量子力學(xué)英文課件格里菲斯chapter0

1、Why should we study the Quantum Mechanics ?What is the Quantum Mechanics ?How to study Quantum Mechanics ?實(shí)驗(yàn)實(shí)驗(yàn)Comparison of Rayleigh-Jeans law with Wiens law and Plancks law, for a body of 8 mK temperature. /wiki/Rayleigh-Jeans_lawJames Hopwood Jeans, 1877-1

2、946, UKWalther Ritz, 1878-1909, SwitzerlandHe was a nuclear physicist who became known as the father of nuclear physics. He pioneered the orbital theory of the atom through his discovery of Rutherford scattering off the nucleus with his gold foil experiment. wave function/ ket (vector)Schrdinger equ

3、ation/ Heisenberg equationoperator/ matrix如何正確認(rèn)識(shí)如何正確認(rèn)識(shí)微觀粒子微觀粒子或或微觀世界？微觀世界？ 大量的科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，大量的科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，微觀粒子微觀粒子表現(xiàn)出與表現(xiàn)出與經(jīng)典粒子經(jīng)典粒子完全不一樣的特性：完全不一樣的特性： （1）既具有波動(dòng)性質(zhì)）既具有波動(dòng)性質(zhì) （2）又具有粒子性質(zhì)）又具有粒子性質(zhì)微觀粒子微觀粒子是集是集波動(dòng)屬性波動(dòng)屬性和和粒子屬性粒子屬性于一體的于一體的客體客體！微觀粒子微觀粒子的基本屬性就是具有的基本屬性就是具有波波-粒粒二象性！二象性！但是，但是，微觀粒子微觀粒子既不是既不是經(jīng)典意義的波經(jīng)典意義的波，也不是，也不是經(jīng)典意

4、義經(jīng)典意義的粒子的粒子！朝永振一郎Newtons mechanicsF = maMaxwells electrodynamicsEinsteins relativityE = mc2James Clerk Maxwell, physicist & mathematician, Scottish18311879 Isaac Newton, physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, English 1642 - 1727Albert Einstein, physicist, Germany, Switzerland

5、, US1921-1955 Quantum Theory was not created by individual, but by many guys ! Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Louis de Broglie, Erwin Schrdinger, Max Born, John von Neumann, Paul Dirac, Wolfgang Pauli, David Hilbert, Clinton Davisson, Enrico Fermi, Julian Schwinger, Abdu

6、s Salam, Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg, Richard Feynman,Part guy of Quantum Theorys pioneers RayleighThomsonRutherfordPlanckEinsteinBohrSchrdingerHesienbergBornDiracde BroglieSchwingerFeynmanDavissonFermiThe first Solvay Conference, in 1911, Brussels, Belgium Nernst Brillouin Solvay Lorentz Curie

7、 Poincar Wien Perrin Langevin Einstein Onnes Rutherford Jeans Herzen Goldschmidt Planck Rubens de Broglie 19251927年是物理學(xué)急劇變革的年代！年是物理學(xué)急劇變革的年代！1925年：7月海森伯海森伯發(fā)表創(chuàng)建量子力學(xué)的第一篇論文 9月玻恩、約當(dāng)玻恩、約當(dāng)認(rèn)識(shí)到需要一種矩陣力學(xué) 11月玻恩、約當(dāng)、海森伯玻恩、約當(dāng)、海森伯給出矩陣力學(xué) 11月狄拉克狄拉克提出量子代數(shù)1926年：1月薛定諤薛定諤發(fā)表第一篇波動(dòng)力學(xué)論文 7月玻恩玻恩發(fā)表第一篇量子力學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì)解釋論文 8月狄拉克狄拉克提出波函數(shù)與粒子

