十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器的結(jié)構(gòu)改進_圖文

1、十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器的結(jié)構(gòu)改進董俊華(遼東學院,遼寧丹東118003摘 要:根據(jù)國內(nèi)外十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器的生產(chǎn)、使用和維修等方面的情況,在分析了十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器的主要失效形式的基礎(chǔ)上,提出了其結(jié)構(gòu)改進的方法。該方法對延長十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器的使用壽命和結(jié)構(gòu)改進具有一定指導(dǎo)意義和參考價值。關(guān)鍵詞:十字軸;聯(lián)軸器;結(jié)構(gòu)改進中圖分類號:T H139 文獻標志碼:A十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器又稱萬向節(jié),適用于連接軸線有一定偏斜、且其相對位置經(jīng)常變化的兩相交軸,以傳遞運動和轉(zhuǎn)矩。這種聯(lián)軸器具有傳遞功率大、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊等優(yōu)點,在汽車、拖拉機和軋鋼機等傳動裝置中獲得廣泛應(yīng)用,屬于機械基礎(chǔ)通用部件。由于十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器是一種空間球面

2、四桿機構(gòu),主動軸與從動軸間可在任意方向偏斜 角,通常可達35 45 。在其工作過程中,當主動軸轉(zhuǎn)動1周,從動軸亦相應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)動1周,但兩軸的瞬時傳動比在不斷變化,伴隨有振動、沖擊等附加動載荷,再加上潤滑條件不夠理想,這些都會引起十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器活動連接零件間的磨損加劇,使工作狀況進一步惡化。因此,十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器是易損部件,經(jīng)常成為傳動裝置中的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。作者在分析了十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器的主要失效形式的基礎(chǔ)上,提出了結(jié)構(gòu)改進的方法,以期能延長使用壽命,提高傳動效率和改善工作條件。1 十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器的主要失效形式1作為產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器,若材質(zhì)、加工和裝配工藝符合技術(shù)要求,在正常使用條件下,一般很

3、少發(fā)生十字軸、節(jié)叉等斷裂現(xiàn)象,它的失效形式主要有以下幾種。1滾針軸承磨損無論是滾針、十字軸軸頸和軸承碗內(nèi)表面的磨損,都會使軸承間隙增加而產(chǎn)生松晃,至使?jié)L動體之間相互撞擊,這不僅會加劇磨損,且產(chǎn)生較大噪聲。2十字軸(或軸承碗凹痕凹痕的特征如下:a 凹痕與十字軸軸頸母線傾斜一定角度,約為2 10 ;b 較深的凹痕分布在十字軸軸頸的受力側(cè)面;c 同一凹痕的深淺程度也不一樣,在靠近十字軸端部的凹痕較深。3點蝕和剝落無論點蝕和剝落都會增加零件表面粗糙度值,使摩擦阻力上升,還會在摩擦副中混雜金屬碎屑,破壞軸承正常工作。4節(jié)叉孔磨損和變形由于節(jié)叉剛度較差,長期運轉(zhuǎn)后,節(jié)叉孔會產(chǎn)生磨損和變形,這樣導(dǎo)致節(jié)叉孔與

4、軸承碗的配合間隙增加,產(chǎn)生振動和沖擊現(xiàn)象。2 十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器的結(jié)構(gòu)改進為了延長十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器的使用壽命,提高傳動效率,減少噪聲和振動,以及便于維修保養(yǎng)等,必須對十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器的傳統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)進行必要的改進,經(jīng)分析研究,對結(jié)構(gòu)進行改進的主要設(shè)想與措施簡述如下。2 1 使?jié)L針軸承中的接觸應(yīng)力均勻分布十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器中最容易損壞的是滾針軸承。無論磨損、凹痕、點蝕和剝落等,都與滾針軸承中的接觸應(yīng)力有關(guān)。十字軸軸頸的接觸應(yīng)力呈梯形分布,愈接近十字軸軸端則接觸應(yīng)力愈大,這可從十字軸凹痕深度來證實2。為了減少滾針對十字軸軸頸的接觸應(yīng)力,并趨于均勻分布,可采取如下措施:1 采用錐形結(jié)構(gòu)圖1錐形結(jié)構(gòu)如圖1a所示

5、,把十字軸軸頸加工成錐形,使?jié)L針在靠近十字軸端部的徑向間隙增加,從而使該處的接觸應(yīng)力減小。考慮到將十字軸軸頸加工成錐形較復(fù)雜,可以把軸承碗外表面加工成錐形,如圖1b所示,53!新技術(shù)新工藝機械加工藝與裝備 2007年 第10期防止軸承碗裝入節(jié)叉孔和傳遞扭矩時產(chǎn)生變形。2在十字軸中做出偏心孔圖2帶有偏心孔的十字軸傳統(tǒng)的十字軸軸頸有直通的油孔,改進后的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖2所示,在十字軸中做出偏心孔。各孔的偏心距均為e ,相鄰軸頸中孔的偏心方向相反,均偏向于軸頸的受力面。這樣,降低了十字軸軸頸受力面的剛度,運轉(zhuǎn)時借助于彈性變形使承載面積增加,從而減少接觸應(yīng)力并趨于均勻分布。此外,將長滾針改成雙列滾針或雙列滾子

