詞語用法與語法結構

1、第二部分 語法結構從以下幾個方面強化語法知識：第一節(jié) 謂語動詞第二節(jié) 非謂語動詞第三節(jié) 各種從句第四節(jié) 強調句型第五節(jié) 倒裝結構第六節(jié) 反意疑問句每節(jié)結束后我們會配以一定數量的練習，幫助讀者更好地掌握該部分內容。一謂語動詞時態(tài)，語態(tài)，語氣，情態(tài)動詞，以及主謂一致1.1動詞的時態(tài)動詞的時態(tài)指的是作謂語的動詞用來表示動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時間的各種形式。共有16中英語的動詞時態(tài)。現(xiàn) 在過 去將 來1. 一般現(xiàn)在時5. 一般過去時8. 一般將來時一般過去將來時2. 現(xiàn)在進行時6. 過去進行時將來進行時過去將來進行時3. 現(xiàn)在完成時7. 過去完成時9. 將來完成時過去將來完成時4. 現(xiàn)在完成進行時過去完成進行

2、時 將來完成進行時過去將來完成進行時備注：編有號碼的時態(tài)為重點。（一）、一般現(xiàn)在式1、表示經常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)：常和always，usually，often，sometimes，every day, every week的等時間狀語連用。例：He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。2、表示普遍的真理。由于是眾所周知的客觀事實，所以一般不用時間狀語。例：The earth is round.地球是圓的。3、有些表示心理狀態(tài)或感情的動詞往往用一般現(xiàn)在時。例：I dont think you are right.我以為你錯了。4、在時間、條件狀語從句中表示將來的動作

3、：常用的連詞有as soon as，when，until，if。我們在此引用三道真題。例（1）"When are you going to visit your uncle in Chicago?""As soon as _ our work for tomorrow."A. we're completeB. we'd completeC. we'll completeD. we complete例（2）They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they _their exa

4、ms.A. have finished B. finish C. finished D. was finishing例（3）When the mixture _, it will give off a powerful force.A. will heat B. will be heatedC. is heated D. has heated (二) 、現(xiàn)在進行時1、表示此時此刻（說話時）正在進行的動作。例：The teacher is talking with his students. 老師正在與學生們談話。2、表示現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作。例：I am attending a confere

5、nce in New York. 我正在紐約參加一個會議。(三)、現(xiàn)在完成時1、表示動作剛剛結束（常和just, now, already, yet等詞連用）；或表示動作的結果（一般不用時間狀語）。例（1）Li Ming has just turned off the light.李明剛剛把燈關上。（說明現(xiàn)在燈已經關上了）例（2）I have lost my pen.我把筆丟了。（說明過去某時丟的，現(xiàn)在我還沒有找到這支筆。）2、表示過去某時開始的動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且可能會繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去（常用since引導的短語或從句，或由for引導的短語連用）。例（1）He has _ the army f

6、or ten years and is now an officer.A. gone intoB. joined inC. been inD. come into（【答案】C）（1995年49題）他入伍十年，現(xiàn)為軍官。（現(xiàn)在還在軍中。）例（2）Theyve known each other since childhood. 他們從小認識。（現(xiàn)在還繼續(xù)來往）3、非延續(xù)性動詞和it is +時間+since.（過去時）英語中有些動詞不能延續(xù)，因此不能和表示延續(xù)的時間狀語連用(如for ten years)。下題是非常典型的例子。例（1）It is ten years since he left h

7、ome and joined the army.他入伍離鄉(xiāng)已十年。對非延續(xù)性動詞，表達完成事態(tài)時常用it is +時間+since 的句型代替，從句用過去時態(tài)。4、have（has）been to和have（has）gone to的區(qū)別have（has ）been to：去過某地（表示某人的一種經歷），可以和once，twice，often，never，ever連用。have（has）gone to：去某地了（表示某人已經離開此地，在去某地的路途上或已在某地，所以一般來說此句型只用于第三人稱），此句型不能與上述時間狀語連用。（1）He has gone to America.他已經去了美國。（