8、統(tǒng)計(jì)性質(zhì)的關(guān)系1927年：3月海森伯海森伯測(cè)不準(zhǔn)關(guān)系提出 5月泡利泡利矩陣提出 9月玻爾玻爾提出互補(bǔ)原理19251927年年是青年人改寫了物理學(xué)的年代！是青年人改寫了物理學(xué)的年代！海森伯，23歲歲，提出矩陣力學(xué)約當(dāng)， 22歲歲， 建立矩陣力學(xué)泡利， 25歲歲， 提出泡利不相容原理狄拉克，22歲歲， 建立表象變換，提出狄拉克方程薛定諤，37歲歲，提出波動(dòng)力學(xué)玻爾， 40歲歲，提出互補(bǔ)原理，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)哥本哈根學(xué)派玻恩， 45歲歲，提出統(tǒng)計(jì)解釋，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)哥廷根學(xué)派期望同學(xué)們：培養(yǎng)起學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)知識(shí)的興趣！期望同學(xué)們：培養(yǎng)起學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)知識(shí)的興趣！ 樹立起對(duì)科學(xué)探索的創(chuàng)新精神！樹立起對(duì)科學(xué)探索的創(chuàng)新精神！ABwhat

9、is Newton mechanics?what is Quantum mechanics?There is no general consensus as to what its fundamental principles are, how it should be taught, or what it really “means”. (量子理論還沒有公認(rèn)：基本原理是什么，如何教學(xué)，或其真正量子理論還沒有公認(rèn)：基本原理是什么，如何教學(xué)，或其真正“意義意義”是什么。是什么。)Quantum mechanics: 1925-1927was not created-or even definit

10、ively packaged-by one individual. (量子理論的創(chuàng)立、甚至是明確的包裝，都不是由一個(gè)人完成的量子理論的創(chuàng)立、甚至是明確的包裝，都不是由一個(gè)人完成的)It retains to this day some of the scars of its exhilarating but traumatic youth.(量子理論至今還存在一些令人振奮的精神創(chuàng)傷量子理論至今還存在一些令人振奮的精神創(chuàng)傷 、且記憶猶新的傷處、且記憶猶新的傷處)Every competent physicist can “do” quantum mechanics. ( (每個(gè)有天賦的物理學(xué)家能

11、每個(gè)有天賦的物理學(xué)家能“做做”量子力學(xué)量子力學(xué)) ) But the stories we tell ourselves about what we are doing are as various as the tales of Scheherazade, and almost as implausible.(但我們所但我們所“做做”的和我們所講的這些故事，就像的和我們所講的這些故事，就像“舍赫拉查德的傳說舍赫拉查德的傳說”一樣變化多端，一樣變化多端，令人難以置信令人難以置信) One Thousand and One Nights Tales of ScheherazadeQueen Sc

12、heherazade (舍赫拉查德 ) tells her stories to King Shahryar (山魯亞爾 ) ! Quantum mechanics: no general consensus can “do”, but cant tell what we are doing. implausibleNiels Bohr: “If you are not confused by quantum physics then you havent really understood it”.Richard Feynman: “I think I can safely say that

13、 nobody understands quantum mechanics”.Friendly advice to beginner“The purpose of this book is to teach you how to do quantum mechanics. ”David J. Griffiths, Reed CollegeEmeritus Professor of Physics“I do not believe one can intelligently discuss what quantum mechanics means until one has a firm sen

14、se of what quantum mechanics does.” 初學(xué)初學(xué)量子力學(xué)量子力學(xué)注意事項(xiàng)注意事項(xiàng)（1）保持一個(gè)開放的心態(tài)）保持一個(gè)開放的心態(tài) 勇于接受新知識(shí)和新觀念勇于接受新知識(shí)和新觀念（2）養(yǎng)成經(jīng)?？偨Y(jié)、小結(jié)、梳理已學(xué)知識(shí)的習(xí)慣；使）養(yǎng)成經(jīng)?？偨Y(jié)、小結(jié)、梳理已學(xué)知識(shí)的習(xí)慣；使量子力學(xué)知識(shí)具有系統(tǒng)性、邏輯性、條理性量子力學(xué)知識(shí)具有系統(tǒng)性、邏輯性、條理性（3）養(yǎng)成對(duì)課文中的知識(shí)（包括例題）要親自推導(dǎo)、）養(yǎng)成對(duì)課文中的知識(shí)（包括例題）要親自推導(dǎo)、演算、證明的習(xí)慣；真正理解和掌握量子力學(xué)理論、方演算、證明的習(xí)慣；真正理解和掌握量子力學(xué)理論、方法的本質(zhì)法的本質(zhì)（4）多做習(xí)題和練習(xí)！多看

