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1、 初中英語初中英語 不定代詞小結不定代詞小結 定義:不是指明代替任何特定名詞或形容詞的代詞叫做不定代詞定義:不是指明代替任何特定名詞或形容詞的代詞叫做不定代詞主要的不定代詞有:主要的不定代詞有:one 一個一個 both 兩個都兩個都 some 一些一些any 任何一個任何一個 other 別的(其他的)別的(其他的) another 另一個另一個each 各個各個 every 每一個每一個 all 都都either 二者之一二者之一 neither 二者都不二者都不 none 沒有人(沒有任沒有人(沒有任何東西)何東西)few 少少 little 少少many 很多很多 much 很多很多s
2、omeone 某人某人 somebody 某人某人something 某事某事 anything 任何事任何事anyone 任何人任何人 anybody 任何人任何人everyone 每人每人 everybody 每人每人everything 一切一切 nothing 沒什么沒什么 nobody 沒有人沒有人 1 one(s)數(shù)數(shù) 單數(shù)單數(shù) one 復數(shù)復數(shù) ones人稱人稱 物主代詞物主代詞ones 反身代詞反身代詞Oneself1) one 可以指人或物,表示可以指人或物,表示“一個人一個人”或或“某一個某一個”one 既可作名詞,也可作形容詞,在句中作主語、表語、既可作名詞,也可作形容詞
3、,在句中作主語、表語、定語、賓語等。泛指人,表示定語、賓語等。泛指人,表示“人,人人人,人人”例:例:One must do ones duty. 人要盡責。(作主語、定語)人要盡責。(作主語、定語)One should be strict with oneself. 一個人應該嚴格要求自一個人應該嚴格要求自己。(作主語、賓語)己。(作主語、賓語)2) one和ones可以用來代替上文中提到的名詞,以避免重復。例:Do you have a computer? Yes, I have one. 你有電腦嗎?是的,我有一臺。Im afraid this bike isnt good enough
4、. Could you show me another one? 恐怕這輛自行車不夠好,給我看另外一輛好嗎?He doesnt like red shirts. He likes with ones. 他不喜歡紅襯衫,他喜歡白襯衫。3) one可以用可以用the, this, that, either, another, which等修等修飾飾例:例:Which pen is yours, this one or that one? 哪一支哪一支鋼筆是你的,這支還是那支?鋼筆是你的,這支還是那支?A: Id like to borrow a dictionary. 我想借一本詞典。我想借一本詞
5、典。B: Which one? 哪一本?哪一本?A: The one on your desk. 你桌上的那本。你桌上的那本。4) one前可以加形容詞,為前可以加形容詞,為“形容詞形容詞one”或或“形容詞形容詞ones”,但,但one或或ones前不可直接用數(shù)詞修飾,如不可前不可直接用數(shù)詞修飾,如不可說說two ones, five ones.例:例:I have a new pen and several old ones. 我有一支新我有一支新鋼筆和幾支舊鋼筆。鋼筆和幾支舊鋼筆。There are five cats in the picture, two black ones and
6、 three white ones. 圖片中有只貓,只黑的,只白圖片中有只貓,只黑的,只白的。的。Mary has four toys, but Lily has only two. 瑪麗有個瑪麗有個玩具,而莉莉只有兩個。玩具,而莉莉只有兩個。(=two toys, 但不說但不說two ones) 5) one和和ones 是泛指,表示同類中的一個或幾個;是泛指,表示同類中的一個或幾個;it是是特指,指代上文提到的帶定冠詞的名詞。特指,指代上文提到的帶定冠詞的名詞。例:例:If you need a dictionary, Ill lend you one. 假如你假如你需要詞典,我借給你一本
7、。需要詞典,我借給你一本。Your question is a difficult one. 你問的是一個很難的你問的是一個很難的問題。問題。He had a recorder and she wanted to buy one, too.他有一臺錄音機,她也想買一臺。他有一臺錄音機,她也想買一臺。He had a recorder and she wanted to borrow it. 他有他有一臺錄音機,她想借有一下。一臺錄音機,她想借有一下。2 some2 some和和anyanysomesome和和anyany表示表示“一些一些”,多用作代詞,可作主語或賓語。,多用作代詞,可作主語或
8、賓語。some some 和和anyany也可用作形容詞,修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。也可用作形容詞,修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。some some 通常用于肯定句,通常用于肯定句,anyany通常用于否定句、疑問句和條件通常用于否定句、疑問句和條件句。句。1) some1) some用于肯定句用于肯定句例:例:Some students like football, and some like Some students like football, and some like basketball. basketball. 一些學生喜歡足球,一些學生喜歡籃球。一些學生喜歡足球,一些學生喜歡籃球
9、。Some of the tools are quite useful.Some of the tools are quite useful.這些工具中有幾這些工具中有幾個很有用。個很有用。If you have money, please lend me some.If you have money, please lend me some.如果你有如果你有錢,請借給我一些。錢,請借給我一些。There is some milk in the bottle.There is some milk in the bottle.瓶子里有些牛奶。瓶子里有些牛奶。2) any用于否定句用于否定句在含有