8、現(xiàn)在不在此地）（2）He has been to America twice. 他（曾經）去過美國兩次。(四)、現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示從過去某時一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一個動作，這個動作一般會繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去，或是到說話時結束，但是強調到說話時為止一直在做的動作。例（1）：I _ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.A. was knockingB. am knockingC. knockingD. have been knocking（【答案】D）（1998年49題）now一詞表示敲門動作持續(xù)進行一直到現(xiàn)在。例（2）Since he left

9、the university, he _ in an accounting company. A. has been working B. had worked C. had been working D. was working（【答案】A）（2006年4月16題）表示自大學畢業(yè)起一直在會計公司工作。(五)、一般過去時：（本書后面附有不規(guī)則動詞變化表，請同學們熟練掌握之）1、表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)：常和具體的過去時間狀語連用，如just now, last year, when I was 18 years old等。例：You've already missed too many c

10、lasses this term .You _ two classes just last week.A. missedB. would missC. had missedD. have missed（【答案】A）（1995年59題）2、used to do sth：過去常常做例：I used to take a walk in the morning.我過去是在早晨散步。（意味著現(xiàn)在不在早晨散步了。）(六)、過去進行時1、表示在過去某一段時間正在進行的動作。常需用表示過去的時間狀語或通過上下文來判斷時間。例：He was doing his homework from seven to ni

11、ne last night.昨天晚上七點到九點他正在做作業(yè)。2、when 和while 的用法區(qū)別when表示一個特定時間點，其所引導的句子用過去時，while 表示持續(xù)的一段時間，其所引導的句子用過去進行時。例（1）I fell and hurt myself while I _tennis.A. was playing B. am playingC. play D. played（【答案】A）（1998年43題）例（2）When you _ this over with her, you should not see her any more.A. talk B. talked C. wi

12、ll talk D. talking（答案為B）（1999年35題）例（3）One of the guards _ when the general came in, which made him very angry.A. has slept B. were sleepingC. slept D. was sleeping（答案為D）（1996年23題）3、過去進行時表示過去將來的動作?，F(xiàn)在進行時可以表示將來的動作，同樣，過去進行時也可以表示從過去某時間看將來要發(fā)生的動作。例：He went to see Xiao Li. He was leaving early the next morn

13、ing.他去看小李。他第二天一早就要離開此地了。(七)、過去完成時1、表示在過去的某一時間或動作之前已經完成了的動作（即過去的過去）。這個過去的某一時間可用by, before等介詞或連詞引導的短語或一個從句來表示。例（1）When I went to visit Mrs. Smith last week, I was told she _ two days before.A. has left B. was leaving C. would leave D. had left（【答案】D）（2003年11月40題）例（2）About the sixth century A.D. when f

14、ew Europeans could read, the Chinese _ paper.A. inventedB. had inventedC. have inventedD. had been invented（【答案】B）（1997年35題）2、表示從過去某一時間開始，一直持續(xù)到另一個過去的時間的動作。例：The chemistry class _ for five minutes when we hurried there.A. had been onB. was onC. has been onD. would be on（【答案】A）（1995年24題）3、在含有before, a

15、fter, as soon as 等連詞引導的狀語從句的復合句中，由于連詞本身可以明確表示動作發(fā)生的先后順序，因此，主句和從句都可以用一般過去時表示，而不用過去完成時。例：I called him as soon as I arrived.我剛一到就給他打電話。4、過去完成時常用在no sooner than, hardly/scarcely/barelywhen，一就。句型之中，句子倒裝。例（1）No sooner had we sat down _ we found it was time to go.A. thanB. whenC. asD. while（答案為A）（1997年50題）例

16、（2）Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.他剛打開門，蠟燭就被一陣風吹滅了。(八)、一般將來時1、will（shall）+原形動詞：表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)。例：He will come and help you. 他會來幫助你的。2、be going to +動詞原形：表示馬上就要發(fā)生的事情或打算好要做的事。例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去聽這個講座嗎？3、be to +動詞原形：表示安排或計劃好了的動作。例：The Five-Ring

