試談材料相關(guān)概論

1、試談材料相關(guān)概論Classification of Materialsl Basis of classification: atomic structures nature of chemical bonds:金屬鍵金屬鍵 Metallic bond離子鍵離子鍵 Ionic bond共價鍵共價鍵 Covalent bond范德華健范德華健 Van der Waals bond氫鍵氫鍵 Hydrogen bond2 Classification（按按物理化學(xué)屬性物理化學(xué)屬性） Metallic materials 金屬材料金屬材料 Inorganic-nonmetallic materials

2、無機(jī)非金屬材料無機(jī)非金屬材料 Polymeric materials 有機(jī)高分子材料有機(jī)高分子材料 Composite materials 復(fù)合材料復(fù)合材料3Propertiesl Mechanical properties: the behavior of materials deformed by a set of forces. Physical properties: the behavior of materials subjected to the action of temperature, electric or magnetic fields, or light. Chemi

3、cal properties: the behavior of material in a reactive environment.4The four basic aspects of materials science and technology 51.Types of Materials MetallCharacteristics / propertiesis strong;can be readily formed into practical Its ductility is an important asset in permitting small amounts of yie

4、lding to sudden and severe loads. 6l Types Ferrous metals: pig iron, carbon steel, pure iron Non-ferrous metals: heavy, light, valued and rare metals Special metals: non-crystalline, shape memory alloy7CeramicslCharacteristics / properties: brittlelRecent development in technologylStructural feature

5、: crystalline: the constituent atoms are stacked together in a regular, repeating pattern. noncrystalline: the atoms are stacked in irregular, random patterns. glass: noncrystalline solids8PolymerslComposition: hydrogen and carbon, oxygen lPropertiesLightweightlow-cost low strength low melting point

6、, andhigher chemical reactivity 93. Structural Characteristic of Materials4. 5.Forms of solids: crystalline & amorphous Crystalline: an ordered arrangement of the elementary particles (ions, atoms or molecules). 晶體結(jié)構(gòu)晶體結(jié)構(gòu): 晶體中原子（或離子）在空晶體中原子（或離子）在空 間規(guī)則排列的方式。間規(guī)則排列的方式。103.1 Properties of crystalsDep

7、end on:the electronic structure of atoms the nature of the interactions in the crystalthe spatial arrangement of elementary particles, and the composition, size and shape of crystals. 11 Anisotropy 各向異性各向異性: The properties of crystals are different in various crystallographic directions, which are a

8、ssociated with an ordered arrangement of atoms (ions, molecules) in space. This phenomenon is called anisotropy. 123.2 Crystal Lattice 晶格晶格 Arrangement of elementary particles in a crystal (a): three-dimensional view (b): scheme13 Types of elementary cell: simple three-dimensional lattice 簡單立方格子簡單立方

9、格子 body-centred cell 體心立方格子體心立方格子 face centred cell 面心立方格子面心立方格子14Types of elementary cell in crystal lattices (a): simple (b): body-centred cell (c): face centred cell 154. Structure-Property-Processing 5. Relationship 4.1 Properties 力學(xué)性能力學(xué)性能 Mechanical property 強(qiáng)度強(qiáng)度 Strength在外力作用下材料抵抗塑性變形或在外力作用下材料

10、抵抗塑性變形或斷裂的能力稱為強(qiáng)度。單位斷裂的能力稱為強(qiáng)度。單位MPa。16抗壓強(qiáng)度抗壓強(qiáng)度 Compressive strength- 材料破壞之前所能夠承受的最大壓應(yīng)力材料破壞之前所能夠承受的最大壓應(yīng)力PP17抗拉強(qiáng)度抗拉強(qiáng)度 Tensile strength- 材料破壞之前所能夠承受的最大拉應(yīng)力材料破壞之前所能夠承受的最大拉應(yīng)力PP18 彈性模量彈性模量 Modulus of elasticity 硬度硬度 Hardness材料抵抗硬物壓入其表面的能力，材料抵抗硬物壓入其表面的能力，即抵抗局部塑性變形的能力即抵抗局部塑性變形的能力。 韌性韌性 Toughness材料抵抗裂紋萌生與擴(kuò)展的能力