10、否定意義詞在含有否定意義詞never, without, hardly等的句子等的句子中,也用中,也用any.例:例:I dont have any friends here. 我在這里沒有我在這里沒有朋友。朋友。There arent any letters for you.沒有你的信。沒有你的信。He cant answer any of the questions.這些問這些問題他一個也回答不上。題他一個也回答不上。He never asks any questions in class.他在班上他在班上從來不問問題。從來不問問題。She left without telling any
11、 of us.他走了,他走了,沒有告訴我們任何人。沒有告訴我們任何人。3) any用于疑問句例:Did you give her any? 你給她一些了嗎?Have you any money with you?你身上有錢嗎?Does any of you want to go there? 你們中有誰想去那里嗎?4) any用于條件句例:Come and see me if you have any time. 如果你有時間,請來看我。If you have any questions, please ask Mr. Zhang. 你如果有問題,請問張老師。5) any有時也用于肯定句,表示
12、“任何,任何的”例:Any child gets a free education here. 這兒任何一個兒童都能享受免費教育。You may take any of the pens in the box.盒子里的鋼筆你拿哪一支都行。Come any day you like.你哪一天來都行。Any of the students in Class One can sing the song.一班的任何一個學生都會唱這首歌。 6) 在表示請求、建議、勸告的疑問句中,期望得到肯定回答時,須用some例:Could I ask some questions? 我問幾個問題好嗎?Would yo
13、u like some coffee?喝點咖啡怎樣?Didnt she give you some money?她不是給你一些錢了嗎?Why dont you buy some bananas?你為什么不買點香蕉呢?The apples are nice. Wont you have some?這些蘋果很好。請吃點吧。Will you have some cake?請你吃點蛋糕好嗎?3 few, a few和little, a little1) few 和 a few 用作代詞或形容詞,指代或修飾可數(shù)復數(shù)名詞few 表示“很少,不多”,有否定含義;a few表示“一些,幾個”,有肯定含義,相當
14、于several。few 和a few可作主語、賓語、定語。例:Few of them understand it. 他們很少有人理解它。A few of them drank much wine. 他們有幾個人喝了許多酒。Few people can climb up the mountain. 很少有人能爬上這座山。He said a few words at he meting. 他在會上說了幾句話。 2) little和和a little也用作代詞或形容詞,指代或修飾不可數(shù)名也用作代詞或形容詞,指代或修飾不可數(shù)名詞。詞。little 表示表示“不多,很少不多,很少”,有否定含義,有否定
15、含義; a little表示表示“一些一些”,有肯定含義有肯定含義例:例:There is little left. 沒剩多少了。沒剩多少了。Little is known about the animal.有關這個動物人們知道得很少。有關這個動物人們知道得很少。I know a little about their country.我對他們國家的情況了解一點。我對他們國家的情況了解一點。He said a lot, but she had little to say.他說了很多,但她要說他說了很多,但她要說的很少。的很少。比:比:Dont worry. There is a little t
16、ime left. 別著急,還有時間呢。別著急,還有時間呢。Hurry up. There is little time left. 快點兒,沒多少時間了。快點兒,沒多少時間了。She has a little homework to do tonight. 她今晚有些家庭作業(yè)要做。她今晚有些家庭作業(yè)要做。She has little homework to do nothing. 她今晚沒什么家庭作業(yè)要她今晚沒什么家庭作業(yè)要做。做。4 4 many 和 much1) many和much用作代詞,many指代復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,much指代不可數(shù)名詞,可作主語或賓語例:Many think that
17、 he will win. 許多人認為他會贏。Many of my classmates are from the south.我的同學中有許多來自南方。How many does he want?他要多少?Much has been done to reduce the prices.為了降低物價,已經(jīng)做了許多。Much of the money has been spent.已經(jīng)花掉了許多錢。He has much to do.他有許多工作要做。2) many 和much用作形容詞,many修飾復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞, much修飾不可數(shù)名詞例:Many students went to the c
