初中英語語法大全匯總-

1、初中英語語法匯總(一一.詞類(Parts of Speech名詞英文名稱The Noun(縮寫為n. 表示人或事物的名稱例詞boy,clock,book等冠詞英文名稱The Article(縮寫為art. 用在名詞前幫助說明名詞所指的人和或事物。例詞a(an,the代詞英文名稱The Pronoun(縮寫為pron 用來代替名詞、形容詞或是數(shù)詞例詞we,that,his,what形容詞英文名稱The Adjective(縮寫為adj. 用以修飾名詞,表示人或事物的特征例詞old,red,fine,good.數(shù)詞英文名稱The Numeral(縮寫為num. 表示數(shù)量或是順序。例詞one,thi

2、rteen first動詞英文名稱The Verb(縮寫為v. 表示動作或狀態(tài)。例詞sit,go,be(am,is,are副詞英文名稱The Adverb(縮寫為adv. 修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞。例詞not too,here,very介詞英文單詞The Preposition(縮寫為prep. 表示名詞、代詞等和句中其他詞的關(guān)系。例詞in,on,of,to,under. 連詞英文單詞The Conjunction(縮寫為conj. 用來連接詞與詞、短語與短語或句與句。例詞and,or,but.感嘆詞英文單詞The Interjection(縮寫為interj. 表示說話時的喜悅、驚訝等情感

3、。例詞oh,hello,hi,er.二.名詞(Nouns1.總的說來,名詞分專有名詞和普通名詞兩類。專有名詞: 表示具體的人,事物,地點或機構(gòu)的專有名稱。Lucy China 中國Asia 亞洲Beijing 北京。專有名詞的第一個字母要大寫。普通名詞: 表示某些人,某類事物,某種物質(zhì)或抽象概念的名稱。例如:teacher 老師tea 茶reform 改革普通名詞又可進一步分為四類1 個體名稱: 表示單個的人和事物。house 馬car 汽車room 房間apple 蘋果fun 風(fēng)扇picture 照片2 集體名稱: 表示一群人或一些事物的名稱。people 人們family 家庭army 軍

4、隊government 政府group 集團3 物質(zhì)名詞:表示物質(zhì)或不具備確定形狀和大小的個體的物質(zhì)。fire 火steel 鋼air 空氣water 水milk 牛奶4抽象名詞:表示動作,狀態(tài),品質(zhì)或其他抽象概念。labour 勞動health 健康life 生活friendship友情patience耐力2.名詞按其所表現(xiàn)的事物的性質(zhì)分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞?？蓴?shù)名詞(Countable Nouns有復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:an apple two apples a car some cars不可數(shù)名詞(Uncountable Nouns一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式.抽象名詞, 物質(zhì)名詞和專有名詞一般是不可數(shù)名

5、詞。sand 沙sugar 糖有少數(shù)名詞即可作可數(shù)名詞,也可作不可數(shù)名詞,但含義不同。glass 玻璃glass 玻璃杯paper 紙paper 報紙,文件名詞的功能名詞在句中作主語, 賓語,介詞賓語,賓語補助語,表語以及名詞短語作狀語。The bag is in the desk. bag 作主語。書包在桌子里邊。I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作賓語。昨天我洗了我的衣服。This is a good book. book 作表語。這是一本好書。We elected him our monitor. monitor作賓語補助語。我們選他為我們的班

6、長。Mary lives with her parents. parents作介詞賓語.瑪麗和她的父母親住在一起。He is a Party member. Party 作定語.他是一名黨員。They study hard day and night. day and night作狀語。他們白天黑夜地學(xué)習(xí)。3.可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)(the Singular Nunmber和復(fù)數(shù)(the Plural Number兩種形式。名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式(The Plural Form Nouns的部分規(guī)則如下:1 一般情況下,在詞尾加-s. 例如:bags,maps,pens,desks,workers2 以s,s

7、h,ch,x等結(jié)尾的詞加-es.例如: buses watches boxes3 以ce,se,ze,(dge等結(jié)尾的詞加-s.例如: licences blouses oranges4 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞變y為i再加-es.例如: babies families5 名詞以-f 或-fe 結(jié)尾的,把-f 或-fe 變成-ves.bookshelves,wives,knives注:英語中有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的,需要一一記憶常見的有,man - men woman - women foot - feettooth - teeth mouse - nice ox - oxensheep -