11、材料抵抗裂紋萌生與擴(kuò)展的能力。 疲勞特性疲勞特性 Fatigue behaviour19 物理和化學(xué)性能物理和化學(xué)性能 Physicochemical property 電性能電性能 Electric properties- 導(dǎo)電性導(dǎo)電性 Electric conductivity以材料的電阻率或電導(dǎo)率評價以材料的電阻率或電導(dǎo)率評價。- 介電介電 性性 Dielectric properties 能把帶電體分開并能長期經(jīng)受強(qiáng)電能把帶電體分開并能長期經(jīng)受強(qiáng)電 場作用的絕緣材料叫介電材料或電場作用的絕緣材料叫介電材料或電 介質(zhì)介質(zhì)。20 壓電性壓電性 Piezoelectricity介電材料在應(yīng)力

12、作用下發(fā)生尺寸變介電材料在應(yīng)力作用下發(fā)生尺寸變化時因極化而產(chǎn)生電場或電壓，這化時因極化而產(chǎn)生電場或電壓，這種現(xiàn)象稱為壓電性種現(xiàn)象稱為壓電性。 鐵電性鐵電性 Ferroelectricity 有些離子晶體沒有外電場作用也能有些離子晶體沒有外電場作用也能表現(xiàn)出很強(qiáng)的電偶極矩，這種能自表現(xiàn)出很強(qiáng)的電偶極矩，這種能自發(fā)極化的現(xiàn)象叫鐵電效應(yīng)發(fā)極化的現(xiàn)象叫鐵電效應(yīng)。21 磁性能磁性能 Magnetic properties 抗磁性物質(zhì)抗磁性物質(zhì) Antimagnetic 減弱磁場減弱磁場 順磁性物質(zhì)順磁性物質(zhì) Paramagnetic 使磁場略有增加使磁場略有增加 鐵磁性物質(zhì)鐵磁性物質(zhì) Ferromagn

13、etic 使磁場強(qiáng)裂增加使磁場強(qiáng)裂增加22 熱性能熱性能 Thermal properties 吸熱吸熱：熱容；傳熱：熱導(dǎo)率；熱容；傳熱：熱導(dǎo)率； 膨脹：熱膨脹系數(shù)膨脹：熱膨脹系數(shù) 光學(xué)性能光學(xué)性能 Optical properties吸收、透射、反射吸收、透射、反射234.2 Structurel Structural levels:Macrostructure: visible with eyes or optical microscope;Meso-structure: Optical or SEM, ranging 10-710-4m;Microstructure: Arrangeme

14、nts of atoms and molecules.244.3 Processing lFor metalsCasting 鑄造: by pouring liquid metal into a mold Welding 焊接/ brazing銅焊 / soldering錫焊 / adhesive bonding: joining individual pieces of metal 25Forging 鍛造/ drawing拉拔 / extrusion 擠壓/ rolling碾壓 / bending彎曲: forming the solid metal into useful shapes

15、using high pressuresPowder metallurgy: compacting tiny metal powder particles into a solid massMachining: removing excess materials26lFor ceramicscasting, forming, extrusion, compactionheat treatment at high temperatures to drive off the fluids and to bond the individual constituents together. For p

16、olymers by injection of softened plastic into molds, drawing and forming. 274.4 Structure-property-processing interaction lProcessing: affecting structure & properties lProcessing: determined by structure & properties 28Summary: lDefinition of materialslClassification of materialslChacterist