6、,可有效地防止?jié)L針傾斜損壞,使接觸應(yīng)力均勻分布,雙列之間可貯存潤滑油,有利于改善潤滑條件和延長使用壽命。2.2 改善滾針軸承的潤滑和密封條件1在十字軸軸頸上開溝槽 十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器中滾針軸承作有限擺動,沿襲傳統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)把十字軸軸頸加工成光滑表面,無法在滾動表面形成完整的油膜。為了改善潤滑條件,特地在十字軸軸頸上開出斷續(xù)的或螺旋形的溝槽,如圖3a 、圖3b 所示。溝槽的截面形狀可經(jīng)車削或銑削加工成圓弧形,如圖3c 所示;也可再經(jīng)滾壓加工成#T 形槽,如圖3d 所示。把溝槽間的圓柱面作為滾針的接觸表面,而溝槽則用于貯存潤滑劑。 2利用彈性密封件在壓力下供油圖4為利用彈性密封件在壓力下供油的2種裝置。由

7、于密封件的彈性作用,潤滑劑可連續(xù)不斷地流進摩擦副,圖4b 結(jié)構(gòu)尚可利用十字軸轉(zhuǎn)動的離心慣性力作用,增加潤滑效果,這種潤滑裝置無注油孔,潤滑劑貯量可供整個使用期應(yīng)用。2.3 防止十字軸軸向竄動在十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器高速運轉(zhuǎn)時,由于軸承碗的離心慣性力作用,使十字軸端面與軸承碗底部的間隙增加,引起十字軸軸向竄動。圖5 帶有彈性蓋板的軸承碗為防止上述現(xiàn)象,可在軸承碗上增加軸向壓力,以平衡由高轉(zhuǎn)速產(chǎn)生的偏心慣性力,但在轉(zhuǎn)速降低時,軸承碗與十字軸端面因壓力過高而磨損嚴重,軸承溫度升高。為此,在軸承碗底部焊上彈性蓋板(圖5或在十字軸端面與軸承碗間增加端面滾針軸承,以防止十字軸軸向竄動。2.4 增加節(jié)叉剛度節(jié)叉的

8、變形、磨損與節(jié)叉剛度不足有關(guān)。為增加節(jié)叉剛度,應(yīng)盡量把節(jié)叉孔中心線靠近節(jié)叉體(小,增加兩叉孔端面的距離H ,選用較小的滾針軸承,如圖6所示,經(jīng)這樣改進后,節(jié)叉剛度增加50%左右,并減輕了節(jié)叉自重。圖6增加節(jié)叉剛度的改進設(shè)計3 結(jié)語十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器的結(jié)構(gòu)改進有多種途徑,如使?jié)L針軸承中的接觸應(yīng)力均勻分布,改善滾針軸承的潤滑和密封條件,防止十字軸軸向竄動和增加節(jié)叉剛度等。文中列舉的結(jié)構(gòu)改進措施,旨在拓寬產(chǎn)品改革的思路。而在對傳統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)進行實際改革時,尚需根據(jù)產(chǎn)品使用要求和生產(chǎn)實際情況進行深入研究。參考文獻1陳全明,毛培方.十字軸萬向聯(lián)軸器的失效分析和結(jié)構(gòu)改進J.同濟大學學報,1989(2.2長春汽車研

9、究所.萬向傳動設(shè)計J.汽車技術(shù),1971(6.作者簡介:董俊華(1972 ,女,碩士學位,講師,從事機械設(shè)計專業(yè)研究工作。收稿日期:2007年6月5日責任編輯 周守清54 !新技術(shù)新工藝 機械加工藝與裝備 2007年 第10期A bstract:The methods and the essenti al techniques of the g roup components database re development of solid edge are i ntroduced. The methods are based on three dimensional CAD software

10、 solid edge,developed by VB and combined with Access database tech nology.It indicates the usability and the serviceability of this data base system.The methods and the essential techniques resort on solving the three dimensional design problems of massive g roup components,standard components,inter

11、changeable parts and are helpful to enhance design efficiency.Key words:three dimensional CAD,solidEdge,g roup components, databaseC ontact A nalysis of Logarithmic S piral Profile C onne ction b ased on A NSY SLIU Gaoling1,ZH ENG Youyi1,W ANG Haiyan2(1.School of M e chanical and Power Engineering,H

12、enan Polytechnic U niversity, Jiaozuo454003,China;2.Jiaozuo U niversity,Jiaozuo454003,Chi naA bstract:T he3D solid model of logarithmic spiral profile connec tion is established by the powerful3D so lid modeling function of CAD software Pro/ENGINEER.T he CA E fini te element software ANSYS is employ

13、ed to the established profile connection model to generate meshes,create contact pair and apply constraints.T hen the contact stress and strain of profile connection is analyzed.T he idea and method are provided for exploiti ng the advantages of spe cialized software and high speed computer in engin

