Unit主語從句

1、Unit4主語從句 主語從句可以按其引導(dǎo)詞的不同分為三類：第一類，用從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語從句，例如： That we shall be late is certain. That the driver could not control his car was obvious. 這種結(jié)構(gòu)主要是對that從句的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，屬正式文體，連詞that不可以省略；但是在一般情況下，往往使用先行it結(jié)構(gòu)，即用it作形式主語，而把that從句放到后面，這時，在口語中，連詞that有時則可以省略。所以上述兩句可以改為It is certain that we shall be late. It wa

2、s obvious that the driver could not control his car. 如果整個句子是疑問形式，就只能用先行it結(jié)構(gòu)，例如Is it true that he would take the risk? Is it possible that they will come tomorrow？常使用先行it結(jié)構(gòu)，用that從句作主語的句子有下列幾個句型1、It + be + 形容詞+that從句： It is clear that he was telling the truth. Its probable that well be a little late.

3、2It + be + 名詞詞組+ that從句： Its a pity that you cant go with us. 3It + 及物動詞+賓語+ that： It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey. It shocked me that Peter didnt tell anybody where he was. 4It + be +過去分詞+ that+從句： It is said that he has been there many times. 5It +seem/happen/appearIt +等不及物動詞等+

4、 that從句： It seems that he has lost something.注意:在上述第1和第2兩種句型中，that從句前置與使用先行it，that從句后置在意義上沒有什么差異；但使用先行it結(jié)構(gòu)較為常見。在第3種句型中，that從句前置在語法上是可能的，但實(shí)際上并不常見，通常總是使用先行it結(jié)構(gòu) . 第4種句型實(shí)質(zhì)上是被動結(jié)構(gòu)，由于that從句不可以位于句首作被動句的主語，所以只能使用先行it結(jié)構(gòu)。第5種句型已經(jīng)形成了固定的搭配關(guān)系，that從句不能前置，只能使用先行it結(jié)構(gòu)，不過，這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以轉(zhuǎn)換為帶有不定式的簡單句，例如： It happened that I had n

5、o money with me that day. I happened to have no money with me that day. 第二類，用連接代詞who、whose、which、what，連接副詞when、where、how、why，以及連詞whether（或if）引導(dǎo)的主語從句，例如Who was responsible for the accident is not yet clear. It is not yet clear who was responsible for the accident. What he did is not yet known. It is

6、not yet known what he did. Whether it is true remains a problem.It remains a problem whether / if it is true.從以上例句可以看出，這類主語從句可以直接放在句首作主語，也可以使用先行it結(jié)構(gòu)，把主語從句放在后面，兩種結(jié)構(gòu)可以互換，意義上無差異，但用if 引導(dǎo)主語從句時，只能采取先行it結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是說if不可以引導(dǎo)置于句首的主語從句.第三類，用what、whatever、where、wherever、whoever、whichever等代詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句，例如; What he said a

7、t the meeting encouraged everyone. Whoever fails to see this will make a big blunder.這類從句一般相當(dāng)于帶有定語從句所修飾的名詞詞組，即在結(jié)構(gòu)上相當(dāng)于一個名詞加上一個定語從句，例如： What he wants to buy is a ten-speed bicycle. The thing that he wants to buy is a ten-speed bicycle. Whoever breaks the law is sure to be punished. Anyone who breaks t

8、he law is sure to be punished.切記，這類主語從句不可以使用先行it結(jié)構(gòu)。 上述第二類主語從句與第三類主語從句盡管在形式上十分相似，但實(shí)際上是不同的。第二類結(jié)構(gòu)中用連接代/副詞引導(dǎo)的從句系由特殊疑問句轉(zhuǎn)化而來，以whether/if引導(dǎo)的從句系由一般疑問句轉(zhuǎn)化而來，自然含有疑問的意味，例如： When they will have the sports meet is still a question. When will they have the sports meet?Who he is doesnt concern me. Who is he？ Whethe

9、r he will join us wont make too much difference. Will he join us？而第三類結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句則沒有疑問的意味。試比較下列各句 What caused the accident is a complete mystery. What caused the accident was a broken bottle. What she looks like doesnt matter. What shed like is a digital watch.上述各句中盡管都有一個以what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，但其意義不盡相同；第和句中的主語從句系

10、由“What caused the accident？”和“What does she look like？”轉(zhuǎn)化而來，所以可以改成： It is a complete mystery what caused the accident. It doesnt matter what she looks like.第句中的主語從句含義分別為“The thing that caused the accident”和“The thing which shed like”，所以不含疑問意味，因此不可以說： It was a broken bottle what caused the accident.