17、ics of each type of materialslChemical bondslStructure feature of crystallPrperties of materialsProblems: : Page 33 1.3 1.4 1.8 1.11 1.13 1.1629Chapter 3 Ceramic Materials30陶瓷材料的概念與分類 Concept and classification陶瓷材料的制作工藝 Manufacture processing technologies陶瓷材料的性能及應(yīng)用 Properties and application 311 陶瓷的

18、概念和分類 Concept and Classifications 1.1 概念 Concept3.1 Introduction321 陶瓷的概念和分類 Concept and Classifications 1.1 概念 Concept陶瓷陶瓷Ceramic: 燒過的粘土。是陶器 (pottery)和瓷器(porcelain)的總稱。3.1 Introduction331 陶瓷的概念和分類 Concept and Classifications 1.1 概念 Concept陶瓷陶瓷Ceramic: 燒過的粘土。是陶器 (pottery)和瓷器(porcelain)的總稱。3.1 Introd

19、uction34 Ceramic compounds: can be defined as inorganic compounds made by heating clay or other mineral matter to a high temperature at which they partially melt and bond together. 定義定義:陶瓷指經(jīng)過高溫處理所合成的無 機(jī)非金屬材料 (Inorganic & nonmetallic materials),簡稱無機(jī)材料。35陶瓷材料的特性陶瓷材料的特性: 離子鍵或共價鍵 ion or covalent bon

20、d 強(qiáng)度高,硬度大,脆性 high strength, rigid, brittle 耐熱,電絕緣性能好 high thermal resistance, electrical insulator (at high temperature, ion bond materials are conductive) 多晶 polycrystalline compounds 36 Usually compound between metallic and nonmetallic elements Always composed of more than one element Bonds are pa

21、rtially or totally ionic, and can have combination of ionic and covalent bonds Majority has ionic (in salt compounds) or metallic and nonmetallic elements (as in oxides Al2O3, MgO, SiO2)37主要組分主要組分：硅酸鹽化合物硅酸鹽化合物 在美國，陶瓷泛指硅酸鹽材料，又稱為傳統(tǒng)陶瓷或普通陶瓷。包括日用陶瓷、工業(yè)用陶瓷、一般玻璃、水泥、耐火材料等。 先進(jìn)無機(jī)材料先進(jìn)無機(jī)材料 (advanced inorganic ma

22、terials): 用氧化物氧化物、氮化物氮化物、硅化物硅化物、碳化碳化 物物以至各種無機(jī)非金屬化合物經(jīng)過 特殊特殊的先進(jìn)工藝工藝制成的材料。 38Ceramicstraditional ceramics: derived and processed from clay or nonclay minerals including refractories（耐火材料（耐火材料), white wares, cement(水泥水泥), porcelain(瓷器瓷器), and structural clay ceramics. advanced ceramics: high purity, bet

23、ter mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties 1.2 分類 Classification391.2.1 傳統(tǒng)陶瓷 Traditional ceramics： 又稱普通陶瓷，主要是指以天然無 機(jī)物如粘土粘土等為主要原料、經(jīng)高溫高溫 處理處理得到的制品，主要用于制造日 用器皿、生活潔具等生活用具。401.2.1 傳統(tǒng)陶瓷 Traditional ceramics： 又稱普通陶瓷，主要是指以天然無 機(jī)物如粘土粘土等為主要原料、經(jīng)高溫高溫 處理處理得到的制品，主要用于制造日 用器皿、生活潔具等生活用具。瓷器瓷器 Porcela

24、in; Chinaware ：細(xì)密的陶 瓷器皿，質(zhì)硬、半透明、白色、發(fā) 聲清脆以及無孔，以長石長石 (Feldspar)、石英石英（Quartz）和高嶺石高嶺石 （Kaolin）為基本原料經(jīng)一次燒成。4142Traditional Ceramics43藝術(shù)陶瓷藝術(shù)陶瓷44內(nèi)墻磚內(nèi)墻磚45衛(wèi)生潔具衛(wèi)生潔具-洗面器洗面器461.2.2 先進(jìn)陶瓷 Advanced ceramics： 又稱為精細(xì)陶瓷、新型陶瓷、高 技術(shù)陶瓷、特種陶瓷等。是指以 精制的高純天然無機(jī)物高純天然無機(jī)物或人工合 成無機(jī)化合物為原料，采用精密精密 控制的制造加工工藝燒結(jié)控制的制造加工工藝燒結(jié)，得到 的具有獨特性能的高功能陶瓷。