18、oncert last night. 昨晚許多學生去聽音樂會了。She made many mistakes in the test.她在測驗中出了許多錯。Much money has been saved.節(jié)約了很多錢。We had much rain here last month. 我們這里上個月多雨。 3) many和much多用于疑問句與否定句中例:Were there many people at the meeting?有許多人參加會議嗎?Is there much ink in the bottle?瓶子里有許多墨水嗎?There arent many trees on the
19、 hill.小山上樹木不多。He hasnt got much time to go over his lessons.他沒有多少時間復習功課。 提示提示plenty of, lots of, a lot of 也表示:“許多”,既可修飾復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞。例:I have plenty of (/lots of/a lot of) housework to do today. 我今天有許多家務要做。I have plenty of (/lots of/a lot of) questions to ask. 我有許多問題要問。5 someone (somebody)和anyone
20、(anybody)這幾個復合不定代詞指人,可作主語或賓語 someone(somebody): 某人(用于肯定句,也用于期望給予肯定回答的疑問句中) anyone(anybody): 任何人,無論誰(用于否定句、疑問句、條件句,也用于肯定句) everyone (everybody): 每個人(用于肯定句)例:Someone is waiting outside. 有人在外面等。I heard somebody singing in the room.我聽見有人在房間里唱歌。Will someone go and get some water? 誰去弄點水來?Did someone call
21、this morning? 今天上午有人打電話嗎?Does anybody live on this island? 這個島上有人居住嗎?If anyone calls me, tell him Im out.如果有人打電話找我,告訴他我不在。I dont know anyone in the school.這所學校里我誰也不認識。Anybody can do it. 任何人都能做這件事。 6 something, anything, nothing和everything這幾個復合不定代詞指物 something: 某事(用于肯定句,也用于表示請求、建議和期望得到肯定回答的疑問句) anyth
22、ing: 任何事,什么事(用于疑問句、否定句、條件句) nothing: 沒有東西(有否定含義) everything: 一切事物,每一件事(用于肯定句)例:He gave us something to eat. 他給我們一些東西吃。Theres something wrong with the bike.自行車出了毛病。Would you like something to drink?你想喝點什么?He could not see anything.他什么也看不見。Did you find anything in the bottle?你發(fā)現(xiàn)那個瓶子里有什么東西嗎?Theres noth
23、ing important in todays paper.今天報紙上沒有什么重要的新聞。Dont worry. Theres nothing serious. 不要擔心,不是什么嚴重的事。Everything is ready, isnt it? 一切都準備好了,是嗎? 比:Is there anything to eat? 有什么吃的嗎?(單純問有沒有吃的)Is there something to eat?有什么吃的嗎?(希望得到肯定回答,相信會有吃的)Nothing is wrong with the car.這部車沒有毛病。=There isnt anything wrong wit
24、h the car.(正)Anything isnt wrong with the car. (誤) 7 any one of 和any of any one ofany of: 中的任何一個(可指人或物,one可以省略) 例:Any one(/Any) of us can swim across the river. 我們中任何人都能游過這條河。You may read any one(/any) of these books. 這些書你讀哪一本都行。 提示提示any one和any后可接of短語,而anyone和anybody后不可接of短語。8 no one, nobody, none和
25、nothing no one:沒有人(只用于指人,可接 of 短語,可以說no one of sb , 但不可說no one of sth.) nobody:沒有人(只用于指人,后不可接of短語) none: 沒有人(物)(可指人或物) none of: 中沒有一個(可指人或物) nothing: 什么也沒有(只用于指物) 例:No one(/Nobody) can work out the hard problem. 沒有人能解出這一道難題。No one of us can work out the had problem.我們中沒有人能解出這道難題。=None of us can work
26、 out the hard problem.None of the money is mine.這筆錢沒有一文是我的。Theres nothing in the box; its empty.這個盒子里什么也沒有,是空的。-Are there any pens in the box?盒子里有鋼筆嗎?-None.沒有。哪條船都不新。No one of the ships is new.(誤)None of the ships is new.(正) no 是形容詞,不可用作代詞。今天上午沒有人給你打電話。No called you this morning. (誤)No one (/ Nobody
