汽車論文專業(yè)英語翻譯

1、長(zhǎng)春大學(xué)汽車論文專業(yè)英語翻譯畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文紙摘要：本文闡述了發(fā)展壓縮天然氣汽車(CNG)的環(huán)保低污染性、安全性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性及 CNG 汽車裝訂線和加氣站的發(fā)展前景及對(duì)策。關(guān)鍵詞：壓縮天然氣汽車；加氣站；發(fā)展前景；對(duì)策目前，我國一些大城市的汽車尾氣排放是城市大氣污染的主要源頭，因此，發(fā)展清潔能源汽車已成為刻不容緩的的選擇。壓縮天然氣汽車(CNG)以其能耗低、污染物排放量小而受到各國的歡迎，是國際公認(rèn)的最理想的車用替代能源。發(fā)展天然氣汽車對(duì)于解決環(huán)境問題和能源問題都具有重要意義。一、天然氣汽車的發(fā)展情況l、國外天然氣汽車發(fā)展概況為保護(hù)環(huán)境減少污染，許多國家政府頒布了一系列法規(guī)及出臺(tái)一些鼓勵(lì)性政策

2、，促進(jìn)燃?xì)馄嚢l(fā)展，如制定更嚴(yán)格的汽車尾氣排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在天然氣供應(yīng)、汽車購置稅費(fèi)，設(shè)備供給、加氣站建設(shè)等方面給予資金、稅收優(yōu)惠政策。美國聯(lián)邦政府 1992 年頒布的能源政策法，對(duì)于購買或改裝代用燃料汽車及加氣站的建設(shè)減免稅作出詳細(xì)規(guī)定，同時(shí)還頒布了使用天然氣的減稅政策，并免征天然氣公司的汽車燃料銷售稅。有 40 多個(gè)州根據(jù)聯(lián)邦政府的政策、法律，制定了本州有關(guān)強(qiáng)制和鼓勵(lì)使用 CNG 等清潔燃料汽車的政策和措施，推動(dòng)了 CNG 汽車發(fā)展和加氣站建設(shè)。目前，全世界已有 40 多個(gè)國家擁有燃?xì)馄?，主要分布在天然氣資源豐富的意大利、新西蘭、阿根廷、巴西等國家和環(huán)保法規(guī)嚴(yán)格的美國、日本等國。2、我國天然氣

3、汽車發(fā)展概況20 世紀(jì) 80 年代中期，我國引進(jìn)了部分 CNG 加氣站設(shè)備，在四川建立了我國第一個(gè) CNG加氣站；1993 年中國石油天然氣總公司系統(tǒng)引進(jìn)國外有關(guān)技術(shù)并于 1996 年將加氣站裝置和汽車改裝部件引進(jìn)技術(shù)國產(chǎn)化、技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范化。1999 年全國清潔汽車行動(dòng)協(xié)調(diào)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組成立，啟動(dòng)了北京、天津、上海、西安、深圳等 12 個(gè)試點(diǎn)城市地區(qū)的清潔能源推廣應(yīng)用工作，在 CNG汽車的推廣應(yīng)用和加氣站建設(shè)方面取得了前所未有的成效。根據(jù)有關(guān)部門統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字，截止到 2004年我國一些地區(qū)共有天然氣汽車 20 多萬輛，加氣站 700 多座。二、天然氣汽車(CNG)與其它燃料的環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益比較壓縮天然氣

4、汽車：天然氣壓縮至 20MPa 于汽車用壓縮天然氣鋼瓶中，經(jīng)減壓器后供給內(nèi)燃機(jī)。以 CNG 作汽車燃料與汽油相比具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn)：l、降低污染，改善大氣環(huán)境：天然氣是一種清潔能源，具有熱值高、效率高、污染小等特點(diǎn)，燃燒比較完全，不易積碳，CO、NOx 和微粒的排放量均低于汽油，排氣污染明顯降低。機(jī)動(dòng)車尾氣是城市大氣污染主要來源之一，其中主要有害成分是一氧化碳(C0)、碳?xì)浠衔?HC)、一氧化氮(N0)和二氧化氮 (NO2)等。據(jù)有關(guān)資料顯示，使用天然氣作為汽車燃料與汽油作燃料相比可以減少排放 90CO、90S02、72HC、39NOx、 24CO2、無粉塵排放，對(duì)改善城市環(huán)境有顯著作用。典型的柴