17、 Road is to be open to traffic before National Day. 五環(huán)路將在國慶節(jié)前通車。4、be about to +動詞原形：表示即將發(fā)生的動作。例：The lecture is about to begin.講座即將開始。5、某些表示開始、終結、往來行動的動詞如：go ,come, start, arrive, leave 等的現(xiàn)在進行時可表示將來。（1）We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我們明天動身去北京。（2）The foreign guests are arriving in Shanghai tonig

18、ht. 外賓今晚到達上海。1.2.1 被動語態(tài)考試重點：感官動詞和使役動詞的被動語態(tài)；動詞短語的被動語態(tài)；情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)；用主動表示被動的含義。另外，本書后面還附有常見不規(guī)則動詞變化表，請同學們下功夫掌握熟練。一、感官動詞及使役動詞（如：see，feel，hear，watch，make，bid）在主動語態(tài)中用無to不定式做賓補，改為被動語態(tài)時要加to。例（1）Because of many mistakes, she was made _ these letters again. A. type B. to typing C. typed D. to type（【答案】D）（2006年11

19、月22題）例（2）The middle-aged man was seen _ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.A. came B. come C. to come D. have come（【答案】C）（2000年58題）二、有些動詞后面接一個介詞或副詞，構成短語。變被動語態(tài)時，短語動詞做及物動詞用。例（1）The children are well looked after.這些孩子得到了很好的照顧。例（2）The doctor has been sent for.已經派人去請大夫了。三、情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)構成：情態(tài)動詞+be

20、+過去分詞。例（1）I can't find the recorder in the room. It _ by somebody.A. must have taken B. may have taken C. may have been taken D. should have been taken（【答案】C）（2003年11月22題）此題考察的知識點比較綜合。首先是被動語態(tài)，錄音機被人拿走了。另外還考察了情態(tài)動詞加完成式表示對過去事件的推測。我們再來看兩個較為簡單的例子。例（2）The work must be finished before lunch.這項工作必須在午飯前干完

21、。例（3）Nothing can be seen from here. 從這兒什么也看不見。四、用主動表示被動的含義1need/require +doing sth（=to be done）（此句型主語大多為物）例（1）It is hot and dry; the flowers need _.A. being watered B. be watered C. to water D. to be watered（【答案】D）（2006年11月23題）例（2）：My room is a mess. It needs _.A. to be tidying upB. tidying upC. to

22、tidy upD. tidied up（【答案】B）（2000年47題）2sell, wash, read, write, run 等動詞帶狀語修飾時。例：This kind of clothes sells well. 這種衣服賣得很好。 The pen writes smoothly. 這只筆書寫順利。3主語 +sound(feel, look, smell, taste)+ 形容詞例：The dish_ terrible! I dont like it at all. A. taste B. tasted C will taste D is tasted （【答案】C）（2005年11月

23、19題） 情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞用來表示能力、允許、許諾、可能、勸告、意愿等概念或態(tài)度。情態(tài)動詞無人稱變化，在句子中和動詞原形一起構成謂語。根據這幾年的考試看，著重測驗情態(tài)動詞接完成時的用法，尤其是與虛擬語氣結合起來考察考生的掌握情況(參考下一節(jié)內容)。另外情態(tài)動詞表推測也成為近年考察重點，須引起重視。一、must +完成時表示對已發(fā)生的事情的一種肯定的猜測。例（1）Since this road is wet and slippery this morning, it _ last night. A. must rain B. was rainingC. must have rained D. m

24、ay rain （【答案】C）（2004年11月35題）例（2）I believe he _ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.A. would have had B. could have hadC. should have had D. must have had（答案為D）（2001年58題）例（3）Mr. Green _ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.A. must have received B. must have failed to

25、 receiveC. must receive D. must fail to receive（【答案】B）（1998年44題）補充：其他情態(tài)動詞表推測的情況cant/ couldnt +現(xiàn)在時表示對現(xiàn)在情況的否定推測，跟完成時則表示對過去情況的否定推測。例She _ be ill because I saw her playing tennis just now. A. cant B. couldnt C. mustnt D. may not （【答案】A）（2005年11月20題）二、should（ought to）+完成時表示應該做的事情而沒有做，否定式表示不該做的事情做了。含有對過去的