27、) called you this morning. (正) “none of +復數(shù)名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞用單復數(shù)均可,強調整體是謂語動詞用復數(shù),強調個體時謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例: None of the books are (/ is) interesting 這些書都沒有趣。None of us are for the plan. 我們誰也不贊同這個計劃。None of them has passed the exam. 他們誰都沒有通過那次考試。9 everyone, everybody, every one 和each (one) everyone (everybody):每個人(后不
28、可接 of 短語) every one:每一個(可指人或物,后常接of短語) each one:每一個(可指人或物,后常接 of 短語,one 有是可?。?例:Everyone (/Everybody) knows it. 這件事人人都知道。Everybody (/Everyone) is ready for the party. 每個人都為聚會做好了準備。Every one of us sang a song. 我們每個人都唱了一首歌。例:Every one of the letters is written in English. 每封信都是用英語寫的。Each (one) of them
29、 had something to say. 他們每個人都有話要說。提示提示everyone (/ everybody)只能指人,后不可接of 短語,而every one 可指人或物,后可接 of 短語。例:他們每個人對足球都懂得很多。Everyone of them knows a lot about football. (誤)Every one of them knows a lot about football. (正)He has kept every one of her letters. 他把她的每一封信都保存下來。10 every 和eachevery和each都表示“每一個”,
30、但用法不同。1) 在側重點方面: every側重點從整體考慮,而each側重于從個體考試。2) 例:Every student in the class has read the book. 這個班每個學生都讀過這本書。All the students in the class has read the book. (強調整體)Each student may try twice. 每個學生都可以試兩次。2)在表示數(shù)量方面:each指兩個或兩個以上人或物中的“每個”,every指三個或三個以上人或物中的“每個”例:There are many shops on each side of the
31、 street. 街道兩邊有許多商店。(不可用every)There is a chair in every(/each) corner of the room. 房間的每個角上都有一把椅了她的父母每人都有一輛自行車。Every of her parents has a bike. (誤)Every one of her parents has a bike.(誤)Each of her parents has a bike. (正)3)在語法功能方面:each可作主語、賓語、同位語或定語,而every只能作定語例:Each of them has a new school-bag. 他們每人
32、都有一個新書包。There are six rooms in the house. Each has a bed in it. 這所房子有六個房間,每個房間里都有一張床。She invited each of us to her birthday part. 她邀請我們每個人都參加她的生日宴會。He gave one of each of them.他給他們每人一個。They each have two tickets.他們每人都有兩張票。The students have two pens each.學生們每人都有兩支鋼筆。Each classroom is clean.每間教室都很干凈。E
33、very room has a telephone in it.每個房間都有一部電話。He reads English every morning. 他每天早晨都讀英語。 4) every 可用于“every+基數(shù)詞復數(shù)名詞”或“every+序數(shù)詞、other單數(shù)名詞”結構中,表示“每,每隔”,而each則不可例:She came here every five days. 她每5天來這里一次。(每隔4天)He does shopping every other day. 他隔天買一次東西。 5) every前可用almost, nearly等副詞修飾,而each則不可Almost each
34、student knows the answer. (誤)Almost every students knows the answer. (正) 提示提示each of后跟復數(shù)名詞時,該名詞前要有定冠詞或物主代詞。比:每個學生都看過這部電影。Each of students has seen the film.(誤)Each of the students has seen the film. (正)每一位叔叔都給我寄來了禮物。Each of uncles sent me a present. (誤)Each of my uncles sent me a present. (正)11allal