11、It is a digital watch what shed like.但是可以說： It was a broken bottle that caused the accident. It is a digital watch that shed like.不過，這已不是主語從句，而是強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)了。名詞性從句通常以“引導(dǎo)詞正常陳述句語序”的基本形式出現(xiàn)，有時會省略引導(dǎo)詞，例如： Where the meeting is to be held has not been decided. 在哪里開會還沒決定。(引導(dǎo)詞where 在正常陳述句語序的主語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語) Whether he wil

12、l attend the party is not known.他是否要來參加聚會還不知道。(引導(dǎo)詞whether 在正常的陳述句語序的主語從句中不充當(dāng)任何具體成分，只起引導(dǎo)作用) 考點(diǎn)名詞性從句引導(dǎo)詞的基本用法下表對高考中常見的名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞進(jìn)行了總結(jié)：名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞是否在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)成分的情況 連接代詞： what, which, who, whom, whose 連接副詞： when, where, why, how what, which在從句中作主語、 賓語、 表語或定語； who在從句中作主語、 表語； whom在從句中作賓語； whose在從句中作定語； whe

13、n, where, why, how在從句中分別作時間狀語、 地點(diǎn)狀語、原因狀語/方式狀語連詞that否連詞whether, if否名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞在高考中的基本用法詳見下面的總結(jié)： 1. 引導(dǎo)特殊疑問句的疑問詞在轉(zhuǎn)為引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時， 即成為連接代詞(主要包括what, which, who, whom, whose)或者連接副詞(主要包括when, where, why, how)。注意體會如下例句： Choose which you like best. 選你最喜歡的。/ Who has taken away my bag is unknown. 誰拿走了我的包還不知道。/ Havey

14、ou decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate? 你們是否已經(jīng)決定提名誰做候選人了?/ He asked when Mr. Gilbert would be allowed to go home. 他問什么時候可以允許吉爾伯特先生回家。/ Where we can look up his address is still a problem. 我們在哪兒可以查到他的地址還是個難題。/ Why he did that wasnt quite clear. 他為什么做那件事還不十分清楚。/ How they will solve the

15、serious problem has not been decided. 他們將怎樣解決這個嚴(yán)重問題還沒有決定。以下兩種特殊情況要給予特別關(guān)注： (1) what作連接代詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句既可以表示一個問“什么？”的問題，也可以表示相當(dāng)于“名詞/代詞關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)的意思， 這種特殊用法在語法上被稱作“關(guān)系代詞型的what”，注意體會如下例句：He is not what (=the person that) he was a few years ago. 他不是幾年前的他了。/ This is what (=the place that) they call Salt Lake

16、 City. 這就是他們稱作鹽湖城的地方。/ What (=the place that) is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world. 現(xiàn)在的北部撒哈拉沙漠曾是一個文明世界。/ Our income is now double what (=the income that) it was ten years ago. 我們現(xiàn)在的收入是十年前的兩倍。/ The color of the flower is different from what (=the color that) it was in the morning

17、. 花朵(現(xiàn)在的)顏色與它早上的顏色不同。 (2) 帶ever后綴的疑問詞除引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句之外， 還可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句(“no matter疑問詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句， 不可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句)， 注意體會以下例句： Whoever wants to see this film can go with us tonight.無論誰想看這部電影， 今晚都可以和我們一起去。/ You can give the ticket to whomever you like. 你可以把票給任何你想給的人。/ All the books are here. You may borrow whichev

