.先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)She described in her compositions the people and he places that impressed her most.先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)This is the best book that I have ever read.This is the first film that I ve seen since I came here.定語(yǔ)從句中套定語(yǔ)從句，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系詞以用 which,另

9、外一個(gè)用thatHe built a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)詞which, 另一個(gè)用thatWho is the person that is standing at the gate?4 .As 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句用法(1)As 既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句也可以用于非限定性定句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)等。常用于以下句型當(dāng)中：Such/so- -. as.像.一樣 the same . as 和.同樣的A computer is so useful a machine as we ca

10、n use everyday.He is not the same man as he was.(2)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，此時(shí)譯為“正如，像”等。可以放在句首，句中或句末。As I remember, there were a net bar here.Taiwan is an inseparable part of China, as is known to all. the same as.和the same that. 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別This is the same bike that I lost yesterday. ( 同一事物)This is the same bike a

11、s I lost yesterday. (同類(lèi)事物)5 .關(guān)系副詞的運(yùn)用(1)When 在定語(yǔ)從句中做時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，先行詞為表示時(shí)間的time, day 等I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. (when=on which)(2)Where 在定語(yǔ)從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，先行詞為表地點(diǎn)的place, spot 等Can you tell me the office where he works? (where = in which)(3)Why 在定語(yǔ)從句中做原因狀語(yǔ)，先行詞只有reason.I don t want to list

12、en to any reason why you were absent. (why = for which) 關(guān)系副詞= 相應(yīng)的介詞+ 關(guān)系代詞 Where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句還可以修飾抽象空間的名詞如case(情形)，situation, position(位置工stage (階段)，point (地步)等What are the situations where body language is the only form of communication?在哪些情況下身體語(yǔ)言是唯一的溝通方式。(此時(shí)where = in which)6 .幾個(gè)特殊的先行詞(1)way 在定語(yǔ)從句中做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的三

13、種引導(dǎo)方式that / in which / 不填The way in which / that / 不填 he explains the sentence to us is quite simple. 比較： The way which /that/ 不填 he told to us was quite simple. way 在定語(yǔ)中作tell 的賓語(yǔ)(2)先行詞timetime 表示“次數(shù)”時(shí)，用關(guān)系代詞 that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句This is the first time that the president has visited the country.time 作“一段時(shí)間”講時(shí)，

14、應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞whenThis was the time when there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets此時(shí) when = during which 在 .期間(3)先行詞reason 當(dāng)在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的4 種引導(dǎo)方式why/for which/that/不填This is the reason why/for which/that/ 不填 he can not come here.比較： Is this the reason that/which/ 不填 he explained to us for his abse

15、nce from the conference. reason 在定語(yǔ)從句中做explain 的賓語(yǔ)7.介詞+關(guān)系代詞該結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系代詞只有兩種即介詞 +which (指物)介詞 +whom (指人)該結(jié)構(gòu)介詞的選用原則：(1)根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的習(xí)慣搭配This is the book on which I spent $ 8.This is the book for which I paid $ 8.(2)根據(jù)先行詞的搭配習(xí)慣I remember the days during which I lived there.I remember the day on which I gradu

16、ated from university.(3)根據(jù)整個(gè)句子所表達(dá)的意思來(lái)決定The colorless gas without which we can t live is called oxygen.(4)英語(yǔ)中為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某一名詞，不定式前面也可以加上關(guān)系代詞。Here is the money with which to buy the piano. She is the right person on whom to depend注意：如果介詞后移，關(guān)系代詞可以省略The person (whom/who/that) you will write to is Todd.有些含有介詞的動(dòng)詞

17、短語(yǔ)介詞不能提前如look for/after; take care of; send for; hearfrom/of/about deal with 等This is the baby that you will look after.8.定語(yǔ)從句的主謂一致(1)當(dāng)先行詞是one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞，定語(yǔ)從句的位于動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitor every year.(2)當(dāng)先行詞是the only + one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞，從句謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式Th

18、e Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.(3)先行詞如果是整個(gè)句子，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.He has passed the driving test, which surprises all of us.9.定語(yǔ)從句的轉(zhuǎn)化定語(yǔ)從句可以轉(zhuǎn)換為-ing或-ed形式The girl (who is) dancing now just returne

19、d from Taiwan. I love the stories (which were) written by Hemingway.The man (who stands) standing there is my friend.10. 定語(yǔ)從句的解題方法(1)判斷從句是否為定語(yǔ)從句(先行詞，關(guān)系詞，定語(yǔ)從句)(2)準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分(主、賓、表、定、狀)從而正確選定使用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞注意：關(guān)系代詞whose 的用法。Whose 在定語(yǔ)從句中做定語(yǔ)。當(dāng)先行詞是人：whose = the + 名詞 + of whom當(dāng)先行詞是物：whose = the + 名詞 + of whichDo you know the boy whose parents / the parents of whom are on holiday?I d like a room whose window / the win