8、 sheep dear - dear fish - fish英語中有些名詞總是以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。scissors 剪刀goods 貨物trousers 褲子clothes 衣服glasses 玻璃杯4.名詞的所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns在英語中,名詞的格有三個,主格,賓格和所有格。它們的形式及其變化表示與其他詞的關(guān)系。實際上, 主格和賓格通過它在句中的作用和位置來確定。The bird is in the tree. 鳥在樹上。bird 作主語, 是主格。I saw a film yesterday. 昨天我看了一場電影。film 作賓語,是賓格。名詞的所有格

9、: 名詞中表示所有關(guān)系的形式叫做名詞所有格。Lu Xuns book is worth reading.魯迅的書值得一讀。This is my fathers room.這是我父親的房間。名詞所有格的構(gòu)成單數(shù)名詞加s 例詞:Mikes father以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加 例詞:the teachers room不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加s 例詞:mens womens三、代詞(Pronouns1.人稱代詞(Personal Pronouns第一人稱單數(shù)主格I(復(fù)數(shù)We 單數(shù)賓格me(復(fù)數(shù)us第二人稱單數(shù)主格you(復(fù)數(shù)you 單數(shù)賓格you(復(fù)數(shù)you第三人稱單數(shù)主格he,she,it(復(fù)數(shù)they

10、 單數(shù)賓格him,her,it(復(fù)數(shù)them 2.物主代詞(Possessive Pronouns形容詞性物主代詞第一人稱單數(shù)my(復(fù)數(shù)our形容詞性物主代詞第二人稱單數(shù)your(復(fù)數(shù)your形容詞性物主代詞第三人稱單數(shù)his,her,its(復(fù)數(shù)their名詞性物主代詞第一人稱單數(shù)mine(復(fù)述ours名詞性物主代詞第二人稱單數(shù)yours(復(fù)數(shù)yours名詞性物主代詞第三人稱單數(shù)his,hers,its(復(fù)數(shù)theirs四、數(shù)詞(Numeral表示數(shù)目多少或順序多少的詞叫數(shù)詞,數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。表示數(shù)目多少的數(shù)詞叫基數(shù)詞;表示順序的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞。基數(shù)詞(Cardinal Numbers

11、1 one2 two 3three 4four 5five 6six11eleven 12twelve 13thirteen 20twenty21twenty-one 40fouty 100one hundred五、動詞(Verb一般現(xiàn)在時(The Simple Present Tense一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)如:He is twelve.She is at home.表示經(jīng)常的或是習(xí)慣性的動作.如:I go to school at 7:30 every day.表示主語具備的的性格和能力等如:She like apple.They know English.1.動詞be(Verb to

12、be肯定式I am.否定I am not.肯定式Y(jié)ou are.否定式Y(jié)ou are not.肯定式He/She/It is.否定式He/She/It is not.疑問句和簡略答語Am I .?Yes,you are./No,I you are not.Are you.?Yes,I am./No,I am not.2.There be結(jié)構(gòu)There is/are+某物/某人+某地/某時這樣一種句型,大致相當(dāng)于漢語某地/某時有某物/某人的說法.句子的is/are和后面所跟的名詞在數(shù)方面必須是一致.肯定式:There is(Theresa table in your room.There are

13、(Thereresome pencils on the desk.否定式:There is not(There isntany cats here.There are not(arentany cats here.疑問式和簡略答語Is there a ruler in your bag?Yes,there is./No,there is not(isnt.Are there any people in that house?Yes,there are./No,there are not(arent.How many kites are there in the sky?There are th

14、irteen.六、介詞(Prepositions本冊課本出現(xiàn)的介詞短語如下:at: at home at school at six thirtybehind: behind the door/tree behind ones chairbeside: beside the door beside the housefrom: from one to a hundredin: in Row/Team/Class/Grade4in ones school/grade/class/team/romin your desk/pencil-box/bedroomin the picture in th

15、e same class in different classesin English in the hat in the morning/afternoonlike: like this/thatnear: near the window near the doorof: a picture of a classroom a map of Chinathe name of her cat the wall of their classroonon: on the desk/chair on the floor on the wall on the bikeon the dutyto:(a q

16、uarterto ten (goto school/bed/workunder: under the desk/table under the tree/window under ones chair/bed (1表示時間:at: 表示某一時間點如:at noonon: 表示特定的日子如:on Christmasin: 表示一段不具體的時間如:in the morning,in the Second world war如表示在某一特定的早上、下午則用on如:on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morningduring: 表示期間內(nèi)