18、er (book) you like. 所有的書都在這兒， 你愿借哪本就借哪本。/ Ill do whatever you ask me to do. 你叫我做什么， 我就做什么。2. that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時后面接完整的陳述句that只起引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的作用而不充當(dāng)該名詞性從句中的具體成分；引導(dǎo)賓語從句時that?？墒÷猿？墒÷猿？墒÷猿？墒÷?，但引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句時that通常不被省略。例如She hoped (that) he would arrive on time. 她希望他按時到達(dá)。(賓語從句) That she was chosen made us very ha

19、ppy. 她被選中了讓我們很開心。(主語從句) I have the belief that I will succeed. 我懷有必勝的信念。(同位語從句) that，what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別在于： that在其引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分， 在有的情況下可以省略； what需要在其引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中充當(dāng)主語、 賓語、 表語或者定語， 而且引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的what在任何情況下都不能省略。例如： That he will succeed is obvious. 顯然， 他會成功。(引導(dǎo)主語從句的that不在其中充當(dāng)具體的句子成分) What she told me is not tru

20、e. 她所告訴我的都不是真的。(what在其引導(dǎo)的主語從句中作賓語) 3. whether與if均可以引導(dǎo)表示“是否”之意的名詞性從句， 且whether與if均不在這種名詞性從句中充當(dāng)具體的句子成分。在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時whether與if一般可以互換， 但在引導(dǎo)主語從句、 表語從句、 同位語從句、 介詞后的賓語從句、 放于句首的賓語從句或者名詞性從句中包含or (not) 時通常只能用whether作引導(dǎo)詞。注意體會下列例句： I dont know if/whether I can help you. 我不知道我能否幫助你。(賓語從句)/ Whether we can really help

21、 you, I dont know yet. 我們是否真的能幫助你， 我還不知道。(位于句首的賓語從句)/ The teacher worried about whether he had hurt the girls feelings. 老師為是否傷害了那女孩的感情而擔(dān)心。(介詞后的賓語從句)/ The question is whether they can cooperate with us. 問題是他們能否與我們合作。(表語從句)/ The question whether he should come himself or send a substitute must be deci

22、ded upon. 他該親自來還是派人替他來， 這個問題必須定下來。(同位語從句)/ The little girl asked her father whether she should go to the party or not. 那女孩問她的父親她應(yīng)不應(yīng)該參加這個晚會。(包含or not的賓語從句) 注意： 肯定形式的doubt后面通常接whether/if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句， 否定形式的doubt后面通常接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句， 例如： I doubt whether its true. 我懷疑它是否是真實(shí)的。/ I doubt if that was what he wanted.

23、我懷疑那是否是他所想要的。/ I dont doubt that you are honest. 我不懷疑你的誠實(shí)。/ She never doubted for a moment that she was right. 她對自己是正確的這一點(diǎn)從不懷疑?？键c(diǎn)8：主語從句的基本用法在句中作主語的名詞性從句稱為主語從句， 主語從句所對應(yīng)的謂語動詞通常用第三人稱單數(shù)的形式。為了整個句子的平衡，主語從句經(jīng)常后置， 并用it充當(dāng)形式主語(此時， that引導(dǎo)的主語從句若不放在句首， 可以省略引導(dǎo)詞that)。例如： What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。/ W

24、hoever comes is welcome. 不論誰來都?xì)g迎。/ It is a pity (that) we havent contacted for ages. 很遺憾， 我們幾年沒聯(lián)系了。/ It has not been decided where the meeting is to be held. 在哪里開會還沒決定。/ It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否來這無關(guān)緊要。注意： 不要混淆it 作形式主語指代主語從句與it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的情況： it作形式主語代替主語從句主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)， 主語從句的連接詞沒有變

25、化； it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)， 無論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分， 都可用連詞that(被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時也可用who/whom) / 區(qū)分it 作形式主語指代主語從句與it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的有效技巧是： 將“It be . that .”中的it be和that去掉后， 句子仍然成立的是強(qiáng)調(diào)句， 句子不能成立的是that引導(dǎo)的主語從句。例如： It was my suggestion that made him confident of success. 正是我的建議使他對成功有了自信。 去掉it be和that后可以構(gòu)成完整的強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的原型“My suggestion made him