25、47 先進(jìn)陶瓷，從原料原料、顯微結(jié)構(gòu)顯微結(jié)構(gòu)中所體現(xiàn)的晶粒、晶界、氣孔、缺陷等在尺度上都是處在微米級微米級的水平，因此可以稱之為微米級先進(jìn)陶瓷微米級先進(jìn)陶瓷。 48 先進(jìn)陶瓷，從原料原料、顯微結(jié)構(gòu)顯微結(jié)構(gòu)中所體現(xiàn)的晶粒、晶界、氣孔、缺陷等在尺度上都是處在微米級微米級的水平，因此可以稱之為微米微米級先進(jìn)陶瓷級先進(jìn)陶瓷。 Advanced ceramic，the scale of the raw materials and microstructures, including the crystal grains, crystal interface, pores and defects is a

26、t the level of micron. We also call it micron-level ceramic.49Advanced Ceramics Cutting tools Zirconia toughened alumina 氧化鋯增強(qiáng)氧化鋁氧化鋯增強(qiáng)氧化鋁50紅色陶紅色陶瓷系列瓷系列黑色陶黑色陶瓷系列瓷系列 黃色陶黃色陶瓷系列瓷系列51打火機(jī)陶瓷系列打火機(jī)陶瓷系列52密封環(huán)陶瓷系列密封環(huán)陶瓷系列53點火頭系列點火頭系列541.2.3 先進(jìn)陶瓷的分類 組成 composition：氧化物氧化物 oxide 、氮氮 化物化物 nitride 、 硅化物硅化物 silicide、碳

27、碳 化物化物 carbide 陶瓷 性能 properties & applications：結(jié)構(gòu)陶結(jié)構(gòu)陶 瓷瓷 structural ceramics、功能陶瓷功能陶瓷 functional ceramics55結(jié)構(gòu)陶瓷結(jié)構(gòu)陶瓷:以力學(xué)機(jī)械性能為主。 功能陶瓷功能陶瓷:利用材料的電、磁、光、 聲、熱等性能及其耦合效應(yīng)，如 鐵電、壓電陶瓷、敏感陶瓷、快 離子導(dǎo)體陶瓷等。以及主要從電 性能上考慮有絕緣陶瓷、介電陶 瓷、半導(dǎo)體陶瓷、導(dǎo)體陶瓷以至 高臨界溫度的超導(dǎo)陶瓷。5657581.3 陶瓷的發(fā)展59陶陶 器器 瓷器（傳統(tǒng)瓷器（傳統(tǒng) 陶陶 瓷瓷 ）高鋁質(zhì)粘土和高鋁質(zhì)粘土和瓷土的應(yīng)用瓷土的應(yīng)

28、用釉釉 的的 發(fā)發(fā) 明明原原 料料 純純 化化陶瓷工藝的陶瓷工藝的 發(fā)展發(fā)展 陶瓷理論的陶瓷理論的發(fā)展發(fā)展 先先 進(jìn)進(jìn) 陶陶 瓷（微米級）瓷（微米級）納納 米米 陶陶 瓷瓷高溫技術(shù)高溫技術(shù)的發(fā)展的發(fā)展 顯微結(jié)構(gòu)顯微結(jié)構(gòu) 分析的進(jìn)步分析的進(jìn)步性能研究性能研究 的深入的深入無損評估無損評估的成就的成就相鄰學(xué)科相鄰學(xué)科的推動的推動圖1 陶瓷發(fā)展的階段1.3 陶瓷的發(fā)展601.4 Applications Thermal Barrier Coatings: Low thermal conductivity reduces metal temperatures61 Electronics Packagi