5、油機(jī)與汽油機(jī)及天然氣機(jī)排放情況比較見表 l。2、CNG 汽車有較高的安全性與汽油相比，壓縮天然氣是相對(duì)安全的燃料。共7頁第1頁長(zhǎng)春大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文紙(1)天然氣爆炸下限為 5，比汽油(爆炸下限為 l)高，甲烷燃點(diǎn)為 645，比汽油燃點(diǎn)高裝訂線218，相比不易點(diǎn)燃。甲烷密度低，相對(duì)密度為 055 左右，泄漏的氣體很快會(huì)在空氣中散發(fā)，在自然環(huán)境中難以形成遇火爆燃的條件，一旦壓縮天然氣從儲(chǔ)罐或管路中泄漏，泄漏點(diǎn)周圍會(huì)立即形成低溫區(qū)，使天然氣燃燒困難。因此 CNG 是一種相當(dāng)安全的汽車燃料。天然氣與汽油的燃料特性比較見表 2(2)天然氣汽車的鋼瓶系高壓容器(20MPa)，其材質(zhì)及制造、檢驗(yàn)試驗(yàn)

6、在各國均有嚴(yán)格的規(guī)程控制，在我國有汽車用壓縮天然氣鋼瓶標(biāo)準(zhǔn))(GBl72581998)。鋼瓶安裝有防爆設(shè)施，減壓器、閥門等設(shè)備，嚴(yán)密度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)高，供氣系統(tǒng)安全可靠，不會(huì)因汽車碰撞或翻覆造成失火或爆炸，而汽油汽車的油箱系非壓力容器，著火后容易爆炸。3、有利于緩解能源緊張的供需矛盾。我國經(jīng)濟(jì)正處于高速發(fā)展階段，汽車數(shù)量以 100 萬輛年以上的速度遞增，對(duì)汽油資源需求大量增加，我國每年需要進(jìn)口大量原油、成品油和 LPG。使用燃?xì)馄嚳蓛?yōu)化汽車燃料供應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)，改變了汽車燃料只有汽油、柴油的格局，既緩解了汽油供應(yīng)緊張的問題又滿足交通事業(yè)發(fā)展的需要。4、可延長(zhǎng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)壽命。天然氣容易擴(kuò)散，以氣態(tài)進(jìn)入發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，在發(fā)動(dòng)

7、機(jī)中容易和空氣均勻混合，燃燒比較完全、干凈；可以提高熱循環(huán)效率，加快燃燒速度，充分利用燃燒熱能；同時(shí) CNG 辛烷值高，抗暴性能好，使用時(shí)不需要添加抗暴劑，不會(huì)稀釋潤(rùn)滑油，因而使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)氣缸內(nèi)的零件磨損大大減少，使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的壽命和潤(rùn)滑油的使用期限大幅度增長(zhǎng)。所有這些都會(huì)降低汽車的保養(yǎng)和運(yùn)行費(fèi)用，從而提高汽車使用的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。 5、有較高的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。目前，國內(nèi)汽油價(jià)格持續(xù)上升，價(jià)格體系已和世界接軌，使用 CNG 汽車將能節(jié)省近 40燃料費(fèi)用，見表 3。三、CNG 汽車的發(fā)展前景CNG 汽車和加氣站具有廣闊的發(fā)展前景，主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾方面：l、汽車保有量的飛速增長(zhǎng)、石油資源和環(huán)保的嚴(yán)峻形勢(shì)，決定了發(fā)展天然

8、氣汽車成為解決能源問題和環(huán)境問題的重要途徑。2、“十一五”期間，新型清潔能源汽車已被列入國家科技發(fā)展中長(zhǎng)期規(guī)劃，國家將繼續(xù)組織實(shí)施涉及各種清潔能源汽車的重大科技項(xiàng)目，重點(diǎn)支持包括天然氣汽車在內(nèi)的整車、零部件等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，將進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)天然氣汽車的發(fā)展。3、我國天然氣資源大規(guī)模開發(fā)及管道建設(shè)步伐加快使發(fā)展 CNG 和加氣站成為可能。根據(jù)我國天然氣利用規(guī)劃，近十年“西氣東輸”、“陜京二線”等一大批輸氣管道及沿線城市燃?xì)夤艿老嗬^建成，我國大規(guī)模利用天然氣的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施逐步完善，天然氣加氣站也將逐步形成網(wǎng)絡(luò)。4、發(fā)展 CNG 汽車具有穩(wěn)定的氣源保證，以天津?yàn)槔?，目前天津市已建立了完善的天然氣輸配系統(tǒng)，由陜北、