26、confident of success.”， 因此本句屬于強(qiáng)調(diào)句。 It is my suggestion that he needs more practice. 他需要更多的練習(xí)是我的建議。去掉it be和that后本句講不通， 因此本句屬于主語從句。 用作主語的從句叫做主語從句。 2構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡單句3.引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類(1)從屬連詞that。如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明顯，她們確是親姐妹，她們的臉型很相似。 (2)從屬連詞wh

27、ether。如： Whether hell come here isnt clear. 他是否會來這里還不清楚。(3)連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 連接副詞 where, when, how, why。如： What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。How this happened is not clear to anyone. 這事怎樣發(fā)生的，誰也不清楚。Whoever comes is welcome. 不論誰來都?xì)g迎。Wherever you are

28、 is my home - my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家-我唯一的家。 解釋： 1.主語從句能用it作形式上的主語。常以it作形式主語的句型有A.It+be+形容詞(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that從句。如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫無疑問她考試成績會很好。 It is probable that he told

29、her everything. 很可能他把一切都告訴她了。 B.It+be+名詞詞組(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that從句。如： Its a pity that we cant go.很遺憾我們不能去。 Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我們沒贏這場比賽真意外。C.It+be+過去分詞(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, e

30、tc.)+that從句。如： It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 據(jù)說格林先生已經(jīng)到了北京。 It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit. 據(jù)報(bào)道中國又成功地發(fā)射了一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星。 D.It+seem, happen等不及物動詞及短語+that從句。如： It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不來參加晚會。 It happened

31、that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。 E.It+doesnt matter (makes no difference, etc.)+連接代詞或連接副詞引起的主語從句。如： It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否來這無關(guān)緊要。 It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我們在哪里開會毫無區(qū)別。 F.當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)的主語從句出現(xiàn)在疑問句中時，要以it作形式主語，而把主語從句后置。如： Is it true that the scient

32、ist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科學(xué)家將給我們作報(bào)告是真的嗎？ Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他們明天不來很要緊嗎？ G.當(dāng)主語從句出現(xiàn)在感嘆句中時，要以it作形式主語，而把主語從句后置。如： How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子們這么安靜真奇怪！ 2注意連接代詞whoever, whatever, whichever等引導(dǎo)主語從句的含義 Whoever comes will be welcome.

33、 (whoever=the person who) 來的人將受到歡迎。 Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正確的。 Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你們當(dāng)中不論哪個進(jìn)來將會得到獎勵。 主語從句 主語從句(Subject Clause)定義:在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的句子叫做主語從句.第一部分：常規(guī)主語從句，即句子在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)一個主語主語從句的時態(tài)：不受主句的時態(tài)影響和限制。（1）That h

34、e finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.（4） Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.（5）What caused the accident remains unknown.（6）Whatever

35、 you did is right.（7）Whose watch was lost is unknown.（8）What we need is time.（9）What we need are good doctors.小結(jié): 1)引導(dǎo)主語從句連詞有that,whether,who,what,whatever等 （2)連詞位于句首不能省略3)主語從句大多數(shù)情況下視為三單,但也有例外,如例9第二部分：為了防止句子頭重腳輕，通常把形式主語it放在主語位置，真正主語擱置于句末（1）It is certain that he will win the match. （2）It is true that

36、 he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.（3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting.（4）It is strange that he should do that. （5）It is important that we all should attend the meeting.（6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas.（7）It is a pity that we wont be

37、 able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.（8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident.（9）It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai)（10）It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese.（11）It is suggested that the work shou

38、ld be done with great care.（12）It seems that he has seen the film.(=He seems to have seen the film)（13）It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there)小結(jié): 1)以that 引出的主語從句,常以形式主語it引導(dǎo). It is +形容詞/名詞/某些動詞ed + that 從句.（2) 在有些that從句中要用虛擬語氣 (should+do/should+have done)例句4

39、,5,6,11.主語從句與賓語從句兩者的用法和在句中的作用是不同的，下面從它們的各自用法，介紹：） 一主語從句主語從句 定義:在句子中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語的是一個從句,這個從句就叫做主語從句。主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾1. It 作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如： It is a pity that you didnt go

