定語從句基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

1、定語從句基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)定語從句在句中做定語，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which 等。關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why 等。1. 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。(1)who, whom, that 代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞：e.g. Is he the man who/that wants

2、to see you?他就是你想見的人嗎？(作主語)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。(作賓語)(2) whose 用來指人或物e.g. They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。Please pass me the book whose cover is green.= Please pass me the book of which the cover is green.請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書。(3) which,

3、that 代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等e.g. They planted the trees which/that didnwa tetr.need muche.g. The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(作賓語)2. 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。(1) when, where, why關(guān)系副詞when, where, why 的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞 + which" 結(jié)構(gòu)，因

4、此常常和"介詞+ which" 結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用 e.g. There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎？3. 判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動(dòng)

5、詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。e.g. This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.(錯(cuò)) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.(錯(cuò)) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.(對(duì)) This is the mountain village (which) I v

6、isited last year.(對(duì)) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.限制性和非限制性定語從句(1) 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開。e.g. This is the house which we bought last month.這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。(限制性)The house, which we bought last mo

7、nth, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個(gè)月買的。(非限制性)(2) 當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或有物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定語從句常是非限制性的e.g. Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.查理?史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年買的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。This novel, which I have read three times, is very t

8、ouching.這本小說很動(dòng)人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。(3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，e.g. He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。介詞+關(guān)系詞1)介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。2) that 前不能有介詞。3) 某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語的&quo

9、t;介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when 和 where 互換。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club?as, which 非限定性定語從句由as, which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于 and t

10、his或and that。As 般放在句首，which 在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.Asthe sameas； suchas中的as是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu)，和一樣。以及表示據(jù)xx 所知的I have got into the same trouble as he (has).as 可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有'正如'。As we know, smoking is harmful to one'

11、;s health.It is known to all that smoking is harmful to one s health.先行詞和關(guān)系詞二合一(1) Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替 )(2) The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用 all that 代替 )that 和 what當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，通常用作關(guān)系代詞，而引導(dǎo)名詞性從

12、句時(shí)，是個(gè)不充當(dāng)任何成分的連接詞。賓語從句和表語從句中的that常可省略。What只能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，用作連接代詞，作從句的具體成分,且不能省略。I think (that) you will like the stamps.What we need is more practice關(guān)系代詞that 的用法(1)不用that的情況a) 在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)。The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous hereb) 介詞后不能用。We depend on the land from which we get our food.We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.(2) 只能用 that 作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況a)在there be句型中，只用 that,不用 which。b)在不定代tsj,如：anything, nothing, the one, all, any,等作先行詞時(shí)，只用 that,不用 which。c)先行詞有the only, th