35、l表示“全體,全部”,用于指三者或三者以上的人或物,可作主語、賓語、表語、同位語、狀語。 all的搭配與用法: all of us (them) all of the+ 復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(of可省) all: 可與this, that, these, those連用,中間可加of all: 指代復數(shù)名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用復數(shù) all: 指代事物或一個整體作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù) all: 作同位語時,要放在be動詞、情態(tài)動詞和助動詞后,行為動詞前例:All of them are college students. 他們都是大學生。All of the people there know a l
36、ittle English.那里所有的人都懂一點英語。He has been busy all the time.他一直都忙著。All of these students are fond of sports.所有這些學生都喜愛運動。Music is her all.音樂是她的一切。She ate all of it.她把那東西吃光了。They all came by plane.他們都是乘飛機來的。We are all middle school students.我們都是中學生。All are here.大家都來了。(指代復數(shù)名詞)All goes well.一切都好。(指代事物)比:Al
37、l are ready. 大家都準備好了。All is ready. 一切都準備好了。提示提示a. all 可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞??梢孕揎棽豢蓴?shù)名詞。例:例:All hope has gone. 整個希望都破滅了。整個希望都破滅了。All that money is lost. 所有那些錢都失去了。所有那些錢都失去了。b. all 可同表示時間的名詞連用,如:可同表示時間的名詞連用,如:all day整天,整天,all the year整年,整年,all the time一直一直,但習慣上不說但習慣上不說all hour。12 bothboth用于指“兩者”,與復數(shù)名詞連用,可作主語、賓語、同位
38、語、定語。both 作主語時,謂語動詞要用復數(shù)。both的搭配與用法:both of us (them)both of the 復數(shù)名詞both and:A和Bboth: 作同位語時,放在be動詞、情態(tài)動詞和助動詞后,行為動詞前。例:Both are right. 兩者都對。Both of them are football players. 他們兩人都是足球隊員Both of my parents are teachers. 我父母都是教師I know both of them. 他們倆我都認識They are both Young Pioneers. 他們倆都是少先隊員。We have b
39、oth studied here for several years. 我們倆都在這里學習好幾年了。They both lent me some money. 他們兩人都借給我一些錢。Both Lily and Lucy like singing. 莉莉和露西都喜歡唱歌。Both you and he are wrong. 你和他都錯。Jim wrote to us both. 吉姆給我們兩人都寫了信。=Jim wrote to both of us. Both windows are open. 兩扇窗都開著。=Both of the windows are open.提示提示both作形容
40、詞時,要放在定冠詞、指示代詞或物主代詞的前面。例:這兩個孩子數(shù)學都很棒。The both children are good at maths. (誤)The children both are good at maths. (誤)Both the children are good at maths. (正)例:-Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? 你要茶還是咖啡?-Either will do. 隨便哪個都行。Either of them can do it. 他倆中哪一個都能做這件事Do you know either of the two ladie
41、s? 這兩位女士你認識某一位嗎?Either shirts fits me well. 這兩件襯衫我穿哪一件都合適。There are trees on either side of the road. 路的兩邊都有樹。Neither of these two books is easy for me. 這兩本書對我都不容易。Neither of the answers is correct. 兩個答案都不對。Neither room is big enough for us. 這兩個房間哪一個對我們都不夠大。-Which do you want? 你要哪一個?-Neither is any
42、good. 哪一個也不好。-What about the two books? 這兩本書怎樣?-Neither book is interesting. 沒有一本有趣。比:父母倆一個也不同意買車。Neither parents agreed to buy a car. (誤)Neither parents agreed to buy a car. (正,neither和either作定語時,后要跟單數(shù)名詞)吉姆比這對雙胞胎中任何一個都聰明。Jim is cleverer than either of twins. (誤)Jim is cleverer than either of the tw
43、ins. (正,either of 和neither of后的名詞前要加定冠詞the) 提示提示a. eitheror 表示“要么要么,也也”,neithernor 表示“既不也不”,兩者用作并列連詞,可以連接單數(shù)名詞,也要連接復數(shù)名詞,還可以連接其他詞。 例:You can buy either eggs or meat. 你可以買雞蛋或肉。Neither David nor Jane can swim. 戴維和簡都不會游泳。 b. neither表示“兩者都不”,是否定含義,both表示“兩者都”,是肯定含義。例:Neither of my sisters is a teacher. 我的