40、 to see the film. 2. 用it 作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu) (1) It is 名詞從句It is a fact that 事實(shí)是 It is an honor that 非常榮幸It is common knowledge that 是常識 (2) it is 形容詞從句It is natural that 很自然It is strange that 奇怪的是 (3) it 不及物動詞從句It seems that 似乎It happened that 碰巧 (4) it is過去分詞從句 It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道It has been proved that

41、已證實(shí) 3. 主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況 (1) if 引導(dǎo)的主語從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (3) It happens, It occurs 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (4) It doesnt matter how/whether 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前

42、。例如： It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (5) 含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時，主語從句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? 4. What 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語從句時的區(qū)別What 引導(dǎo)主語從句時在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語賓語表語，而that 則不然。 二：賓語從句的幾個特征1引導(dǎo)詞：whatwhichwhosewhenwhetherifwhere2語序：賓語從句必須是用陳述語句。如：I think that you must work harder.賓語從

43、句的引導(dǎo)詞、連接詞的區(qū)別、否定轉(zhuǎn)移等現(xiàn)象。(1)表達(dá)時間的幾個句型：一般用when或者是what time： What time will the train leave?由于時刻都是固定的，也可以用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時： What time does the train leave? (2)時間的表達(dá)方式：8：19(nineteen past eight),7:57(three to eight)，在時間的中間也可以加上分的單詞(minutes) (3)had better +動詞原型。意思是提要求，建議。但是上下級不能用這種方式，因?yàn)檎Z氣太重：You had better give u

44、p smoking . (4)sb leave sth +地點(diǎn)I left my book in my classroom yesterday. (5)may I have your name(addressage)?一般詢問對方的年齡、名字等，不要習(xí)慣以前的問法，這樣很不禮貌，而是要采訪上面的問法。以前的習(xí)慣是：how old are you? whats your name? (6)修飾名詞的代詞次序：限-描-大-形-年-顏-籍-物-類+名詞： this is a bridge. This is a beautiful bridge補(bǔ)充：從句的語序永遠(yuǎn)是陳述句。一、主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞 主語從

45、句通常由連詞that和whether、連接代詞或連接副詞以及關(guān)系代詞型what引導(dǎo)。1. that引導(dǎo) That he is still alive is a wonder. 他還活著，真是奇跡。 That we shall be late is certain. 我們要晚了，這是確定無疑的。 That he should have ignored the working class was natural. 他忽視工人階級是很自然的。 That she is still alive is a consolation. 她還活著是使人感到寬慰的That she became an artist

46、 may have been due to her fathers influence. 她成為畫家可能是受她父親的影響That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time. 你將來倫敦是好久以來我聽到的最好消息。 That she was chosen made a tremendous stir in her village. 她被挑選上，在她村子里引起很大轟動。 2. whether引導(dǎo) Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否對我們有

47、害還要看一看。Whether they would support us was a problem. 他們是否會支持我們還是一個問題。 3. 連接代詞引導(dǎo) Whoever is top from wins the game when two matched players meet. 兩強(qiáng)相爭勇者勝。 Whichever (of you) comes in first will receive a prize. 無論(你們)誰先到都可以得獎Whichever you want is yours. 你要哪個哪個就是你的。 4. 連接副詞引導(dǎo) When we arrive doesnt matt

48、er. 什么時候到?jīng)]有關(guān)系。 How it was done was a mystery. 這是怎樣做的是一個謎。 How this happended is not clear to anyone. 這件事怎樣發(fā)生的，誰也不清楚。 How many people we are to invite is still a question. 邀請多少人還是一個問題。 Where I spend my summer is no business of yours. 我在哪里過暑假不關(guān)你的事。 5. 關(guān)系代詞型what引導(dǎo) What we need is money. 我們需要的是錢What I w

49、ant to know is this. 我想知道的就是這一點(diǎn)Whats done is done. 事已成定局。What he says is not important. 他說的話并不重要。What I am telling you is mere impressions. 我和你說的都不過是一些印象而已。 What make the river more beautiful are the lotus plants growing in the water. 為河水增色的是水里的荷花。 What you need is a good-sized canvas bag. 你需要的是一個比較大的帆布袋。 What I am afraid of is their taking him to Portugal. 我擔(dān)心的是他們把他帶到葡萄牙