29、ng: Ceramics: provide high temperature performance and thermal expansion coefficient match to Silicon High thermal conductivity desired (e.g. AlN)62 Ceramic Armour 裝甲裝甲Absorption of projectile energy吸收子彈發(fā)射的能量吸收子彈發(fā)射的能量63hydboneHuman bone64 Jet-Engine turborotor關(guān)節(jié)關(guān)節(jié)651.4 陶瓷的發(fā)展趨向 納米陶瓷 nano-ceramic特性特性：

30、 （1）原材料粉末原材料粉末 raw materials powder 顆粒為納米級為納米級 nano-level grains； （2）微觀結(jié)構(gòu)微觀結(jié)構(gòu) microstructures, 晶粒 grains, 晶界 interfaces，氣孔 pores 以及 晶體缺陷 defects 同樣在納米同樣在納米 級級 nano-level。66 多相復(fù)合陶瓷 Multi-phase combination ceramics 纖維或晶須補(bǔ)強(qiáng)陶瓷纖維或晶須補(bǔ)強(qiáng)陶瓷：以陶瓷為基體，以各種組分的纖維或晶須作為纖維或晶須作為補(bǔ)強(qiáng)劑補(bǔ)強(qiáng)劑所組成的多相復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合材料。67纖維或晶須補(bǔ)強(qiáng)陶瓷68 顆粒彌散型

31、復(fù)合陶瓷顆粒彌散型復(fù)合陶瓷：在陶瓷基體 中加入彌散的不同化學(xué)組成的第二彌散的不同化學(xué)組成的第二 相顆粒（相顆粒（產(chǎn)生彌散強(qiáng)化）所組成的 復(fù)相陶瓷。69 顆粒彌散型復(fù)合陶瓷顆粒彌散型復(fù)合陶瓷：在陶瓷基體 中加入彌散的不同化學(xué)組成的第二彌散的不同化學(xué)組成的第二 相顆粒（相顆粒（產(chǎn)生彌散強(qiáng)化）所組成的 復(fù)相陶瓷。顆粒彌散型復(fù)合陶瓷70 兩種晶型復(fù)合的復(fù)相陶瓷兩種晶型復(fù)合的復(fù)相陶瓷：同一化 學(xué)組成的物質(zhì)經(jīng)適當(dāng)?shù)墓に嚳刂疲?得到不同晶型和不同的顆粒形貌不同晶型和不同的顆粒形貌的 復(fù)相陶瓷，達(dá)到自補(bǔ)強(qiáng)自補(bǔ)強(qiáng)的目的。71 兩種晶型復(fù)合的復(fù)相陶瓷兩種晶型復(fù)合的復(fù)相陶瓷：同一化 學(xué)組成的物質(zhì)經(jīng)適當(dāng)?shù)墓に嚳刂疲?

32、得到不同晶型和不同的顆粒形貌不同晶型和不同的顆粒形貌的 復(fù)相陶瓷，達(dá)到自補(bǔ)強(qiáng)自補(bǔ)強(qiáng)的目的。 有機(jī)和無機(jī)復(fù)合的復(fù)相陶瓷有機(jī)和無機(jī)復(fù)合的復(fù)相陶瓷：介于 有機(jī)與無機(jī)材料之間，不需要高溫 處理而獲得的一種新型材料。72 兩種晶型復(fù)合的復(fù)相陶瓷兩種晶型復(fù)合的復(fù)相陶瓷：同一化 學(xué)組成的物質(zhì)經(jīng)適當(dāng)?shù)墓に嚳刂疲?得到不同晶型和不同的顆粒形貌不同晶型和不同的顆粒形貌的 復(fù)相陶瓷，達(dá)到自補(bǔ)強(qiáng)自補(bǔ)強(qiáng)的目的。 有機(jī)和無機(jī)復(fù)合的復(fù)相陶瓷有機(jī)和無機(jī)復(fù)合的復(fù)相陶瓷：介于 有機(jī)與無機(jī)材料之間，不需要高溫 處理而獲得的一種新型材料。 金屬陶瓷金屬陶瓷：金屬與陶瓷復(fù)合的復(fù)相 陶瓷。733.2 Nature of Ceramics

