英語四級考試高級語法講義匯總_百度文庫

1、英語四級考試高級語法講義匯總名詞性從句之表語從句構(gòu)成方式:若從句為陳述句,直接加 that;若從句為特殊疑問句:直接保留特殊疑問詞,后面的句子變成陳述句語序 ;若從句為一般疑問句:先把一般疑問句變成陳述句語序,然后在其前加上 weather 或 者 if;eg :China is no longer what she used to be.The question is who is responsible for what has happened.一、表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)表語從句的詞有連詞 that, whether,連接代詞和連接副詞,關(guān)系代詞型 what ,以及 as if, as t

2、hough, because等連詞。1. 由 that 引導(dǎo)The fact is that he doesnt really try. 事實是他沒有做真正的努力。The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻煩的是我把他的地址丟了。My suggestion is that we should tell him. 我的建議是我們應(yīng)該告訴他。His sole requirement was (is that the system work. 他唯一的要求是這個制度能起作用。 My idea is that we should start makin

3、g preparations right now. 我的意見是我們馬上就開始 做準(zhǔn)備工作。2. 由 whether 引導(dǎo)The question is whether the film is worth seeing. 問題是這部電影是否值得看?！咀⒁狻?whether 可引導(dǎo)表語從句,但與之同義的 if 卻通常不用于引導(dǎo)表語從句。3. 由連接代詞引導(dǎo)You are not who I thought you were. 你已不是我過去所想像的人。The problem is who we can get to replace her. 問題是我們能找到誰去替換她呢。The question

4、is who (m we should trust. 問題是我們應(yīng)當(dāng)相信誰。What I want to know is which road we should take. 我想知道的是我們應(yīng)走哪條路。 4. 由連接副詞引導(dǎo)The problem is how we can find him. 問題是我們?nèi)绾握业剿?。That was when I was fifteen. 這是我 15歲時發(fā)生的事。Thats where I first met her. 那就是我第一次遇見她的地方。Thats why he didnt come. 這就是他沒有來的緣故。Thats why I object

5、to the plan. 這就是我反對這個計劃的原因。Thats where you are wrong.這就是你不對的地方。5. 由關(guān)系代詞型 what 引導(dǎo)Thats what I want to stress. 這是我想強調(diào)的。Thats what we are here for. 我們來這里就為了這個。Fame and personal gain is what theyre after. 他們追求的是名利。He is no longer what he was. 他已經(jīng)不是以前的他了。6. 由 as if / as though引導(dǎo)It isnt as if you were goi

6、ng away for ever. 又不是你離開不回來了。Now it was as though she had known Millie for years. 現(xiàn)在好像她認識米莉已有好多年了 似的。1It is not as though we were poor. 又不是我們家里窮。7. 由 because 引導(dǎo)It is because I love you too much. 那是因為我太愛你了。Thats because you cant appreciate music. 這是因為你不能欣賞音樂。If Im a bit sleepy, its because I was upal

7、l night. 如果我有點困,是因為一夜沒睡。It's because I passed a slip of paper for John to Helen in class. 這是因為我在上課中替約 翰傳紙條給海倫?！咀⒁狻?because 可引導(dǎo)表語從句, 但與之同義的 since, as, for等也不用于引導(dǎo)表語從句。 二、連詞 that 的省略問題引導(dǎo)表語從句的 that 通常不省略,但在口語或非正式文體中有時也可省略:My idea is (that we should do it right away. 我的意見是我們應(yīng)該馬上干。The trouble is (that

8、 he is ill. 糟糕的是他病了。從句的判別和應(yīng)用eg :Weather she will come or not is unknown.(主語從句It is unknown weather he will come or not.(主語從句I don't know weather he will come or not.(賓語從句The question is weather he will come or not.(表語從句The question weather he will come or not is not settled.(同位語從句例:09年 6月真題 _(很多

9、人沒有意識到的 is that Simon is a lover of sports , and football in particular .what many people didn't realize例:08年 12月真題It was very dark, but Mary seemed to (本能地知道該走哪條路 .know which way to take by instinct 賓語從句例:07年 12月真題In my sixties, one change I notice is that _ (我比以前更容易累了 . I feel/get tired more e

10、asily than before例:真題 08年 6月Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, but- regardless of whether it is or isn't - we won't do much about it.例:Because they usually receive the same score on standard examinations. There is ofen disagreement at who is

