獨立從句Dependent Clauses

1、Dependent Clauses: An OverviewDependent clauses may work like adverbs, adjectives, or nouns in complex sentences.Adverbial clausesLike a single-word adverb, an adverbial clause describes a verb (in the sentence's main clause) and answers one of these questions where?     

2、;      why?           how?           when?            to what degree?An adverbial clause begins with a subordinating con

3、junction, which makes the clause subordinate (dependent).Common subordinating conjunctions:afterin order (that)unlessalthoughinsofar asuntilasin thatwhenas far aslestwheneveras soon asno matter howwhereas ifnow thatwhereveras thoughoncewhetherbecauseprovided (that)whilebeforesincewhyeven ifso thatev

4、en thoughsupposing (that)howthanifthatinasmuch asthoughin case (that)till  Example of adverbial clause answering when?              When will the flowers bloom?   Answer:  when spring arrives   Example of adver

5、bial clause answering why?                Why didn't the poor woman have money?  Answer:  because she had lost her job   Example of adverbial clause answering where?          &

6、#160;    Where is there fire?   Answer:  where there is smoke   Example of adverbial clause answering how?                How did he answer the question?  Answer:  as if he knew the sub

7、ject quite well       Example of adverbial clause answering to what degree?                To what degree of lateness will Jones arrive?  Answer:  (later) than Smith (will arrive)  

8、;  Another example of an adverbial clause answering to what degree?               To what degree is he young?  Answer: (younger) than his brother (is)Comma use with adverbial clausesComma use with adverbial clauses depends up

9、on placement of the adverbial clause.If the adverbial clause introduces the sentence, place a comma between it and the main clause.        If the adverbial clause follows the main clause in a sentence, do not place a comma between the two.    &#

10、160;   Adjectival clausesLike a single-word adjective, an adjectival clause describes a noun (in the sentence's main clause) and answers one of these questions                      

11、               which one?                   what kind?      An adjectival clause usually begins with a relative pro

12、noun, which makes the clause subordinate (dependent).Common relative pronouns:                  that         which         who 

13、60;      whom        whose whyNOTE:  Use who, whom, and whose to describe people.               Use that and which to describe things.Adjectival clauses always follo

14、w the person, place, or thing they describe, usually immediately.   Example of adjectival clause answering which one?                Which book did Joe read?  Answer:  the one that I gave him   Exampl

15、e of adjectival clause answering what kind?                What kind of politician has the support of the people?  Answer:  one who is trustworthyAdjectival clauses may also begin with selected subordinating conjunctions

16、:                when  - to describe a time                        where  - to describe a place    &

17、#160;                        why - to describe a reason        Comma use with adjectival clausesComma use with adjectival clauses depends upon essentiality of the ad

18、jectival clause.If the adjectival clause is essential (or "needed"), no commas should be used to separate it from the main clause.  Generally, essential adjectival clauses should not begin with which.    Examples         

19、0;          Since the adjectival clauses in the above examples are needed to clarify the noun that they describe, they are essential and should not be separated from the rest of the sentence with commas.If the adjectival clause is nonessential (or "not ne

20、eded"), commas should separate it from the main clause.  Nonessential adjectival clauses should not begin with that.    Examples                    Since the adjectival clauses in the a

21、bove examples are not needed to clarify the noun that they describe, they are nonessential and should be separated from the rest of the sentence with commas.Note the difference between the sentences in each pair:      Nominal ClausesLike a noun, a nominal clause names a person, p

22、lace, thing, or idea.  A nominal clause may function in a sentence as any of the following:Subject, subjective complement, appositive, object of preposition, direct object, indirect object, retained object Nominal clauses may begin with interrogatives:who 

23、0;   whom   what    which    whoever   whomever    whatever    when   where     how   whyAn interrogative beginning a nominal clause, has a

24、function within the nominal clause.Each of the following examples illustrates ·    a nominal clause ·    the function of the nominal clause within the sentence ·    the function of the interrogative within the nominal clause    Nominal clau

25、se as subject in sentence            Nominal clause as subjective complement in sentence           Nominal clause as object of preposition in sentence           No