14、eering design. Key words:CAD/CAE,ANSYS,logarithmic spiral profile connec tion,contact analysisLong distance Data A cquisition S ystem D esign Based on M A TLA BCHEN Xiaoyi,LIU Jun'an,WU Chenx i(Department of M echanical Engineering,Hunan Institute of Eng ineering,Xiangtan411101, ChinaA bstract:T

15、 he characters of long distance data acquisition system based on the M atLab are discussed.The design method,principles and realized step are put forward.T he essential technology,the important MatLab built in function are introduced in detail.Key words:data acquisition,long distance communication,M

16、 atLab, MatL ab web serverT urning Machining of Ellipse Base d on Mac ro Program ZHOU Hong1,NING Bin2,ZHOU Wenjun1(1 Hunan Railway Professional Technology College,Zhuzhou412001,China;2 Zhuzhou Electric L ocomotive Co.Ltd,Zhuzhou412001,ChinaA bstract:Macro prog ram is a hand coded form.For the numeri

17、cal control processing,it is quicker and flex ible by macro prog ram than that of by automatic program.T he method and skill for elliptical processing by macro programB is introduced on the CK7150A (FANUC 0iin this paper.Key words:macro program,ellipse,turning machiningT he C haos Ide ntification of

18、 t he C avitation Noise Produce d from W ater JetLIU Ji ang hui,ZHA NG Fenghua,TANG Chuanli n,PEI Jianghong (Hunan Industry University Water Jet Institute,Zhuzhou412008, ChinaA bstract:Water cavitation jet is a potential,high efficient and ener gy sav i ng technology in the field of water disinfecti

19、on.T he core of the technology is the cavitation nozzle.T he cavitation noise sig nals,which were produced from the cavitation nozzles i n different structures,were collected by hydrophone respectively.T he state space of each signal was built by means of Takens T heorem,and its largest Lyapunov exp

20、onent was calculated.T hi s experiment presents a new method for the design and the test of the cavitation nozzle.T he ex periment results displays that the larg est L yapunov exponent of each cavitati on no i se signal is larger than0,which means that these signals are all chaos signals.T he larges

21、t L ya punov ex ponent of the nozzle%is the larg est of the three.This means that the chaos is the fiercest in the state space of the nozzle %,which has a self oscillating cavity,and that the chaos of this noz zle is the most dependent on the initial condition.Key w ords:cavitation,water jet,state s

22、pace,the lyapunov expo nent,nozzleA pplications of Gree n Manufactu ring T e chnology in In d ustr ial Ent erpriseYe Guoji e1,CHEN Cheng feng2,WU Weijie3(1 Guangzhou Otis Elevator Co.,L td,Guangzhou510425,China;2 Xinyu Co.,L td, Guangzhou510425,Chi na;3 Guangdong Vocational College of In dustry&

23、Commerce,Guangzhou510425,ChinaAbstract:T his paper i ntroduces the conception and content of Green Design and Green M anufacturing Technology.And based on the contents of Green Desig n and Green M anufacturing Tech nology,the applications of Green Manufacturing Technology in the industrial enterpris

24、e are discussed in detail.The OTIS elevator is the successful ex ample.Key w ords:green manufacturing,technology,green design,green material,industr i al enter priseStu dy on Pr ofessional Param eter S elf settin g of PID C on trol AlgorithmAbstract:T his article g i ves an example of PID control an

25、d discus ses the intelligent contro l method of self setting of PID parameters which is achieved in computer controlling.It introduces the AI theory in the conventi onal PID controlling self setting of PID pa rameters theory,and firstly expresses the human controlling expe rience as the method of se

26、lf setting of PID parameters.From the expert system aspect,it describes the rule of epsilon production and the in house storag e organization,the establishment of control ling knowledge base as well as the reasoning mechanism.Key w ords:PID controlling,self setting of PID Parameters,expert systemFin

27、ite Elem ent A nalyzing and O ptim al D esign for C oach Body Str uctur e B ased on A NSY STANG Shaohua,LIU Shihao(Nanjing University of Technolog y, Naning210009,ChinaAbstract:T he research backg round of the finite element analyzing and optimal design for coach body structure is described,and the

28、fundamental method and steps of the finite element analyzing for coach body structure are ex pounded in detail.T he3 D model of coach body structure i s established in U G3.0software,then the fi nite element analyzing for coach body structure is carr i ed out in Ansys10.0software,the proposal which

29、can opti mize the coach body structure and increase the load bearing capacity of coach body is put forward by analyzing the compute result.Key w ords:coach body structure,finite element analyzing,optimal design,ANSYSNC Peeling Lathe Based on M otion C ontrol C ardRAN Shengxue1,3,LIU Pinxiao1,2,REN D

30、ezhi1,ZH OU Qinghui4 (1.Henan University of Science and Technology,Luoyang 471009,China; 2.Nanyang Institute of Technology,Nanyang 473004,China;3.N anyang Industr i al School,N anyang473035,Chi na;4.Nanyang SASAC,Nanyang473035,ChinaAbstract:GU GAO GE 400 SG PCI continuous trajectory motion controller can realize multi ax is coordinated motion and high s