11、the better student, Bob or Hellen?例:真題 08年 12月Your resume should attract a would-be boss's attention by demonstrating _ (為 什么你是某個特定職位的最佳人選 . 賓語從句why you would be the best candidate for a certain position.例:Since my childhood I have found that _ (沒有什么比讀書對我更有吸引 力 . nothing is more attractive/appea

12、ling to me than reading狀語從句之地點狀語狀語從句:兩個獨立的句子中間用一些含義不同的連接詞連接; 狀語從句用來表達兩個 句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系;分成原因狀語、條件狀語、結(jié)果狀語、時間狀語、地點狀語、讓步狀 語、目的狀語、比較狀語、方式狀語等九大類型;2eg :I got up late.I was late for school.Because I got up late, I was late for school. (原因狀語從句I got up late, so I was late for school. (結(jié)果狀語從句1. 地點狀語:地點狀語從句通常由 where

13、, wherever, everywhere 引導(dǎo);eg :Where I live there are plenty of trees.Wherever you work, you will gain much valuable experience as long as you are willing to work.Wherever=no matter whereEverywhere they went, they were warmly received.Where there is a will, there is a way.where :不能翻譯成在 地方時,通常翻譯為如果,表示

14、在 條件下;eg: Where you are confident, you will succeed.eg :Where previously the bank had concentrated on the big infrastructure projects , such as dams, roads and bridges, it begin to switch to projects which directly improved the basic services of a country. concentrated on :集中于;狀語從句之方式狀語方式狀語從句通常由 as,

15、as if, as though, the way, what引導(dǎo);eg :Always do to the others as you would be done by.When enter rome do as the romans do .(1 as 從句帶有比喻的含義,意思是 " 正如 " , " 就像 " ;(2 as if/though:" 仿佛 似的 " , " 好像 似的 "有時用虛擬語氣,有時不用;eg :They completely ignore these facts as if (as t

16、hough they never existed. (與事 實相反,謂語用虛擬語氣。 He looks as if (as though he had been hit by lighting.(與事實相反,謂語用虛擬語氣。 It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.(實現(xiàn)的可能性較大,謂語用陳述語氣。 (3 the way:可以連接兩個句子,表達就像 一樣;eg :I should do the job the way my father did.Many Europeans now apparently view the US. th

17、e way many Americans view Mexican as a cheap place to vacation, shop and party.(4 what :就像,猶如;eg :Air is to man what/as water is to fish.句型:A is to B what C is to D.eg :A1 Gore calls global warming an "inconvenient truth," as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution.pu

18、t sb. on a path to a solution:找到解決的辦法;狀語從句之目的狀語可以由 that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等詞引導(dǎo);3lest :以防;從句中的謂語動詞必須用 should+動詞原形;eg: He wrote the name down for fear that(lest he should forget it.He took the umbrella with him lest it should rain.in case:以防;與 lest 不同,從句里的時態(tài)不做特殊變化;eg

19、 :T ake the umbrella with you in case it rains.for feat that:和 lest 保持一致;eg :A variety of activities should be organized so that participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down.letdown :讓 感到氣餒

20、;狀語從句之結(jié)果狀語結(jié)果狀語從句常由 so that或 suchthat 引導(dǎo); so 保留, that 可以省略;如此 以至于 ;eg :He didn't abide by the contract so that he was fined.He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.He made such an inspiring speech that everybody got excited.比較:so 和 such (1 so :so +形容詞、副詞 +that; so+形容詞 +a/an+名詞 +that; e

21、g :The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.He run so fast that I couldn't catch up with him.It was so hot a day that crops wilted.He is so lovely a boy that everyone loves him.(2 such :such+a/an+形容詞 +名詞 +thateg :It was such a hot day that crops wilted.He is such a lovely boy tha

22、t everyone loves him.狀語從句之比較狀語than, asas , not so as , (not the same as, the+比較級;eg :Light travels fast than sound.the+比較級:eg :The sooner, the better.eg :Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and art kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school - the prophecy(預(yù)言 beco

23、mes self- fulfilling, trapping women in a vicious circle (惡性循環(huán) of neglect.(1當(dāng) 的時候:while, when, as ;when :強調(diào)一件事情正在發(fā)生的時候,另外一件事情突然發(fā)生;eg :When I was watching TV, my mother came back.while :強調(diào)兩個動作同時進行,一邊 一邊 ;eg :My father is cooking while my mother is reading newspaper.as :" 隨時間推移 "eg :As time