33、 Crystalline solids composed of metallic and nonmetallic materialsCeramics are crystal structures made of metallic ionsInorganic materials Bonding is either partially or completely ionic. Variables involved are (1)the magnitude of the electrical charge on the ions;(2)the relative size of the ions 74

34、 Ceramics are inexpensive compared with competing materials. Consisting of silicon, aluminum, and oxygen: the most abundant elements in the earths crustceramics can be produced at less cost than that of competing metal-alloy components. Properties of Ceramics75What sets ceramics apart is their set o

35、f properties common to nearly all forms: extreme hardness, heat resistance, corrosion resistance, low electrical and thermal conductivity, and low ductility, or brittleness. 76 Applications for advanced ceramics:use as parts in a future ceramic heat enginegood candidates for wear-resistance applicat

36、ionsElectrical properties place ceramics in great demand as solid electrolytes in experimental batteries and fuel cells. 77Other uses include:automotive sensorspackaging for integrated circuitselectronic/optical devicesfiber opticsmicrochips, andmagnetic heads. 78In the marriage of the computer and

37、communications technologies, ceramics play a major role. Replacements for human boneChemical inertness of ceramics is finding many applications in the medical field Ceramics play a big role in the machine-tool industry. Their thermal and mechanical stability allows them to retain their smooth, accur

38、ate cutting surfaces longer than metals do. 79Coated cutting tools and inserts, some with as many as 12 extremely thin coatings, each designed to serve a special function, can run productively at faster cutting speeds and at faster feed rates than can any metal-alloy tool in the machining of hard st

39、eels, superalloys, and ceramics. 80 Corrosion resistance, chemical inertness, thermal shock resistance, and other properties that materials scientists and engineers can design into ceramic materials make both traditional and advanced ceramics highly attractive in a large number of applications. 81 材

40、料科學(xué)家和工程師們能夠?qū)⒛透g性、材料科學(xué)家和工程師們能夠?qū)⒛透g性、化學(xué)惰性、抗熱震性設(shè)計到陶瓷材料中，化學(xué)惰性、抗熱震性設(shè)計到陶瓷材料中，使傳統(tǒng)陶瓷和先進(jìn)陶瓷在廣泛的應(yīng)用中使傳統(tǒng)陶瓷和先進(jìn)陶瓷在廣泛的應(yīng)用中都具有很強(qiáng)的吸引力。都具有很強(qiáng)的吸引力。 82 Porosity and Density Mass density, which uses the mass of a material divided by its volume refers to this theoretical densityAtomic weight is a major factor in determining

41、 the density of a materialClose-packed metals are more dense than open-structured materials. 83 The optimum density of spherical particles can be reached by varying the size distribution of particles to permit smaller particles (50 nm or less) to locate in the interstices(空隙）空隙）of the larger ones. O

42、ne disadvantage with this procedure is that the larger particles tend to grow excessively during high-temperature sintering, which takes place later in the process. 84Defects in ceramics can develop due to internal stresses（內(nèi)內(nèi)應(yīng)力）應(yīng)力） and porosityThermal stresses due to an-isotropic thermal expansion

43、tend to crack weak grain boundaries96% dense alumina Brittle Fracture of Ceramics85Pores in partially sintered Alumina86 Ceramics are, by nature, generally porous materials with varying degrees of porosity. bulk density is used in this instance to refer to a ceramics density, and it includes the materials porosity and the fact that most ceramics contain both a crystalline and a noncrystalline phase.87 Green density is the bulk