9、大港、華北等油田向天津供氣，2005 年年供氣量近 6 億 m3，2006 年預(yù)計(jì)達(dá) 8 億m3，管網(wǎng)長(zhǎng)度 6894km，其中，高壓管線 591km，為“十一五”期間天津市大力發(fā)展 CNG 汽車大規(guī)模建設(shè)加氣站提供了保證。四、CNG 汽車和加氣站發(fā)展對(duì)策探討為加快以天然氣為燃料的清潔汽車的發(fā)展，提出以下建議：1、政府出臺(tái)鼓勵(lì)和扶持政策：世界各國發(fā)展經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，政府的支持是加快發(fā)展的必要條件，其經(jīng)濟(jì)政策是影響其發(fā)展的重要因素，應(yīng)在法律方面予以保障，在燃?xì)馄嚿a(chǎn)、改裝、零部件生產(chǎn)，加氣站建設(shè)，燃?xì)馄囐徺I和使用、維修等環(huán)節(jié)制定價(jià)格、稅收、投資、補(bǔ)貼等方面配套的優(yōu)惠政策。燃?xì)鈨r(jià)格是影響燃?xì)馄嚢l(fā)展的

10、重要因素，只有燃?xì)鈨r(jià)格與汽油價(jià)格形成足夠大差價(jià)時(shí)，燃?xì)馄嚨陌l(fā)展才具有經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)和推動(dòng)力。共7頁第2頁長(zhǎng)春大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文紙裝訂線2、加強(qiáng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，實(shí)行統(tǒng)一管理。發(fā)展 CNG 汽車必須建設(shè)優(yōu)質(zhì)、便利的加氣站，需要規(guī)劃、公安、消防、勞動(dòng)、技監(jiān)等部門的支持。3、在市政規(guī)劃中，加氣站與加油站應(yīng)統(tǒng)籌考慮，合理布局，協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。盡量利用現(xiàn)有土地資源，在確保環(huán)境安全的前提下建設(shè)油氣合一站。4、遵循 CNG 汽車與加氣站同步發(fā)展的原則，只有在加氣站成網(wǎng)的條件下，CNG 汽車才能真正發(fā)展。同時(shí)也只有 CNG 汽車規(guī)模到了一定數(shù)量，加氣站才能正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)盈利。5、嚴(yán)格法律制度：制定嚴(yán)格的汽車尾氣排放法規(guī)，切實(shí)

11、做到不達(dá)標(biāo)車輛堅(jiān)決不予以上路，對(duì)CNG 汽車改裝廠的資格進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格審查，認(rèn)證。首先應(yīng)將城市城市公交車、出租汽車作為 CNG 汽車發(fā)展的重點(diǎn)，杜絕部分公交車冒黑煙污染環(huán)境的現(xiàn)象。6、加大宣傳力度。目前，天然氣汽車尚處于起步階段，社會(huì)公眾對(duì)它的環(huán)保性，安全性，經(jīng)濟(jì)性，可靠性還不充分了解，所以，要進(jìn)行廣泛的社會(huì)宣傳，努力提高人們對(duì)汽車尾氣危害性的認(rèn)識(shí)，使人們了解 CNG 是清潔、安全、經(jīng)濟(jì)的車用燃料，使發(fā)展天然氣汽車得到社會(huì)各方面的認(rèn)可和支持。壓縮天然氣汽車由于其顯著的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益將成為天然氣市場(chǎng)開發(fā)應(yīng)用的一個(gè)新領(lǐng)域。在環(huán)境保護(hù)越來越受到重視的形勢(shì)下，隨著天然氣資源的開發(fā)和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的拓寬，此舉將

12、是減輕環(huán)境污染壓力、緩解石油緊缺，實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的可靠保證。Abstract: This paper describes the development of compressed natural gas vehicles (CNG) onenvironmental protection of low-pollution, security, economic and CNG cars and filling stationsand prospects for the development of countermeasures.Key words: compressed natural ga

13、s vehicles; stations; development prospects;CountermeasuresAt present, China's major cities is a urban vehicle emissions a major source of airpollution, therefore, the development of clean energy vehicles have become the choice of thedelay. Compressed natural gas vehicles (CNG) in their low ener