15、不同風(fēng)格的教材！多閱讀）多做習(xí)題和練習(xí)！多看不同風(fēng)格的教材！多閱讀課外書籍！課外書籍！量子力學(xué)量子力學(xué)教材教材TEXTBOOKSDavid J. Griffiths大衛(wèi)大衛(wèi). J. 格里菲思格里菲思For undergraduate studentJ. J. SakuraiJ. J. 櫻井櫻井For graduate studentPart I Theory Chap.1 The Wave Function Chap.2 The Time-Independent Schrodinger Equation Chap.3 Formalism Chap.4 Quantum Mechanics in

16、Three Dimensions Chap.5 Identical Particles Part II Applications Chap.6 Time-Independent Perturbation Theory Chap.7 The Variational Principle Chap.8 The WKB Approximation Chap.9 Time-Dependent Perturbaion Theory Chap.10 The Adiabatic Approximation Chap.11 Scattering Textbook 1Introduction to Quantum

17、 Mechanicsby David J. GriffithsTextbook 2Textbook 3Modern Quantum Mechanicsby J. J. Sakurai1. Fundamental Concepts2. Quantum Dynmics 3. Theory of Angular Momentum4. Symmetry in Quantum Mechanics5. Approximation Methods6. Scattering Theory7. Identical Particles目的：目的：量子力學(xué)量子力學(xué)教學(xué)模式教學(xué)模式教材：教材：方法：方法：模塊一模塊一

18、 模塊二模塊二 模塊三模塊三in EnglishD. J. Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics. S. M. McMurry, Quantum mechanics. P. Roman, Advanced Quantum Theory-an outline of the fundamental ideas. J. J. Sakurai, Modern quantum mechanics. R. Shankar, Principles of quantum mechanics. R. P. Feynman, The Feynman Lectur

19、es on Physics, Vol. 3.Cohen-Tannoudji, Quantum Mechanics, Vol. 1, 2.L. I. Schiff, Quantum mechanics. L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Quantum Mechanics. R. Robinetts Quantum mechanics: classical results, modern systems and visualized examples.J. Townsend, A modern approach to quantum mechanics. D. P

20、ark, Introduction to quantum theory. P. A. M. Dirac, The Principles of Quantum Mechanics. L. E. Ballentine，Quantum Mechanics: A Modern Development.T. Haar, Problems in Quantum Mechanics.周世勛：量子力學(xué)教程，高等教育出版社，1979.曾謹(jǐn)言：量子力學(xué)，科學(xué)出版社，1984.曾謹(jǐn)言，量子力學(xué)(I,II),量子力學(xué)導(dǎo)論，2003.錢伯初，量子力學(xué)基本原理和計(jì)算方法，甘肅人民出版社，1984.蘇汝鏗: 量子力學(xué),復(fù)旦

21、大學(xué)出版社，1997.張永德：量子力學(xué)，科學(xué)出版社，2002.關(guān) 洪：量子力學(xué)基礎(chǔ)，高等教育出版社，1999. 曾謹(jǐn)言、錢伯初：量子力學(xué)專題分析（上,下），1990,1999.錢伯初、曾謹(jǐn)言：量子力學(xué)習(xí)題精選與剖析，科學(xué)出版社，1988.哈興林：高等量子力學(xué)，高等教育出版社，1999.倪光炯、陳蘇卿：高等量子力學(xué)，復(fù)旦大學(xué)出版社，2000.劉連壽：理論物理基礎(chǔ)教程，高等教育出版社，2003.汪德新：量子力學(xué)，科學(xué)出版社，2008.in ChineseUseful and Related Links in InternetFor even more links than you might kn

22、ow what to do with, see what G has on “quantum mechanics”. Beware, however: there is a lot of crap out there!Quantum Mechanics Simulations and Explanations. This is a really cool sight with a lot of demonstrations. (很酷，有很多演示) Quantum Mechanics Made Simple! Competition website. Pretty cute, have a look.(競(jìng)賽網(wǎng)站，漂亮可愛，值得一看) Quantum Mechanics Message Board - This is a message board where you can post questions and answers to the general public. You need to create an account, but its free. (在這里您可以張貼問題和答案，這是一個(gè)留言板。您需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建一個(gè)帳戶，