必修五課文原文和翻譯

1、完美格式.編輯UNIT 1JOHN SNOW DEFEA TSCING CHOLER AJohn Snow was a famous doctor in London so expert , indeed, that he attended QueenVictoria as her personal physician .But he becameinspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.This was the deadly disease of its day.Neither its

2、cause nor itscure was understood.So many thousands of terrifiedpeople died every time there was an outbreak.JohnSnow wanted to face the challengeand solve this problem.He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.He became interested in two theories that possibly explaine

3、d how cholera killed people.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found itsvictims .The second suggested that peopleabsorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and so

4、on the affected person died.John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry .As thedisease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods , he began to gather information.In two particular street

5、s , the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.He was determined to find out why.First he marked on a mapthe exact places where all the dead people had lived.This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.Many of the deaths were near the water pumpin

6、Broad Street(especially numbers 16,37,38 and 40). He also noticed that some houses(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths.He had not foreseen this , so he made further investigations.He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They

7、had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump.It seemed that the water was to blame.Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.He found that it came from the riverpolluted by the dirty water from London.Heimmediately told the astonished people i

8、n Broad Street to remove thehandle fromthe pump so that it could not be used.Soon afterwards the disease slowed down.He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.In another part of London , he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad St

9、reet outbreak.A woman who had moved away from Broad Street , liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water.With this extra evidence John Snowwas able to announce with certainty that polluted w

10、ater carried the virus.To prevent this from happening again , John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.Finally“King Cholera was defeated.約翰斯諾戰(zhàn)勝“霍亂王”約翰斯諾是倫敦一位著名的醫(yī)生一一他的確醫(yī)術(shù)精湛，以至于成了照料維多利亞

11、女王的私人醫(yī)生。但當(dāng)他一想到要幫助（那些）得了霍亂的普通百姓時，就感到很受鼓舞。 霍亂在當(dāng)時是最致命的疾病。人們既不知道它的病因，也不懂如何治療。每次爆發(fā)霍亂時就有成千 上萬驚恐的人病死。約翰斯諾想面對這一挑戰(zhàn)，解決這一問題。他知道在找到病源之前， 霍亂疫情是無法控制的。他對霍亂致人死地的兩種推測產(chǎn)生了興趣。第一種看法是霍亂病毒在空氣中繁殖，像一股危險氣體在空中到處漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害人。第二種看法是人們是在吃飯時把這種 病毒引入體內(nèi)的。病毒從胃部開始迅速殃及全身，患者就會很快地死去。約翰斯諾推測第二種說法是正確白1但需要有證據(jù)。因此在1854年倫敦再次爆發(fā)霍亂時，他就著手準(zhǔn)備對此調(diào)研。

12、當(dāng)霍亂在貧民區(qū)迅速蔓延時， 約翰斯諾開始搜集信息。他 發(fā)現(xiàn)特別在兩條街上霍亂流行得很嚴(yán)重，以至于 10天內(nèi)就有500多人死亡。他決心查清原 因。他首先在地圖上標(biāo)注出所有死者曾住過的確切地點。該圖提供了一條說明霍亂起因的很有價值的線索。許多死者都住在布洛德街上的水泵附近（尤其是這條街上的16、37、38和40號）。他還發(fā)現(xiàn)有些住戶（如布洛德街20號和21號及劍橋街8號和9號）卻無人死亡。他 未預(yù)料到這種情況，于是他做了進(jìn)一步調(diào)查。他發(fā)現(xiàn)這些人是在劍橋街7號的酒館里打工。酒館為他們供應(yīng)免費啤酒，因此他們沒喝布洛德街水泵里的水?？磥硭亲锟?zhǔn)?。接下來，約翰斯諾調(diào)查了這兩條街上的水源。他發(fā)現(xiàn)水來自于