14、gy consumption and emissionsby all countries small and welcoming, is recognized internationally as the best alternativeenergy vehicle. The development of natural gas vehicle to address the environmental issuesand energy issues are of great significance.First, the development of natural gas vehiclel,

15、 development of foreign natural gas vehicleReduce pollution to protect the environment, many countries have issued a series ofgovernment regulations and the introduction of a number of incentive policies to promote thedevelopment of gas vehicle, such as the development of more stringent vehicle emis

16、sionstandards, in the natural gas supply, car purchase taxes and fees, equipment supply, gasstation construction grant funds, tax incentives.In 1992 the U.S. federal government enacted the "Energy Policy Act," or modified for thepurchase of alternative fuel vehicles and the construction of

17、 stations in detail the provisions ofthe tax relief, but also enacted a tax cut that the use of natural gas and natural gas companiesexempt from motor vehicle fuel sales tax. There are more than 40 states in accordance with the共7頁第3頁長(zhǎng)春大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文紙裝訂線policy of the federal government, law, drawn up o

18、n the mandatory state and encourage the useof clean fuel CNG vehicles, such as policies and measures to promote the CNG filling stationdevelopment and construction of motor vehicles. At present, more than 40 countries around theworld have a gas car, mainly in the rich natural gas resources in Italy,

19、 New Zealand, Argentina,Brazil and other countries and stricter environmental regulations the United States, Japan andother countries.2, China's Natural Gas Vehicle Development80 In the mid-20th century, the introduction of some of our CNG filling station equipment,set up in Sichuan's first

20、CNG filling stations in China; in 1993 the China National PetroleumCorporation on the introduction of foreign technology systems in 1996 installations and will befilling stations modified car parts made of the introduction of technology, standardization oftechnical standards. 1999 National Clean Aut

21、omobile Action Coordination Leading Group wasestablished to start the Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Xi'an, Shenzhen and other cities in 12 pilotareas to promote the application of clean energy in the popularization and application of CNGvehicles and filling stations has made an unprecedented build

22、ing results. According to relevantstatistics, as of 2004 there were some areas of China's natural gas vehicle more than 20 millionvehicles, more than 700 filling stations Block.Second, natural gas vehicle (CNG) fuel and other environmental and economic benefitscomparedCompressed natural gas vehi

23、cles:20MPa compressed natural gas in the car to compressed natural gas cylinders in use by thesupply of internal combustion engine after the pressure reducer.To CNG fuel for vehicles compared with gasoline has the following advantages:l, reduce pollution and improve the atmospheric environment: natu

24、ral gas is a clean energy,with a high calorific value, high efficiency, pollution, etc., the comparison is totally burned, notcarbon deposition, CO, NOx and particulate emissions than gasoline, significantly reducedexhaust pollution. Motor vehicle exhaust is the major source of urban air pollution,

25、one of whichis carbon monoxide harmful ingredients (C0), hydrocarbons (HC), nitric oxide (N0) and nitrogendioxide (NO2) and so on. According to the data, the use of gas as a motor fuel and gasoline asfuel can reduce emissions compared to 90% CO, 90% S02, 72% HC, 39% NOx, 24% CO2,non-dust emissions,

26、to improve the urban environment has a significant role in . A typical dieselengine and gasoline engine emissions and gas machine is shown in table l.2, CNG vehicle for a higher securityCompared with gasoline, compressed natural gas is a relatively safe fuel.(1) natural gas explosion limit is 5% hig

27、her than gasoline (lower explosion limit for the l%)high, methane ignition for 645 , ignition than gasoline high 218 , compared to not ignite.Low density of methane, the relative density of about 0.55, resulting in leakage of gas will soonbe distributed in the air, in the case of the natural environ

28、ment it is difficult to form a hotcombustion conditions, once the compressed natural gas from the tank or pipe leaks, leakimmediately surrounding the formation of low-temperature zone, so that the difficulties ofnatural gas combustion. Therefore is a fairly safe CNG motor fuel. Natural gas and fuelp

29、roperties of gasoline is shown in table 2共7頁第4頁長(zhǎng)春大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文紙裝訂線(2) Department of natural gas vehicle cylinder pressure vessel(20MPa), its materials and manufacture and testing in order that all States have strict control, inChina there are "compressed natural gas cylinder vehicle standards) (