44、兩個姐姐都不是教師。Both of my sisters are teachers. 我的兩個姐姐都是教師。 c. either 表示“兩者中任何一個”,any 表示“三者或三者以上中任何一個”。例:There are many trees on either side of the river. 河兩岸都有樹。They are all free. You may take any you like. 這些都是免費的,你隨便拿吧。 d. neither 表示“兩者都不”,none表示“三者或三者以上都不”。例:Neither of the two answers is correct. 兩個答
45、案都不對。None of the answers are correct. 這些答案都不對。He tried two hats, but neither of them was the right size. 他試了兩頂帽子,但哪一頂也不合適。He tried nine hats, but none of them were the right size. 他試了幾頂帽子,但沒有一頂合適。 1414 another, other, others和the others1) another 作代詞用時,表示不定數(shù)目中的“另一個,又一個,別的一個”,在句中作主語和賓語例:He bought thre
46、e books, one is a novel, another is a dictionary, and, the third is a grammar. 他買了三本書,一本是小說,另一本是詞典,還有一本是語法書。This umbrella is too big. Show me another. 這把傘太大了,再給我看一把。If one is not enough, take another. 如果一個不夠,再拿一個。 提示提示a. another 作形容詞時,常修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,但當another后有數(shù)詞或few時,要用復數(shù)例:This book is too difficult for
47、 me. Will you please give me another one? (=another book) 這本書我讀太難了。你給我另一本好嗎?I need another few days before I finish the work. 我還要幾天才能完成這項工作。I will give you another hundred dollars. 我將再給你100美元。 b. one after another 表示“一個接著一個”,指至少三個或三個以上的人或物例:They walked out of the hall one after another. 他們一個接著一個走出大廳
48、。The policemen saved one child after another. 警察救起了一個又一個小孩。 2) other 用作形容詞,表示“另外的,其他的”,后跟復數(shù)名詞;表示“另一個”后跟單數(shù)名詞,為泛指。特指“兩個中的另一個,其他人或物”,用the other,后可跟單數(shù)名詞或復數(shù)名詞。例:There are other ways of doing it. 做這件事還有別的方法。Have you any other questions? 你還有別的問題嗎?Jim is here, but where are the other students? 吉姆在這里,但是其他學生在
49、哪里?Put it in your other hand. 把它放在你的另一只手里。Mary is her other sister. 瑪麗是她的另一個妹妹。Now close your other eye. 閉上你的另一只眼睛。 This seat it free, but the other seat is taken. 這個座位空著,而另一個有人坐了。Here are two pens. One is for Jack and the other is for Lily. 這里有兩支鋼筆,一支給杰克,另一支給莉莉。The solider hand one shoe, host lost
50、the other. 這個士兵只有一只鞋,另一只丟了。 提示提示a. onethe other 表示“一個另一個”,指兩個人或物One is big and the other is small. 一個大,另一個小。比:她的雙親相繼去世了。Her parents died one after another. (誤)Her parents died one after the other. (正) b. the other構成的慣用語:the other day(不久前的一天,前幾天), the other night(不久前的一天晚上),every other day (每隔一天=every
51、 two days)例:I heard the news the other day. 我前幾天聽到這個消息的。They discussed the matter the other night. 不久前的一天晚上他們討論了那件事。He phoned her every other day. 他隔天給她打一次電話。 3)others 只用作代詞,表示“別人,旁人”,為泛指,代替復數(shù)名詞,前面可加some, any例:Others may not think so. 別的人可能不這么想。 (=other people)Dont laugh at others. 不要嘲笑別人。We should think more of others. 我們應多想想別人。Give her some others, please. 請給她一些別的吧。提示提示some others 表示“有的,有的”,為泛指例:There are many students on the playground. Some are playing bas
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