考研英語(yǔ)一閱讀理解真題加解析1994 Passage 4

1、1994 Passage 4 "I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise," says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. "But," he cautions, "some people may have the idea that once one understands the causes, the

2、 cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available."This year, 50 percent of the 910000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Canc

3、er Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas.With as many as 120 varieties in existence, d

4、iscovering how cancer works is not easy. The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown.

5、 If several oncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. "Changes are a normal

6、part of the evolutionary process," says oncologist William Hayward. Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, "We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays."The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter."First, we need to un

7、derstand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determine whether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least part of the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action."63. The example of Pasteur in the p

8、assage is used to _.A predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decadeB indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are brightC prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty yearsD warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered64. The author implies tha

9、t by the year 2000, _.A there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patientsB 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be livingC the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancersD there won't be a drastic increase of su

10、rvival rate of all cancer patients65. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes _.A that are always in operation in a healthy personB which remain unharmful so long as they are not activatedC that can be driven out of normal cellsD which normal cell can't turn off66. The word "dormant' in the

11、third paragraph most probably means _.A deadB ever-presentC inactiveD potential重點(diǎn)詞匯：infection /in5fekFEn/ （傳染；感染）即in+fect+ion，in-在內(nèi)，fect詞根“做”，-ion名詞后綴，“在里面起作用”感染；動(dòng)詞形式為infectin+fect。參effective（有效的），2002年Text 1。Grief, like pleasure, infects the atmosphere. A first glance into any home is enough to tel

12、l you whether love or despair reigns there.憂傷與快樂(lè)一樣，感染著氣氛。無(wú)論哪一家，只要看上一眼，就足以得知主宰那里的是愛(ài)還是絕望。pancreas /5pAnkriEs/ （胰腺）看作pan+cr+eas，pan盤，cr看作crack，eas看作復(fù)數(shù)形式(es)，“許多盤破裂的胰腺”。oncogene /5CnkE7dVi:n/ （致癌基因）onco+gene，onco詞根“腫瘤”，gene基因。dormant /5dC:mEnt/ （靜止的；休眠的）即dorm+ant，dorm詞根“睡覺(jué)”，-ant形容詞后綴，“像睡覺(jué)那樣的”休眠的。同根詞：dor

13、mitorydorm+itory后綴表“地方”睡覺(jué)的地方（集體）宿舍。oncologist /CN5kClEdVist/ （腫瘤學(xué)家）onco+logist，onco詞根“腫瘤”，-logist后綴“學(xué)家”。counteract /7kauntE5rAkt/ （v.抵抗；消除）即counter+act，counter-前綴“反”（如counter-clockwise逆時(shí)針?lè)较颍琣ct行動(dòng)，故“反著行動(dòng)”抵抗。The doctor gave him some medicine to counteract the effect of the poison.醫(yī)生給他一些藥解毒。ever-prese

14、nt 經(jīng)常存在的。難句解析："But", he cautions, "some people may have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available."此句是一個(gè)直接引語(yǔ)，注意引語(yǔ)

15、中有兩個(gè)句子，前面的句子有一個(gè)復(fù)雜的同位語(yǔ)從句that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow修飾the idea，而后面提到了一個(gè)例子，句中有一個(gè)but，它后面的it指代前面整句話。注意引語(yǔ)中兩個(gè)句子之間的關(guān)系，后者是用來(lái)駁斥前面一句中那些人的錯(cuò)誤想法的，作者在這里舉的是一個(gè)反例。The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causin

16、g genes, are inactive in normal cells.此句主句是The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s，后面有一個(gè)when引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾the early 1970s，而在這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句中還有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，在賓語(yǔ)從句中又有一個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句which are cancer-causing genes修飾oncogenes。注意此句中有超綱詞oncogenes，但是我們可以從后面修飾它的定語(yǔ)從句推出其確切含義，這也是常用到的閱讀方法之一，即可以用定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)反推所修飾詞的意思。The exact mec

17、hanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers.此句是用but連接的復(fù)合句，注意前面的involved表示“相關(guān)的”，而后面的半句的主干是the likelihood suggests that.，里面又包含有一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句和賓語(yǔ)從句。注意看清句子結(jié)構(gòu)，而后面的likelihood表示“可能性”。Environmental f

18、actors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, "We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays."此句用分號(hào)隔開(kāi)，前面是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而后面是一個(gè)直接引語(yǔ)。如果我們了解分號(hào)的用法，就知道它經(jīng)常用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)意思相仿或相對(duì)的句子。而在這里，分號(hào)后面的部分就是進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明前面的意思，那么我們也就知道cosmic rays是environmental factors的一個(gè)個(gè)例。試題解析：63. D 該項(xiàng)意為：提醒人們徹底戰(zhàn)勝癌癥的道路還很長(zhǎng)。本

19、文第1段中所舉的巴斯特的例子在于否定本段第2句提到的某些人的觀點(diǎn)：一旦找到病因，治療方法會(huì)立刻找到(rapidly follow)，而在于說(shuō)明第4句中所闡明的道理。A原文第1段第1句引用了Weinberg的話，他認(rèn)為人們?cè)诮陜?nèi)會(huì)對(duì)癌癥的病因有很大的了解，但這并不意味著會(huì)徹底揭開(kāi)(disclose)癌癥的秘密。另外，這也不是舉巴斯特的例子所要說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題。B意為：指出治愈癌癥的前景是非常樂(lè)觀的。本文作者相信這一點(diǎn)，但這并不是舉巴斯特這個(gè)例子所要說(shuō)明的觀點(diǎn)。C在巴斯特找到傳染病病因五六十年之后，才找到治療方法，但這并不意味著五六十年以后也肯定會(huì)找到治愈癌癥的方法。64. D 意為：各種癌癥患者的

20、平均存活率不會(huì)有大幅度的增加。文章第二段用數(shù)據(jù)說(shuō)明了能夠繼續(xù)生活五年以上的病人的數(shù)量的比例，這一比例增加是可喜的，但能完全從病魔中生存下來(lái)的人仍然不會(huì)有大幅度的增加。A文章只提到了目前可以存活五年的皮膚癌病人的比例是90（注意文章原句用的是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)），但未提到2000年將會(huì)怎樣。B由對(duì)A項(xiàng)的分析可以看出，考生無(wú)法了解2000年有多大比例的癌癥病人還健在。C本題中“fairly even”意為“基本不變”。對(duì)這項(xiàng)所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容也無(wú)法證實(shí)。在解釋D項(xiàng)時(shí)，我們?cè)赋龈鞣N癌癥患者的平均存活率不會(huì)有大幅度的增加，但這并不意味著根本沒(méi)有增加。65. B “activate”在此意為“激活，使活動(dòng)起來(lái)”。文章第3段第4句指出：如果幾個(gè)致癌基因(oncogene)被激活，細(xì)胞又無(wú)法抵御它們的侵害的話，細(xì)胞就會(huì)發(fā)生癌變。A參閱文章第3段第2句。該項(xiàng)表達(dá)的內(nèi)容與事實(shí)相反。C文章第3段指出，致癌基因存在于健康細(xì)胞(normal cells)中。D原文第3段第4句“unable to turn them off”只表達(dá)了一個(gè)假設(shè)，相比之下，D表達(dá)的是一個(gè)事實(shí)。66. C “dormant”意為“潛伏的”，與第3段第2句中“inactive”一詞是同義。A“dead”的意思不對(duì)。B“ever-present”