13、河里， 這條河被倫敦排出的臟水污染了。約翰斯諾立即告訴布洛德街上驚慌失措的人們拆掉水泵的把手，這樣水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就開始得到緩解。他證明了霍亂是通過細(xì)菌傳播而非氣團(tuán)傳播。在倫敦的另一地區(qū)，他從另外兩例與布洛德街疾病爆發(fā)有關(guān)的死亡病例中得到了有力的 證據(jù)。一個婦女，從布洛德街搬走了，但她非常喜歡水泵的水，她讓人每天從水泵給她家送 水。她和她的女兒在喝了這些水后，都死于霍亂。利用這個額外證據(jù)，約翰斯諾就可以很有把握地宣布污染水?dāng)y帶病菌。為防止這種情況再度發(fā)生，約翰斯諾建議， 所有水源都要經(jīng)過檢測。供水公司也得到指示再也不能讓人們接觸污染水了?！盎魜y王”終于被擊敗了。PUZILES IN

14、GEOGRAPHYPeople may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries England , Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.You can clarify this question if you study British history.First there was England.Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century.Now when people refer to England

15、 you find Wales included as well.Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the namewas changed to “Great Britain ” . Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well.Finally the English government

16、tried in the early twentieth century to form the UnitedKingdom by getting Irelandconnected in the same peaceful way.However , the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government.So only Northern Ireland joined with England , Wales and Scotland to become the United Ki

17、ngdom and this was shown to the world in a new flag called theUnion Jack.To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas (eg, thecurrency and international relations) , but they still have very different institutions .For example , Northern Ireland , England and Scotland have diffe

18、rent educational and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup!England is the largest of the four countries , and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones.The zone nearest France is called the South of England,the middle zone is called the Mi

19、dlands and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the North.You find most of the population settled in the south, but most of theindustrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England.Although, nationwide ,these cities are not as large as those in China, they have world - famous footballteams a

20、nd some of them even have two ! It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors.For historicalarchitecture youhave to go to older but smaller towns built by the Romans.There you will find out more about British history and culture.The greatest historic

21、al treasure of all is London with its museums, art collections , theatres , parks , and buildings.It is the centre of national government and its administration .It has the oldest port built by the Romans in the first century AD the oldest building begun by the Anglo - Saxons in the 1060s and the ol

22、dest castle constructed by later Norman rulers in 1066.There have been four sets ofinvaders of England.The first invaders , the Romans left their towns and roads.The second , the Anglo - Saxons , left their language and their government.The third,the Vikings , influenced the vocabulary and place - n

23、ames of the North of England , and the fourth , the Normans , left castles and introduced new words for food.If you look around the British countryside you will find evidence of all these invaders.You must keep your eyes open if you are going to makeyour trip to the United Kingdom enjoyable and wort

24、hwhile.地理學(xué)的困惑對于用不同詞匯來描述英格蘭、威爾士、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭這四個國家，人們感到很奇怪。如果你研究英國歷史，你就可以弄清楚這個問題。首先是英格蘭。威爾士在公元13世紀(jì)時與英格蘭是一體的。現(xiàn)在當(dāng)人們說到英格蘭時， 你會發(fā)現(xiàn)威爾士也包括在其中。接著英格蘭和威爾士在17世紀(jì)同蘇格蘭合并，更名為“大不列顛”。蘇格蘭的詹姆斯國王也成為英格蘭和威爾士的國王，幸運的是這并未經(jīng)過戰(zhàn)爭。 最后在20世紀(jì)初，英國政府打算把愛爾蘭也和平聯(lián)合起來組建聯(lián)合王國。但是愛爾蘭的南 部很不情愿，分離出去并建立了自己的政府。 因此，只有北愛爾蘭與英格蘭、威爾士和蘇格 蘭統(tǒng)一成為聯(lián)合王國，這在新國旗上展現(xiàn)給世人