26、動作的責備、批評。例（1）With all this work on hand, she _ to the dance party last night. A. oughtnt to go B. hadnt gone C. shouldnt have gone D. mustnt have gone（【答案】C）（2006年11月30題）例（2）You ought _ the matter to the manager the day before yesterday.A. to report B. to have reportedC. to reporting D. have reporte

27、d（【答案】B）（2003年11月36題）例（3）Im sorry I couldnt get in touch with him before he left, I _ him earlier.A. had a telephone B. have phonedC. should have phonedD. should be phoned（【答案】C）（2000年26題）三、could/might +完成時表示能做的事情而沒有做。表示對過去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜，遺憾。1、He could have joined us, but he didnt get our invitation in

28、 time.他本來能夠參加我們的，但是他沒有及時收到我們的請貼。2、He might have given you more help ,but he was busy then. 他本來可以給你更多的幫助的，但他那時很忙。例He abandoned a career that_to his becoming one of the most influential people in the world. A. could have led B. would lead C. should have led D. must lead （【答案】A）（2005年11月33題）1.2配套練習1. Y

29、ou _ read that article if you dont want to.A. havent B. cant C. mustnt D. neednt2. The middle-aged man was seen _ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.A. cameB. come C. to come D. have come3. “That car must have cost a lot of money.”“Oh, no, _.”A. it mustnt B. it hasnt C. it doesnt D. it

30、didnt4. I _ asleep in the corner, for I remember nothing of what happened during the night.A. might fall B. must fallC. must have fallen D. can have fallen5. Im feeling sick. I _ so much chocolate.A. neednt have eaten B. couldnt have eaten C. mustnt have eaten D. shouldnt have eaten 6. This kind of

31、glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen_comfortably.A. is worn B. wearing C. wears D. are worn 7. Mr.Green _ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.A. must have received B. must have failed to receive C. must receive D. must fail to receive8. You could have done much better yest

32、erday. Why _?A. didnt you B. couldnt youC. hadnt youD. shouldnt you 9. They have done things they ought _.A. not to do B. not to be doneC. not to have done D. not having done10. Something must have happened on their way. Or they _ by now.A. should have arrived B. should arrive C. would have arrived

33、D. would arrive11. “I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter.”“It _ true because there was little snow there.”A. may not be B. wont be C. couldnt beD. mustnt be 12. “Shall we go skating or stay at home?”“Which _ do yourself?”A. do you ratherB. would you ratherC. will you rather D. shoul

34、d you rather13. This out-of-date teaching method_.A. must do away with B. must have done away with C. must being done away with D. must be done away with 14. Someone is coming here. Who _ it be?A. will B. shall C. must D. can 15. May I stop here?No , you _.A. mustnt B. might notC. neednt D. wont16.

35、A fire _during the night and a large number of houses_to ashes.A. broke out, were burntB. was broke out, were burntC. broke out, burntD. set out, were burned答案與解析 1. 本句意思為：如果你不想，你-讀那篇文章。A表示“沒有讀”，B表示“不能讀”，C表示“一定不能讀”，顯然都不符合句意。選D，意為“不必讀”。2. see sb. do sth.主動語態(tài)不帶to，變成被動語態(tài)一定要加to，選C。3. must have done表示過去的

36、事情的肯定推測。本句意思為：“那輛車肯定花了不少錢”，應該用過去時。It didnt cost a lot of money，省略相同的部分應該為it didnt。選D。4. 從for引導的原因狀語從句判斷，“我一點都記不得那天晚上發(fā)生的事了”前面的主句應該是“我肯定是在角落里睡著了”。對過去發(fā)生動作的肯定推測，用must have done，選C。5. 本句意思為：“我感到惡心”。“我不該吃這么多的巧克力”。表示不該做某事但卻做了，應該用shouldnt have done。選D。6. 選C。此處的wear 與write, sell 等詞一樣，表示“起來怎么樣”時，用主動形式表示被動，此句意