17、的某個時期如: during the night, during the Second World Warfor: 其后接表示一段時間長度的詞如:for three daysthrough: 表示在整個期間沒有間歇例:It snowed through the night.till/until: 表示動作持續(xù)的終點例:I studied hard till twelve oclock last night.by: 表示動作完成期限例:Ill be back by five oclock.since: 表示某動作的起始點例:I have studied English since 1990.(2

18、 表示地點:at: 表示較小的地點如:arrived at the school gatein: 表示較大的地點如:arrived in Shanghaifor: 表示目的地例:Ill leave for Shanghai.above: 表示上面,上方,其反意詞是belowover: 表示垂直上方,其反意詞是under例:The dog jumped over the table.through: 表示穿過如:through the forestacross: 表示平原上的跨越例:I want to walk across the road.七、句子的種類(Kinds of Sentences

19、英語的句子按照用途可分為以下四類:陳述句用途是用來說明事實或說話人的看法例句:I can see a map on the wall.I think its his.疑問句用途是用來提出問題. 例句:Are you Mr Green?Can you find it ? How old are you?祈使句用途是用來表示請求和命令. 例句: Sstand up.Come in,please.Lets play games.感嘆句用途是用來表達強烈的感情. 例句:What a fine day it is!How beautiful the flowers are!八、一般疑問句和特殊疑問句一般

20、疑問句子和特殊疑問句一般疑問句(General Question一般是指用Yes或No回答的疑問句。例如:Is she at school today? Yes,she is/No,she isnt.Can you see a pencile on the desk? Yes,I can./No,I cant.Do you play football? Yes,they do./No,they dont.特殊疑問句是以特殊疑問詞開頭的疑問句.(二一.形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級(The Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjective and A

21、dverbs大多數(shù)形容詞和副詞有三個等級:1原級,即原形。2比較級,表示“較”或“更一些”的意思。3最高級,表示“最”的意思。1.形容詞和副詞比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成(1規(guī)則變化單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞一般在詞尾加-er或-estcold colder coldeststrong stronger strongestfast faster fastestslow slow slowest以字母e結(jié)尾的形容詞,加-r或-stnice nicer nicestlarge larger largest重讀閉音節(jié)詞只有一個輔音字母時,應(yīng)先雙寫輔音字母,再加-er或-estbig bigger biggest

22、thin thinner thinnesthot hotter hottest以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞,先改“y”為“i”,再加-er或-esteasy esaier easiesthappy happier happiestearly earlier earliest少數(shù)以-er,-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞clever(聰明的未尾加-er,-estclever cleverer cleverestnarrow narrower narrowest多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞在詞前加more或mostdelicious more delicious most deliciousinterestin

23、g more interesting most intertingeasily more easily most easilycarefully more carefully most carefully(2不規(guī)則變化good/well better bestbad/badly worse worstmuch/many more mostlittle less leastfar farther/further farthest/furthest2.形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級的用法比較級:表示兩者(人或事物的比較Mr King is taller than Mr ReadThis moonca

24、kes is nicer than that one。The tractor is going faster than the bike。最高級:表示三者或三者以上(人或事物的比較,其中有一個在某一方面超過其他幾個時,用最高級。最高級的前面一般要加定冠詞the。后面可帶of(in短語來說明比較的范圍。Whose drawing is he best of all?She is the youngest in the class.The taxi is going ghe fastest.Mr Qin is walking tje slowest of all.注:在形容詞和副詞的比較級前,有時

25、可以用much,a little等來修飾,如:much better a little taller二。數(shù)詞(Numerals(2序數(shù)詞(Ordinal Numbers序數(shù)詞表示事物的順序,往往與定冠詞the連用。fist 1st twentieth 20thsecond 2nd twenty-first 21ththird 3nd thirieth 30thfourth 4nd thirty-ninth 39thfifth 5nd fortieth 40thsixth 6th fiftieth 50thseventh 7th sixtieth 60theighth 8th seventiet

26、h 70thnineth 9th ninetieth 80thtenth 10th hundredth 100theleventh 11th one hundred and first 101sttwelfth 12th三、冠詞(Articles冠詞是一種虛詞,讓在名詞的前面,幫助說明名詞的含義,冠詞分不定冠詞(The Indefinite Article和定冠詞(The Define Article兩種,a(an是不定冠詞。a用在輔音之前,如:a roada boy;an用在元音之前,如:an hour ;an old man等;the是定冠詞。1.不定冠詞的用法用于可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式前,指