25、，叫做“英國國旗”。值得贊揚的是，這四個國家在某些領(lǐng)域確實能夠合作（比如，在貨幣和國際關(guān)系上），但是它們的制度很不相同。例如，北愛爾蘭、英格蘭和蘇格蘭有不同的教育及司法體系，還有不同的足球隊去參加像世界杯這樣的比賽！英格蘭是四個國家中最大的，為方便起見，它大體上分成三個區(qū)。最靠近法國的是英格 蘭南部，中部地區(qū)被稱為英格蘭中部，最靠近蘇格蘭的稱為英格蘭北部。你可以看到大多數(shù)人口定居在南部，但多數(shù)的大型工業(yè)城市在英格蘭的中部和北部地區(qū)。盡管英格蘭全國的許多城市不如中國的城市大，但它們都有著名的足球隊，有些甚至有兩支！可惜的是，這些建 于19世紀(jì)的工業(yè)城市不吸引游客。為游覽古代建筑你就得去那些最初由

26、羅馬人建造的更古 老但是更小的城鎮(zhèn)。在那兒你會了解更多的關(guān)于英國歷史和文化的東西。最偉大的歷史財富是倫敦，它擁有博物館、藝術(shù)珍藏、戲院、公園以及建筑。它是全國 的政治中心。它還有羅馬人于公元1世紀(jì)建的最古老的港口，盎格魯一撒克遜人于11世紀(jì)60年代始建起的最古老的建筑以及后來的諾曼統(tǒng)治者于1066年建造的最古老的城堡。曾經(jīng)有四批侵略者到過英國。第一批入侵者是羅馬人，他們留下了他們的城鎮(zhèn)和道路。接著是盎格魯一撒克遜人，他們留下了他們的語言和政體。第三批是斯堪的納維亞人，他們對詞匯以及北部的地名造成了一定的影響。第四批是諾曼人，他們留下了城堡和表示食物名稱的詞語。如果你到英國的鄉(xiāng)村看看，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)所

27、有這些入侵者留下的證據(jù)。如果你想讓你的英國之旅很有價值，你必須留心觀察！FIRST IMPRESSIONSSpacemail : liqiang299AGreatAdventureSpaceS15/11/3008(Earthtime) Dear Mum and Dad ,I still cannot believe that I amtaking up this prize that I won last year.Ihave to remind myselfconstantly that I am really in AD 3008.Worried about thejourney , I

28、was unsettledfor the first few days.As a result , I suffered from “timelag” . This is similar to the “jet lag“ you get from flying , but it seems you keep getting flashbacks from your previous time period.SoI was very nervous anduncertain at first.However , my friend and guide , WangPing , was very

29、understanding and gave me some green tablets which helped a lot.Well - known for their expertise , his parents company, called “Future Tours” , transported mesafely into the future in a time capsule .I can still remember the moment when the space stewardess called us all to the capsule and we climbe

30、d in through a smallopening .The seats were comfortable andafter a calming drink , we felt sleepy and closed our eyes.The capsule began swinging gently sideways as we lay relaxed and dreaming.A few minutes later , the journey was completed and we had arrived.I was still on the earth but one thousand

31、 years in the future.What would I find?At first my new surroundings were difficult ot tolerate .The air seemed thin , as though its combination of gases had little oxygen left.Hit by alack of freshair , my head ached.Just as I tried to make the necessaryadjustment to this newsituation , WangPing app

32、eared. Put on this mask, he advised. Itllmake you feelmuch better. He handed it to me and immediately hurried methrough to a small room nearby for a rest.I felt better in no time.Soon Iwas back on my feet again andfollowing him to collect a hoveringcarriage driven by computer.These carriagesfloat ab

33、ove the ground and by bending or pressing down in your seat , you can move swiftly.Wang Ping fastened my safety belt and showed me how to use it.Soon I could fly as fast as him.However , I lost sight of Wang Ping when we reached what looked like a large market because of too many carriages flying by

34、 in all directions.He was swept up into the centre of them.Just at that momentI had a “time lag flashback and saw the area again as it had been in the year AD 2008.I realized that I had been transported into the future of what was still my hometown! Then I caught sight ofWang Ping again and flew aft

