賓語(yǔ)從句 (3)

1、“賓語(yǔ)從句” 專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)目的: 學(xué)習(xí)賓語(yǔ)從句的基本用法.重點(diǎn): 賓語(yǔ)從句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及用法.難點(diǎn): 賓語(yǔ)從句的三要素-引導(dǎo)詞、語(yǔ)序和時(shí)態(tài)三方面基本用法：在句中用作賓語(yǔ)的句子就叫賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句不僅可用作及物動(dòng)詞、介詞和某些形容詞的賓語(yǔ).（形容詞如：sure,afraid,gladAnxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satis

2、fied, content 等）。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語(yǔ)從句。基本結(jié)構(gòu)：是在主句與從句之間有一個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+引導(dǎo)詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+其 它”。 主句 賓語(yǔ)從句一：賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞 1. 當(dāng)由陳述句充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，用that引導(dǎo)，that 無(wú)詞義，不作任何成分，在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中常省略。如：She said (that) she would leave the book on his desk. 她說(shuō)她會(huì)把那本書(shū)放在他的桌子上。從句的主語(yǔ)是that時(shí)，that不能省略；主從句之間有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)，that不能省略；若出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的that賓語(yǔ)從句，且由

3、并列連詞連 接時(shí)，只有第一個(gè)連詞that可以省去，其余保留；that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中若再有復(fù)合句時(shí)，that不能省。如：He thought that that was a washing machine. 他認(rèn)為那是一臺(tái)洗衣機(jī)。It says here, on this card, that it was used in plays.卡片上寫(xiě)著，它過(guò)去是演戲用的。My aunt said (that) she would come and that she would also bring her daughter. 我姑姑說(shuō)她要來(lái)，還要帶她的女兒來(lái)。I think that if you

4、 have lostthe library book,you must pay for it.后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動(dòng)詞這類動(dòng)詞有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。例如： I admire their winning the match. (right) I admire that they won the match. (wrong) 不可用t

5、hat從句作直接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞 有些動(dòng)詞不可用于“動(dòng)詞間接賓語(yǔ)that從句“結(jié)構(gòu)中，常見(jiàn)的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如： He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right) He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong)2. 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句由一般疑問(wèn)句變化而來(lái)時(shí)，用if或whether來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句，意為“是否”。如： Alice wan

6、ted to know if / whether her grandmother liked the bag. 艾麗斯想知道她祖母是否喜歡這個(gè)包。 在下列幾種情況下，只能用whether, 不能用if: 當(dāng)or not 緊隨連詞之后時(shí)。如： I don't know whether or not he will come on time. 我不知道他能否按時(shí)來(lái)。 從句用作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)。如： I am interested in whether he joined the army. 我對(duì)他是否入伍很感興趣。 在帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式前。如： She doesn't know whet

7、her to go to the cinema or to watch TV at home. 她不知道是去看電影還是在家看電視。 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句移至句首表強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)。如： Whether this is true or not, I'm not sure. 這是否真實(shí)，我不敢肯定。3. 如果賓語(yǔ)從句原來(lái)是特殊疑問(wèn)句，只需用原來(lái)的疑問(wèn)詞用 作連接代（副）詞引導(dǎo)，它們?cè)谫e語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一定成分，因此不能省略。連接代詞what,which,who(m),whose和連接副詞when,where,why,how在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。如：He wondered what had hap

8、pened to her。 (作主語(yǔ))Did you hear what he said? 你聽(tīng)見(jiàn)他說(shuō)的話了嗎？（作賓語(yǔ)）I don't know whose that is. 我不知道那是誰(shuí)的。（作表語(yǔ)）Could you tell me how I get to the post office? 你能告訴我到郵局怎么走嗎？（作狀語(yǔ)） 二：賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序是陳述語(yǔ)序，即“連接詞（+被修飾詞）+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+其它成分”。特別強(qiáng)調(diào)：它的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序是陳述語(yǔ)序，而不是疑問(wèn)句的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)即無(wú)論賓語(yǔ)從句的主句是陳述句還是疑問(wèn)句，也無(wú)論主從句間是什么引導(dǎo)詞，賓語(yǔ)從句一律用陳述語(yǔ)序，其

9、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)由主句決定，如主句是陳述句、祈使句，則用句號(hào)；是疑問(wèn)句則用問(wèn)號(hào)。如： Could you tell me? / Where does Wei Fang live? Could you tell me where Wei Fang lives?I dont know . /Whose bag is that?I dont know Whose bag that is. 當(dāng)疑問(wèn)代詞who, what等在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，語(yǔ)序本來(lái)就是陳述語(yǔ)序，故語(yǔ)序不再變化。如： Who will give us a talk? Please tell us. Please tell us who will

10、give us a talk. 三：賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài) 主句是祈使句或一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，則賓語(yǔ)從句可根據(jù)句意的需要而選用任何一種時(shí)態(tài). He says that he wants to see him as soon as possible. 他說(shuō)他想盡快見(jiàn)到他。 若主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí) ，賓語(yǔ)從句用表示過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。一般使用規(guī)律是這樣的：主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，其賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般也須用過(guò)去范疇中的某種時(shí)態(tài)(如過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí))My father said that he was mending his bike. 我父親說(shuō)他正在修理自行車(chē)。 如果賓語(yǔ)從句表示客