27、人或事物的某一種類。Susan is a scientist.Pass me an orange,please.指某人或某事,但不具體說明何人或何物。A boy is looking for you。We work five days a week。表示“一”這個數(shù)量,但數(shù)的概念沒有one強烈。We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow。I have a mouth,a nose,two eyes and two ears。用于某些固定的詞組中。a few ,a little ,a lot of ,a moment ago2.定冠詞的用法。特

28、指某些人或某些事物Show me the photo of the boy。The book on the desk is mine。指雙方都知道的人或事物。Where are the new books,Jim?They are on the small table。指上文提過的人或事物。Ji Mei lives on a farm。The farm is not big。用在世界上獨一無二的事物前。The sun is bigger than the moon。用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級前。The first month of the year is January。Walk along t

29、his road,and take the fourth turning on the left。用在由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前。the Great Wallthe Womens Hospital用在一些習(xí)慣用語中。in the morning(afternoon,evening,on the left(right,at the back(frontofthe day befoer yesterday,all the same3.不用冠詞的情況在專有名詞和不可數(shù)名詞前,China,Grade Two,Bill Smilk,milk名詞前已有作定語用的this,that,my,your,some

30、,any等代詞。The letter is in her bag ,Come this way,please .I have some question.復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類人或事物時,My father and mother are teachers.I like cakes.在星期,月份,季節(jié),節(jié)日前,It is Sunday(Monday,Tuesday,etc。today。June 1st is Childrens Day in China。It is cold in winter。在稱呼語或表示頭銜的名詞前。Mr Mott is going on a trip。What colour a

31、re Mrs Greens shoes?在三餐飯和球類運動的名詞前。He went to shool before breakfast this morning。Can you play basketball?四、動詞(Verbs(21.動詞的種類(Kinds of Verbs行為動詞Action Verbs:含有實在的意義,表示動作或狀態(tài),在句中能獨立作謂語。She has some bananas。They often come back early。I listen to the radio every day。連系動詞Link Verbs:本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨立作謂語,必須與表語

32、一起構(gòu)成謂語。His father is a teacher。Twins usually look the same。Trees turn green。助動詞Auxiliary Verbs 本身沒有詞義,不能獨立作謂語,只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞,表示否定,疑問,時態(tài)或其他語法形式。He doesnt speak Englist。We are playing basketball。Do you have a brother?情態(tài)動詞Modal Verbs本身有一定的意義,但不能獨立作謂語,只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞,表示說話人的語氣和情態(tài),情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。She can s

33、peak a little English。May I speak to Ann,please?We must go now。2.一般過去時態(tài)(The Simple Past Tense一般過去時表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),常和過去的時間狀語連用,如:yesterday,last night,in 1990,two days ago等,也表示過去經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作,常和often,always等表示頻度的時間狀語連用。例如:I got up at 6:30 yesterday。My father was at work yesterday afternoon。He always

34、went to work by bus last year。一般過去時的構(gòu)成be肯定句:I wasHe (she,itwasWe(You,Theywere否定句I was not(wasntHe(She,Itwas not(wasntWe(You,Theywere not(werentwork肯定句I(You,He,She,It,We,You,Theyworked。否定句I(You,He,She,It,We,You,Theydid not(didntworked。there be肯定句There wasThere were否定句There was not(wasntThere were not

35、 (werent疑問句和簡略答語be第一人稱Was I?Yes,you were。No,you were not。Were we?Yes,we(youwere。No,we(youwere not。第二人稱Were you?Yes,I was。No,I was not。Were you?Yes,we were。No,we were not。第三人稱Was he (she,it?Yes,he(she,itwas。No,he(she,itwas not。Were they ?Yes,they were。No,they were not。work第一人稱Did I work?Yes,you did。N

36、o,you did not。Did we work?Yes,we(youdid。No,we(youdid not。第二人稱Did you work?Yes,I did。No,I did not。Did you work?Yes,we did。No,we did not。第三人稱Did he (she,itwork?Yes,he(she,itdid。No,he(she,itdid not。Did they work?Yes,they did。No,they did not。there beWas there a/any?Yes,there was。No,there was not。Was the

37、re any?Yes,there were。No,there were not。規(guī)則動詞過去式地構(gòu)成一般在動詞原形末尾加-ed 例如:look looked,play played,結(jié)尾是e的動詞加-d 例如:live lived,hope hoped,use used末尾只有一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)詞,先雙寫這個輔音字母,再加-ed例如:stop stopped,plan planned,trip tripped結(jié)尾是輔音字母+y的動詞,先變y為i再加-ed. 例如:study studiedcarry carried,worry worried.常見的不規(guī)則動詞有:am/is-was ar