30、GBl7258-1998).Cylinders fitted with explosion-proof facilities, pressure reducer, valves and other equipment,strict standards high, and gas supply system is safe and reliable and will not tip over due tovehicle collision or cause fire or explosion, and the petrol tank of motor vehicles department of

31、non-pressure vessels, fire easily after the explosion.3, will help ease the contradiction between energy supply and demand tension.China's economy is in a stage of rapid development, the number of vehicles to 1 million / yearabove the rate of increase of a substantial increase in gasoline demand

32、 of resources, our needto import large quantities of crude oil per year, refined oil and LPG. Optimize the use of gascarsMotor fuel supply structure has changed only motor fuel gasoline, diesel patterns, not onlyeased the problem of shortage of petrol and transport services to meet the needs of thed

33、evelopment.4, extend engine life. The spread of natural gas to the gas entering the engine, the engineeasily and uniformly mixed air, burning the comparison is totally clean; can improve the thermalcycle efficiency, speed up the burning speed, full use of combustion heat; CNG octane numberat the sam

34、e time high performance uprising, when agents do not need to add the uprising willnot dilute the lubricating oil, making the parts inside the engine cylinder greatly reduce wearand tear, so that the engine oil life and increase the use of the period. All of these vehicles willreduce maintenance and

35、operating costs, thereby enhancing the economy of the use ofvehicles. 5, have a higher economic efficiency. At present, domestic gasoline prices continuedto rise, the price system and the world has been the use of CNG vehicle will be able to savenearly 40% of fuel costs, as shown in table 3.Third, C

36、NG vehicle development prospectsCNG cars and filling stations will have broad prospects for development, mainly in the followingaspects:l, cars of the rapid growth of oil resources and environmental protection, the grim situation,the decision of the development of natural gas vehicles as a solution

37、to energy issues andenvironmental issues an important way.2, "Eleventh Five-Year" period, a new type of clean energy vehicles have been included in"long-term national science and technology development planning", the state will continue toorganize and implement a variety of clean

38、 energy vehicles of major scientific and technologicalprojects, the focus of support, including natural gas vehicles, including vehicles, parts, etc., willfurther promote the development of natural gas vehicle.3, large-scale development of China's natural gas resources and pipeline construction

39、toaccelerate the pace of development of CNG and LPG filling stations make it possible.According to China's natural gas use planning, for nearly a decade, "West-East GasTransmission", "second Shaanxi-Beijing", such as a large number of gas pipeline and gaspipeline along the ci

40、ties have built large-scale use of natural gas in China's gradualimprovement of infrastructure, natural gas filling stations will gradually form a network.共7頁第5頁長(zhǎng)春大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文紙裝訂線4, the development of CNG auto gas source with the stability of assurance to Tianjin as anexample, at present, Tianji

41、n has established a perfect system of natural gas transmission anddistribution, from northern Shaanxi, Dagang, Tianjin, North China Oil Field to supply, gassupply is nearly mid-2005 600 million m3, 2006 was projected to reach 800 million m3, thelength of pipe network 6894km, of which high-pressure p

42、ipeline 591km, for the "EleventhFive-Year" period of Tianjin to develop large-scale construction of CNG filling stations carprovides a guarantee.Fourth, CNG cars and filling stations to explore the development of countermeasuresIn order to speed up the use of natural gas as a clean fuel ve

43、hicle development, makes thefollowing recommendations:1, the Government has introduced policies to encourage and support: the development of allcountries in the world experience shows that government support is a necessary condition foraccelerated development, the impact of its economic policy is an

44、 important factor in theirdevelopment should be guaranteed in law, in the gas automobile production, modification,parts and components production, station construction, vehicle purchase and use of gas,maintenance and other aspects of pricing, taxation, investment, subsidies and other aspects ofthe p

45、referential policies supporting. Gas prices affect gas vehicle development is an importantfactor, only the gas prices and gasoline prices when the difference is large enough to form, gascar before the development of an economic foundation and driving force.2, strengthen leadership, the implementatio

46、n of unified management.The development of CNG vehicles to the construction of high-quality, convenient filling stations,the need for planning, public security, fire safety, labor, technical support supervisor and otherdepartments.3, in the municipal plan, filling stations and gas stations should be

47、 considered co-ordination,rational distribution and coordinated development. To make full use of existing land resourcesand in ensuring the environmental safety of oil and gas under the premise of building onestation.4, followed by motor cars and CNG filling stations in the simultaneous development of theprinciples, only in the stations into a network under the conditi