24、went by, the days became longer and longer.(2一 就 :as soon as ,主將從現(xiàn);用 directly , immediately, instantly連接 兩個句子;一些名詞如 the minute, the moment, the instant也可表示; no sooner than, hardly when后面的句子需要倒裝;4eg :I will write to you the moment/minute I arrived in Paris.(3特殊單詞:by the time that, every/each time(使用時

25、后面不要再加 when (4 till &until : 肯定形式表示的意思是 " 做某事直至某時 " ,動詞必須是延續(xù)性的;否定形式表達的意思是 " 直至某時才做某事 " , 一般用 until , 動詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性都 可以;eg: I slept until midnight.Wait till I call you.She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. Until 可用于句首,而 till 通常不用于句首,通常用于句中;eg: Until you told me, I had heard

26、 nothing of what happened.eg :As you sleep you pass through a sequence of sleep states light sleep, deep sleep and REM (rapid eye movement sleep that repeats approximately every 90 minutes.狀語從句之條件狀語(1連接詞:if, once, as long as, on condition that 如果引導(dǎo)的條件可以實現(xiàn),主將從現(xiàn) ; 如果引導(dǎo)的條件和事實相反,則用虛擬語氣 ;eg :If winter co

27、mes can spring be far behind.As long as it doesn't rain, we can play.You can go out on condition that you wear an overcoat.Modern cars are far tougher to steal, as their engine management computer won't allow them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out by the ignition (點火 k

28、ey.狀語從句之原因狀語連接詞:because, since, as, for , now that, in that, owing to, due to, thanks to, because of , as a result of;比較:because, since, as和 for1 because 語勢最強,用來說明人所不知的原因,回答 why 提出的問題。當(dāng)原因是 顯而易見的或已為人們所知,就用 as 或 since 。I didn't go, because I was afraid.Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to d

29、elay our journey.2 由 because 引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末, 且前面有逗 號,則可以用 for 來代替。但 如果不是說明直接原因,而是多種情況加以推斷,就只能用 for 。He is absent today, because / for he is ill.He must be ill, for he is absent today.now that :既然;in that :因為,通常只能放在句中,強調(diào)重要的,唯一的的原因;eg :Now that this semester is finished, I am going to rest a few days and

30、 take a trip. Human beings are different from animals in that human can speak and think.owing to, due to, thanks to, because of , as a result of等短語后面只能接詞或短語,不 能接從句;5狀語從句之讓步狀語常見的連接詞有 though, although, as, while, even though區(qū)分 though , although , aseg :Although/though he is a child, he can live by him

31、self.as 表示雖然的時候,要進行倒裝;Child as/though he is , he can live by himself.eg :Although/though she works very hard ,she makes very little progress.Hard as she works, she makes very little progress.Although/though she is young, she has travelled to many countries to put shows . Young as she is, she has tra

32、velled to many countries to put shows .while :連接兩個句子,表示雖然,但是;eg :He is experienced while he is young.真題分析:1.The anti-virus agent was not known(直到一名醫(yī)生偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了它 until a doctor find it by chance.2.I would prefer shopping online to shopping in a department store because _(它更加方便和省時it is more convenient and

33、timesaving.3.But since water is much cheaper than wine, and many of the fancier brands arent available in stores, most diners dont notice or care.4. While theres no question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which youre able to rise to the occa

34、sion can be good for you.從句的復(fù)習(xí)復(fù)合句:定語從句、名詞性從句、狀語從句。 定語從句:1. that , which , who 的使用。一個句子當(dāng)中有兩個相同的名詞,將其中的一個名詞進 行替換,如果是人,用 who ;如果是物,用 which ; that 既可以指人又可以指物。2. 謂語動詞(結(jié)構(gòu)和后面的介詞有兩種關(guān)系:關(guān)系緊密&關(guān)系疏遠;定語從句中如 果謂語結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系緊密,則介詞必須保留在謂語結(jié)構(gòu)的后面,不能做任何位置的改動; 如果謂語結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系疏遠,介詞一般提到 which/who/that的前面; 介詞加 which 正好 表示時間,可以表達

35、成 whe- n;表示地點時,可以表達成 where ;表示原因時,變成 why ; 3. 限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。限定性定語從句:定語從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系非 常緊密,刪掉定語從句后,整個句子意思會改變; 非限定性定語從句:定語從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān) 系不是很緊密, 刪掉定語從句后, 整個句子意思不會改變, 定語從句只起到補充說明的意義; (2非限定性定語從句:eg: He won the first place in the competition, which is out of our expectation. 非限定性定語從句:which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句只能放在后面, as 則只能