38、e-were go-went have-had do-did get-gotcome-came say-said see-saw put-put eat-ate take-took3.一般將來時態(tài)(The Simple Future Tense一般將來時表示將來某個時間要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),也表示將來將來經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作,常與表示將來的時間狀語連用.如:tomorrow,next,week,nextyear等例如:I will go to my hometown next week.We will come to see you every Sunday.1一般將來時的構(gòu)成一般將來時由

39、助動詞will+動詞原形構(gòu)成.在口語中,will在名詞或代詞后常簡縮為ll,will not常簡縮為wont.在疑問句中,主語為第一人稱(I和well時,常用助動詞shall.第一人稱肯定式I/We will go.否定式I/will not go.疑問式Shall/we go ?第二人稱肯定式Y(jié)ou not go.否定式Y(jié)ou will not go.疑問句Will you go?第三人稱肯定式He/She/It/They will go.否定式He/She/It/They will not go.疑問式Will he/she/it/they go?注:(1在書面語中,主語式第一人稱(I和w

40、e時,常用助動詞shall+動詞原形.例如:I shall write you a letter next month.We shall be very please to see you.(2在表示帶意愿色彩的將來時,常用will.例如:I will tell you all about it.(3在問對方是否愿意,或表示客氣的邀請或命令時,常用will.例如:Will you go to the zoo with me?Will you please open the window?(4在表示建議或者征求對方意見時,可用shall.例如:Shall we go at the ten?Sha

41、ll we get some food?2用be going to+動詞原形表示將要發(fā)生的的事或打算,計劃,決定要作的事情.例如:What are you going to next Sunday?下星期你打算干什么?Theyre going to meet outside the school gate.他們打算在校門口見面.Were not going to have any classes next week.下一周我們不上課.五.句子的成分(Members of the sentence主語(The Subject 表示句子所說的是什么人或什么事物,一般由名詞代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的短語等充

42、當(dāng).例句:Lucy is an American girl.We study in No.1 Middle School.謂語(The Predicate說明主語做什么,是什么或者是怎么樣.謂語(謂語部分里Mike hope to be a doctor.His parents are farmers.She is singing.表語(The Predicative 說明主語是什么或者怎么樣,由名詞、形容詞或相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語等充當(dāng),和連系動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語。例句:Her aunt is a driver.賓語(The Object表示動作或行為的對象,由名詞,代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞,

43、短語等充當(dāng),和及物動詞一起說明主語做什么.例句:He often helps me.We study English at school. Did you see him yesterday?定語(The Attribute用來休息名詞或代詞.做定語的除形容詞外,還有代詞,數(shù)詞,名詞介詞短語或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞或短語等.例句:The black bike is mine.We have four lessons in the morning.Whats your name.please?狀語(The Adverbial用來修飾動詞,形容詞或副詞.一般表示行為發(fā)生的時間,地點目的,方式,程度等意義

44、,通常由副詞,介詞短語或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語等來表示例句:People are all working hard.It is very nice.We had a meeting this afternoon.六.句子的種類(Kings of Sentence1.四種疑問句(Four Kind of Question選擇疑問句(The Alternative Question提出兩種或兩種以上的情況,要求對方選擇一種,這種疑問句叫選擇疑問句.它的機構(gòu)是一般疑問句加or加一般疑問句,但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略.說是or前面部分用聲調(diào),后面用降調(diào).如:Is her brother

45、a adoctor or a teacher?Would you like tea or coffee?Shall we go to the cinema on Saturday or on sunday?反意疑問句(The Tag Question反意疑問句表示提問者有一定的主見,但沒有把握,希望對方來證實.反意疑問句由兩部分組成,前一部分是對事物的陳述,后一部分是簡單的提問.如果前一部分用肯定的形式,后一部分一般用否定的形式;前一部分用否定的形式,后一部分久用肯定的形式兩部分的人稱和時態(tài)要一致.降調(diào);把握不大時,用降調(diào).The weather here is very cold,isnt

46、it?Youre from Australia,arent you? Yes,I am .對反意疑問句的回答,不管問題的提法如何,若事實是肯定的,就要用Yes,事實是否定的,就要用no.這和漢語不一樣,應(yīng)該注意.如:He isnt going to the meeting,is he?它不去參加會是嗎?Yes,he is.不,他要去的.No ,he isnt.對他不起.2.感嘆句(The Exclamatory Sentence感嘆句多用how和what引起.how 和what與所修飾的詞放在句首,其他部分用陳訴語氣.在口語中謂語常省略(1how作狀語,修飾形容詞,副詞和動詞.如:How co