37、思是：這種由熟練技工生產的眼鏡戴起來很舒服。7. 本句意思為：格林先生_我的信，否則他應該已經回信了。據此可以判斷，格林先生沒有收到我的信，排除A，C。這里是對過去沒有收到信進行推測，應該用must have done所以選B。fail to do表示“做某事不成功”。8. could have done表示本來能夠，但卻沒有做到。本句意思為：你昨天本來能做的更好。為什么沒有做到呢？如果用完整的句子是：Why didnt you do much better yesterday？省略形式為Why didnt you？選A。 9. 本句意思為：他們做了不應該做的事。表示不該做而做了，應該用sho

38、uldnt have done或ought not to have done，選C。10. 本句意思為：他們在路上肯定出什么事了。否則他們現(xiàn)在應該到了。表示應該發(fā)生而沒有發(fā)生，用should have done 選A。11. 根據句意，這是對“過去不可能去滑雪”的推測，應該用couldnt，表示否定推測“不可能”。選C。12. would rather do 表示“寧愿”，疑問句中would可以提到主語前面，選B。13. do away with 為固定短語，意思是“消除，廢除”。題意是說“這種過時的教學方法必須被廢除”，此題考察情態(tài)動詞和含介詞的短語變被動語態(tài)時的用法，應選D。 14. 本句

39、意思為：有人朝這邊走來了?？赡苁钦l呢？表示推測，又是在疑問句中，用can,選D。注意：must表推測用在肯定句中，表示“一定” 。15. may開頭的疑問句，否定回答常用mustnt，表示“一定不行”，語氣很強，選A。16. 答案A。Break out 不能用被動語態(tài)，因此B不對，房子被燒成灰燼是被動語態(tài)，并且前后時態(tài)要一致，這里都是過去時。1.3虛擬語氣虛擬語氣是英語三級考試的必考知識點之一，也是體現(xiàn)英漢語言習慣區(qū)別的一個語法現(xiàn)象。在漢語里表示假設虛擬的情況常用一些虛詞來表示，例如“假設”、“如果”等等；而英文中表示虛擬的情況不但有虛詞的提示，謂語動詞也要相應的變化。虛擬語氣的基本作用是：1

40、. 表達假設的情況，與事實相反；2. 表達異想天開很難實現(xiàn)的愿望；3. 表達建議、命令、勸告等語氣。本節(jié)重在講解if引導的虛擬條件句， 含蓄條件句，特殊結構中的虛擬語氣，以及should+動詞原形的用法。 一、虛擬語氣的基本形式和用法虛擬（條件）語氣中，主句與從句中謂語動詞的形式可分為下面三類：假設類型條件從句謂語動詞形式主句謂語動詞形式與現(xiàn)在事實相反If+動詞的過去式（be用were而不用was）would（第一人稱可用should+動詞原形）與過去事實相反If+had+-ed分詞would（第一人稱可用should）+have+-ed分詞與將來事實可能相反If+were to+動詞原形或I

41、f+should+動詞原形would（第一人稱可用should+動詞原形）下面我們列舉近年的真題來強化記憶。例（1）Mary said to me, "Had I seen your bag, I _ it to you."A. will returnB. must returnC. could returnD. would have returned（【答案】D）（2004年4月45題）例（2）I would ask George to lend us the money if I _ him.A. had knownB. have knownC. knewD. know

42、（【答案】C）（1995年38題）例（3）If Bob_ with us; he would have had a good time.A. would comeB. would have comeC. had comeD. came（【答案】C）（1995年59題）二、省略if的虛擬形式在虛擬條件句中，如謂語包含were，had，should等詞，則可以把這些詞放到主語前面，省略if。例（1）_ the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business.A. If he to

43、okB. If he should takeC. Were he to takeD. Had he taken （【答案】D）（2004年4月34題）例（2）_, I should ask them some questions.A. Should they come to usB. If they come to usC. Were they come to usD. Had they come to us（【答案】A）（1997年30題）例（3）_ you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions.A. If

44、 I realizedB. Had I realizedC. Did I have realized thatD. As I realized（【答案】B）（1996年39題）三、含蓄條件句有時一個假設的情況不用條件從句表示，而用其它方式來表示，這樣的句子叫含蓄條件句。常用with，without，but for。例（1）Without heat and sunlight, plants on the earth _ well. A. would not growB. will not grow C. had not grownD. would not be grown （【答案】A）（200