36、放在句 子前面名詞性從句:主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句及同謂語從句;形式:名詞 +從句;6連接詞取決于后面的從句是什么樣的形式;如果是陳述句,直接加 that 引導(dǎo);一般疑問句:先把一般疑問句變成陳述句語序,然后在其前加上 weather 或者 if ; 特殊疑問句:直接保留特殊疑問詞,后面的句子變成陳述句語序;定義:在句子中起名詞作用的句子,且在句子中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同謂語、介 詞賓語等成分;eg. Yuminhong, the president of New Oriental School.狀語從句 :兩個獨立的句子中間用一些含義不同的連接詞連接;狀語從句用來表達兩個 句子之間的

37、邏輯關(guān)系;分成原因狀語、條件狀語、結(jié)果狀語、時間狀語、地點狀語、讓步狀 語、目的狀語、比較狀語、方式狀語等九大類型;定語從句是名詞 +關(guān)系詞 +從句,關(guān)系詞的用法取決于名詞的問題;名詞性從句:同謂語從句:名詞 +關(guān)系詞 +從句,關(guān)系詞跟后面的從句有關(guān)系,如果是 陳述句,直接加 that 引導(dǎo);一般疑問句:先把一般疑問句變成陳述句語序,然后在其前加上 weather 或者 if ; 特殊疑問句:直接保留特殊疑問詞,后面的句子變成陳述句語序;賓語從句:動詞 +關(guān)系詞 +從句;表語從句:系動詞 +關(guān)系詞 +從句;主語從句:關(guān)系詞 +從句 +謂語動詞;名詞性從句,其關(guān)系詞的來源取決于后面的從句的性質(zhì)。

38、狀語從句:完整句子 1+邏輯關(guān)系詞 +完整句子 2;如何區(qū)分定語從句和同謂語從句:whether , what , how 接在名詞后面一定是同謂語從 句;關(guān)系詞是 when , where , why 如果前面不是時間、地點、人物,那么是同謂語從句; 如果是的話,則為定語從句;如果見到 which 的話, which 在句中翻譯成 “ 哪一個 ” ,就是同 謂語;翻譯不成 “ 哪一個 ” 就是定語從句; that 就是看它在句中是否充當(dāng)成分,如果充當(dāng)成分 就是定語從句;不充當(dāng)成分就是同謂語從句;Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved

39、. (主語從句是否這個計劃是可行的仍然值得去考證。I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. (賓語從句 我擔(dān)心他是否能度過疾病的危險期。They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.(同謂語從句 At time when hiring qualified people is becoming more difficult(定語從句 , employers who can eliminate invalid bia

40、s from the process have a distinct advantage. (定語從句 在雇傭合格人才變得越來越困難的時期, 那些能夠在雇傭過程中消除站不住腳的偏見的 雇主具有明顯的優(yōu)勢。Eg. While (讓步狀語從句 even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when (時間狀語從句 they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken

41、English on the page.在 20世紀 60年代之前,當(dāng)人們伏案寫作的時候,即使那些接受教育不多的人也會追 求一種高雅的風(fēng)格, 但是從那以后, 即使是那些令人敬仰的文學(xué)作品也在追求一種口語的風(fēng) 格。Eg. About 45% of the world's population lived in the climate zone where mosquito transmit disease . 全球 45%的人口都生活在這樣的一個區(qū)域, 這個地方的蚊子會傳播疾病。 Eg.He was an Asian American (who was raised in a house

42、hold where respectful zones in authority was show by averting your eyes . (定語從句 他是一個亞裔美國人,7在他生長的環(huán)境當(dāng)中,避免與有權(quán)威的人對視是對對方尊重的一種表現(xiàn)。定語從句省略Fruit that contains vitamin C can relieve a cold.The man who we met yesterday is a famous psychologist.iuThis is the right book that you are looking for.二、關(guān)系詞充當(dāng)賓語的時候三、關(guān)系詞充

43、當(dāng)主語(1謂語結(jié)構(gòu)為實詞(2謂語結(jié)構(gòu)為 be + 名詞四、先行詞為 the way定語從句省略A control box fitted to the car contains a mini-cellphone, a micro-processor and memory, and a GPS (全球定位系統(tǒng) satellite positioning receiver. (06。 6舊 She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children,

44、ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance. (06。 6舊 Interest in pursuing international careers has soared in recent years, enhanced by chronic (長久的 personnel shortages that are causing companies to search beyond their home borders for talent.(06。 6舊 It enrolls 90,000 student , a statistic u