47、ld it is today!How delicious they are!How beautiful the flowers are!How I miss you!(2what作定語,修飾名詞(名詞前可由其他定語,單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前要加不定冠詞a(an.如:What a good idear!What a beautiful day!What a happy woman!主語和謂語往往省略,由時候只用一個詞或者是詞組.如:How cold! Wonderful!(三一、動詞(Verbs1.現(xiàn)在完成時(The Present Perfect Tense(1現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時由“助動詞hav

48、e(has+過去分詞”構(gòu)成?，F(xiàn)以動詞work為例,將現(xiàn)在完成時的肯定式、否定式和疑問式以及簡略答語列表如下:肯定式I/You have worked。He/She/It has worked。We/You/They have worked。否定式I/You have not worked。He/She/It has not worked。We/You/They have not worked。疑問式和簡略回答Have I/you worked?Yes,you/I have。No,you/I have not。Has he/she/it worked?Yes,he/she/it has。No,h

49、e/she/it has not。Have we/you/they worked?Yes,you/we/they have。No,you/we/they have not。注:規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞的構(gòu)成與動詞過去式相同(2現(xiàn)在完成時的用法表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。Have you had your lunch yet?Yes,I have。Ive just had it。I have already posted the photos。表示過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài),可以和表示從過去某一時刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一段時間的狀語連用。表示持續(xù)動作或狀態(tài)的動詞多是延續(xù)性

50、動詞。I havent seen her these days.Ive known LiLei for three years.Ive been at this school for over two years.They have lived here since 1996.How long have you worked in this library?She has taught us since I came to this school.現(xiàn)在完成時可以和already,never,just,before,yet 等狀語連用。Have you ever eaten fish and c

51、hips?Ive just lost my science book.Ive never been to that farm before.I havent learned the word yet.have(hasbeen和have(hasgone的區(qū)別:have(has been 表示“曾經(jīng)到過某地”,have(hasgone 表示“已經(jīng)去過某地了”Where has he been? 他剛才跑到哪去了?Where has he gone?他到哪去了?She has been to Shanghai。她到過上海。She has gone to Shanghai。她到上海去了。注:非延續(xù)性動

52、詞在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中可用現(xiàn)在完成時,如:I havent bought anything for two months。(3現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的某一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,強調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況,所以它不能和表示過去的時間狀語連用。如:yesterday,last night,three weeks ago,in 1990等,而一般過去時只表示過去動作或狀態(tài),和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系,它可以和表示過去的時間狀語連用。如:I have seen the film。我看過這部電影。I saw the film last week。我上星期看了這個電影。He has lived h

53、ere since 1992。1992年以來他一直住在這里。He lived here in 1992。1992年他住在這里。2.過去將來時(The Futere-in-the-Past Tense(1過去將來時由“助動詞would+動詞圓形”構(gòu)成。would?？s略為d。(2過去將來時的用法過去將來時表示過去的某一時間看來將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。過去將來時常用在賓語從句中。如:I didnt know if she would come。I wasnt sure whether he would do it。Wang Lei said that she would visit her un

54、cle next Saturday。過去將來時也可以用“was(were going to +動詞原形”來表示。如:I didnt know if she was going to come。Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle next Saterday。3.過去完成時(The Past Perfect Tense(1.過去完成時的構(gòu)成過去完成時由“助動詞had(用于各種人稱和數(shù)+過去分詞”構(gòu)成(2.過去完成時的用法過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作,它表示動作發(fā)生的時間是“過去的過去”表示過去某一時

55、間可用by,before等構(gòu)成的短語,也可用when,before等引導(dǎo)的從句或者通過上下文表示。例句By the end of the match ,they had scored two goals and we had scored four.We had reached the station before ten oclock.When I got there ,you had already started playing .We did as he had told us.He said he had never seen such an exciting match before .By the time we got there,the bus had already gone.4.動詞不定式(The Ivnfinitive(1動詞不定式的基本形式是“to+動詞原形”,有時可以不帶to,動詞不定式(或不定式短語沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。在句子中不能作謂語。動詞不定式仍保持動詞的特點。即可以有自己的賓語和狀語。動詞不定式同它的賓語或狀語構(gòu)成不定