45、4年11月32題）例（2）But for my classmates' help, I _ the work in time.A. did not finishB. could not finishC. will not finishD. would not have finished （【答案】D）（2004年4月36題）例（3）But for the rain, we _ a nice holiday.A. should haveB. would have hadC. would haveD. will have had（【答案】B）（2003年4月28題）四、特殊詞或結構中的虛擬

46、語氣：以wish（that）引導的表示“愿望”的賓語從句wish后的賓語從句中要用虛擬語氣，而在虛擬語氣中時態(tài)的應用類似在非真實條件中從句時態(tài)的應用。表示現(xiàn)在或將來的愿望用：主語wish 從句（主語過去時）；表示一個過去沒有實現(xiàn)的愿望用：主語wish +從句（主語過去完成時）；例（1）I didnt go to the party, but I do wish I _ there.A. wereB. would beC. had beenD. will be（【答案】C）（2001年53題）例（2）Peter wishes that he _ law instead of literature

47、 when he was in college.A. could studyB. studiedC. had studiedD. would study（【答案】C）（2000年53題）if only +句子（過去時/過去完成時）“要是就好了”If only 后面的句子如果是對現(xiàn)在或將來情況的虛擬，用過去時did ；如果是對過去情況的虛擬，用過去完成時had done .例如：If only the alarm clock had rung. 當時鬧鐘響就好了。（對過去虛擬）If only I were rich. 要是我富有就好了。（對現(xiàn)在虛擬）would rather句子（過去時）表示寧愿

48、、寧可的意愿，語氣比較婉轉。后接過去式。例（1）I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _ next month for a dinner.A. comeB. would comeC. came D. have come（【答案】C）（2002年46題）例（2）Id _ you didnt touch that, if you dont mind.A. rather B. better C. happier D. further（【答案】A）（1998年45題）it is time（that），it is high time (t

49、hat)句型中，謂語動詞用過去時，表示早該做而未做的事，意思是該了、早該了.例（1）Let's finish our homework in a few seconds; it's time we _.A. played footballB. will play footballC. play footballD. are playing football（【答案】A）（2004年11月43題）例（2）Dont you think it is time you _ smoking?A. give upB. gave upC. would give upD. should giv

50、e up（【答案】B）（1999年31題）例（3）Its high time we _ something to stop traffic accidents.A. doB. will do C. did D. must do（【答案】C）（1996年43題）以as if，as though引導的從句在as if，as though引導的從句中，如果談論的是不可能或不真實的情況時，它們所引用的狀語從句要用虛擬語氣，動詞形式和wish后面的從句動詞形式變化相同。例（1）He talks as if he _ everything in the world.A. knowsB. knewC. ha

51、d knownD. would have known（【答案】B。本句表示說話人對現(xiàn)在的情況有所懷疑，所以用過去時。）例（2）You are talking as if you had seen them.你談的那么起勁，好像你真的見過似的。（表示想象中的過去的動作）五、should+動詞原形及should的省略一些表示建議、要求、命令等的動詞本身隱含說話者主觀的意見。因此這些動詞（或其變形，如名詞，形容詞，分詞等）后面的從句應使用虛擬語氣，即“should do”結構，其中的“should”常被省略。如：表“提議、建議”的動詞：suggest ,advise, propose, recomm

52、end, move(提議);表“要求、主張”的動詞：insist, require, request, demand , desire ;表“命令”的動詞：order, command. 例（1）I dont think it advisable that Tom _ to the job since he has no experience.A. be assigned B. is assigned C. will be assigned D. has been assigned（【答案】A）（2006年11月29題）例（2）His mother insisted that he _ the

53、 coat when going out.A. put onB. puts onC. to putD. putting on（【答案】A）（1999年58題）此處省略了should.例（3）The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _ an operation right away so as to save his life.A. hadB. would haveC. have D. was going to have（【答案】C）（1998年28題）此處省略了should.例（4）Its desired that she _ to teach us at least twice a week.A. comesB