11、觀真理、科學(xué)原理、自然現(xiàn)象、現(xiàn)階段存在的客觀事實(shí)、現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作、諺語(yǔ)、格言等，不論主句用何 種時(shí)態(tài)，從句一律用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：The teacher told us that light travels much faster than sound. 老師告訴我們光比聲音傳播快。Galileo insisted that the earth moves round the sun. (伽利略堅(jiān)持地球繞太陽(yáng)運(yùn)行的說(shuō)法。) He said time is money. 他說(shuō)時(shí)間就是金錢(qián)。四：賓語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化（轉(zhuǎn)換） 1. 當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是hope, agree, choose, wish

12、, decide 等，其后用that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，若主從句主語(yǔ)相同時(shí)，從句可簡(jiǎn)化為不定式結(jié) 構(gòu)。如：He agreed that he could help me with my English. He agreed to help me with my English. 2 當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為see, hear, watch, find等詞時(shí)，其后that賓語(yǔ)從句常簡(jiǎn)化為“賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)定語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)，賓補(bǔ)多為不帶to的不定式或 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。如：I heard that she sang some songs in the next room. I heard her sing some so

13、ngs in the next room. 3 由特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，若從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)或間接賓語(yǔ)相一致時(shí)，可簡(jiǎn)化為“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。如： I don't know what I should do. I don't know what to do. Can you tell me how I get to the hospital? Can you tell me how to get to the hospital?五：賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移和反意問(wèn)疑問(wèn)句 否定轉(zhuǎn)移：當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為think, suppose, guess, believe等詞時(shí)，并且主語(yǔ)為

14、第一人稱時(shí)，從句的否定詞應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞上來(lái)。如：I believe. he will not come tomorrowI don't believe that he will come tomorrow. 我相信他明天不會(huì)來(lái)。I think .Jim wont come back in a day.I dont think Jim will come back in a day反意問(wèn)疑問(wèn)句：注意帶有賓語(yǔ)從句的反意問(wèn)疑問(wèn)句與從句一致時(shí)所具備的條件：主句主語(yǔ)是一人稱； 謂語(yǔ)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)； 主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常是think, suppose, guess, believe等詞。六引導(dǎo)詞 I

15、t代賓語(yǔ)從句 It 不僅可以作為形式主語(yǔ)，還可以作為形式賓語(yǔ)。在“及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語(yǔ)若由從句擔(dān)任，則常放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之后，而在原來(lái)賓語(yǔ)的位置上用It作形式賓語(yǔ)，而真正的賓語(yǔ)that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子中。 例如： We heard it that she would get married next month.Ifind it neccssary that we should ask him for his advice.We think it possible that young people master at least two fore

16、ign languages.He made it clear that he did a good job.他清楚地表明他做得很好。七賓語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)分eg. 1） I will go out tomorrow if it is fine.2） I don't know if the train has arrived.句1）中if引導(dǎo)的是狀語(yǔ)從句。這個(gè)從句表示“條件”，修飾主句。整個(gè)句子的意思是如果明天天氣好，我就出去。句2）中if引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞don't know的賓語(yǔ)。整個(gè)句子的意思是我不知道火車(chē)是否到達(dá)。再比較：當(dāng)if從句處在主句之后作“是否”講時(shí)

17、，引出的是賓語(yǔ)從句。例如：I don't know if it is true. 我不知道這事是否真實(shí)。 當(dāng)if從句在主句之前作“如果”講，則引出狀語(yǔ)從句。例如： I shall go there if I have time. 如果我有時(shí)間，我將到那兒去。判斷方法：1可以從整個(gè)句式看。狀語(yǔ)從句一般可以放在主句的前面或后面（個(gè)別除外），賓語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后。2從引導(dǎo)詞看。if充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞時(shí)，相當(dāng)于whether， 詞義為“是否”，充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞時(shí)，詞義為“如果”。when充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞時(shí)，意為“什么時(shí)候”，充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞時(shí)，意為“當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候”。3從時(shí)

18、態(tài)看。if和when作連接詞時(shí)，引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句要注意：從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)根據(jù)主句的時(shí)態(tài)作相應(yīng)的變化。if和when充當(dāng)從屬連詞時(shí)，引導(dǎo)條件和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，若主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，則從句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。同步檢測(cè)一、用合適的連接詞填空1. Wang Hai told me _ he didn't go cycling yesterday afternoon.（how, why）2. Can you tell me _ else is going to be on duty today?（who, whom）3. She said _ it wouldn't m

19、atter much.（that, if）4. He always thinks _ he can do better.（how, who）5. I really don't know _ the bridge will be finished.（how long, how soon）6. They don't know _ we are going hiking.7. She wanted to know _ her coat would be ready the next day.8. I was really surprised at _ I saw.9. I don&#

20、39;t know _ so many people crowding round him10. Do you know _ shirt it is?二、句型轉(zhuǎn)換1. When does the train arrive? Please tell me.（改為賓語(yǔ)從句） Please tell me _ _ _ _.2. What does he do? Do you know? （改為賓語(yǔ)從句） Do you know _ he _?3. Do they want fried chicken? He asked the boys. （改為賓語(yǔ)從句） He asked the boys _ t

21、hey _ fried chicken.4. Was the watch made in Shanghai? I don't know. （改為賓語(yǔ)從句） I don't know _ the watch _ made in Shanghai.5. “Do you want to try something new?” Tom's mother asked him. （同義句） Tom's mother asked him _ _ _ to try something new.6. I think this is a good idea.（改為否定句） I _ _ this _ a good idea.7. Lucy hasn't decided which trousers to buy.（改為復(fù)合句） Lu