45、sed to support its claim to be the largest private university in the country.(07.12Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at annual rate of 3.9 percent, form 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. (07.1218. W: You had a job interview yest

46、erday, didn t you? How did it go?M: Not too bad, I guess. There were about 20 candidates competing for the sales managers job. And finally it was down to three of us, but the other two seemed better qualified.Q: What does the man imply?AHe is confident he will get the job.BHis chance of getting the

47、job is slim.CIt isnt easy to find a qualified sales manager.DThe interview didnt go as well as he expected.Hamilton isnt the only educator crossing the Atlantic. 09.12漢密爾頓并不是第一位跨越大西洋到外國任職的教育家。when the board of the University of Colorado searched for a new president, it wanteda leader (who is familia

48、r with the state government, a major source of the universitysbudget. 科羅拉多大學(xué)董事會在遴選新校長時, 想聘用一個與州政府熟悉的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人, 因為州 政府是學(xué)校的主要資金來源。 09.12Career experts say that one of the ways (that job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities. 職業(yè)專家說求職者用因特網(wǎng)找 工作時保持安全的一個

49、方法是隱瞞其真實身份。狀語從句省略81、 主句和從句的主語保持一致,稱為分詞作狀語。2、 若前后主語不一致,則稱作獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。1、 分詞作狀語(1條件:狀語從句,前后主語一致(2形式:分詞作狀語在句首 +分詞作狀語在句后(3省略方式:關(guān)系詞 (可保留 +動詞形式變化 (-ing/-ed一、用作時間狀語1. 典型例句When As soon as the mouse saw the cat, it ran off.Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off. 見到貓,老鼠就跑了。真題示例:When _ different cultures, we often pay a

50、ttention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. (2006浙江卷 A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared二、用作原因狀語1. 典型例句As she was very weak, she couldnt move.Because she was much discouraged, she moved on to London.(1 _ with so much trouble, we failed to comple

51、te the task on time. (2006四川卷 A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face三、用作條件狀語1. 典型例句If you work hard, you will succeed.If we are united, we stand; if we are divided, we fall.If we had been given more time, we could have done it better.四、用作讓步狀語1. 典型例句Although living miles away, he attended the course.

52、雖然住在幾英里以外,他仍去上 課。五、用作伴隨狀語1. 典型例句He sat in the chair reading a newspaper. 他坐在椅子上看報。He came in, followed by his wife. 他走了進來,后面跟著他的妻子。My cousin came to see me from the country, _ me a full basket of fresh fruits. A. brought B. bringing C. to bring D. had broughtWe often provide our children with toys,

53、footballs or basketballs, _ that all children like these things.A. thinking B. think C. to think D. thought六、用作方式狀語1. 典型例句He came as we expected.He came as he was expected.I'm returning your letter as requested. 我按要求給你退信。七、用作結(jié)果狀語1. 典型例句9He fired and killed one of the passers-by.He fired, killing

54、 one of the passers-by. 他開槍了,打死了一個過路人。He died and left his wife with five children.He died, leaving his wife with five children. 他死了,留下他妻子和五個孩子。He glanced over at her, _ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together.A. noting B. noted C. to note D. having notedSpeeding off in a stolen

55、car, the thief thinks he has got a great catch. But he is in for an unwelcome surprise. (06.6舊 _ by the superstars on television, the young athletes trained hard and played intensely.A Imitated B Imposed C Insured D Inspired (06.6舊 When applying for a job, one usually has to submit a resume or curri

56、culum vitae (CV. Alarmed by this state of _ , the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA proceeded a comprehensive study of the market in 2006. (09.完形 A mess B boom C growth D decaySticking to the low end of the government estimates, the National Resources Defence Council says there were m

57、aybe no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of the ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virutally nothing to ease America's energy problems.在狀語從句中, 若前后主從句主語一致, 則省略從句的主語, 將后面的動詞發(fā)生形式上 的變化, 主動語態(tài)變成 ing 形式,若是被動語態(tài),則變?yōu)?ed 形式。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一 、獨立結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成 :只有當(dāng)分詞短語的邏輯主語和句子主語不一致時, 我們才能用獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。 獨立結(jié)構(gòu)只用 做狀語,多用于書面語言。常見的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)有以下幾種:(一 名詞 /代詞 +分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞 :1 The boy ran quickly, his father following. (表示伴隨情況 2 He lay on his back, his hands acrossed under his head. (表示伴隨情況 (二名詞 /代詞 +形容詞:1、 They s