35、er him.Arriving at a strange - looking house , he showed me into a large , bright clean room.It had a green wall , a brown floor and soft lighting.Suddenly the wall moved一it was made of trees ! I found later that their leaves provided the room with much- needed oxygen.Then WangPing flashed a switch

36、on a computer screen , and a table and some chairs rose from under the floor as if by magic. Why not sit down and eat a little ?” he said. You may find this difficult as itis your first time traveltrip.Just relax , since there is nothing planned on thetimetable today.Tomorrowyoull be ready for some

37、visits. Having said this , he spread some food on the table , and produced a bed from the floor.After he left, I had a brief meal and a hotbath.Exhausted , I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.More news later from your loving son ,Li Qiang第一印象太空郵件：Liqiang299AGreatAdventureSpaceS15/11/3008（地球時間）親愛的爸爸

38、媽媽：我仍然不能相信我是在接受去年獲得的這個獎勵。我得不斷提醒自己，我真地已經(jīng)進(jìn)入到公元3008年了。我很擔(dān)心這次旅行，所以頭幾天心里總是不踏實。結(jié)果，我得了 “時間 滯后癥”。這就與你們乘坐飛機(jī)會產(chǎn)生時差反應(yīng)相似，所不同的是，在你們腦子里似乎會不斷閃現(xiàn)以前的時光。因此，我一開始就感到神經(jīng)緊張和心神不定。但是，我的朋友兼導(dǎo)游王平很細(xì)心體貼，給了我?guī)琢＞G色藥片，倒是挺起作用的。他父母的公司叫做“未來之旅”， 以其技術(shù)高超而聞名，用時間艙平安地把我送入了未來。我仍然記得女乘務(wù)員讓我們都進(jìn)入時間艙，我們都通過一個小入口爬進(jìn)去。座位是很舒適的，喝了點鎮(zhèn)靜劑以后，我們感到很困，就閉上了眼睛。時間艙在輕輕

39、地左右搖晃，我們 放松地躺在那里做夢。幾分鐘以后，旅程結(jié)束，我們都到了。我仍然在地球上，但是進(jìn)入了 未來的一千年。我會看到什么呢？開始新的環(huán)境很難忍受?？諝馑坪鹾芟”?，好像在混合的氣體中剩下的氧氣很少。由于缺乏新鮮空氣，我感到頭痛。正當(dāng)我努力調(diào)整自己適應(yīng)新環(huán)境時，王平出現(xiàn)了?！鞍堰@個面罩戴上，它會使你感覺好得多。”他建議說。他把面罩遞給我，然后把我快速帶到一個附近的小房間里休息。我立刻就感到舒服些了。一會兒我就又站起來，跟著他去領(lǐng)取了一臺由電腦驅(qū)動的汽墊車。 這些汽墊車是在地面上漂浮著的，只要把座位打彎或壓下，你就可以迅速地移動。王平給我系好安全帶并且教我如何使用。很快，我就跟王平飛得一樣快了

40、。但是， 當(dāng)我們到達(dá)一個看上去像是大市場的地方時，王平不見了，因為很多汽墊車在身邊朝各個方向飛奔。他被卷入到這群車隊中去了。就在這個時候我得了一次“時間滯后”的回閃，這樣我就再次看到了公元 2008年的那個地區(qū)了。我這才懂得我被送到了未來，但卻仍然在自己 的家鄉(xiāng)！然后我又見到了王平，于是又跟在他后面飛去。來到一個形狀奇怪的房子面前，他把我?guī)У揭粋€明亮而潔凈的大房間。那里有綠色的墻，棕色的地板，柔和的燈光。突然，墻壁移動了一一原來是樹形成的！后來我才發(fā)現(xiàn)，就是這 些樹的葉子為這棟房屋提供了急需的氧氣。然后王平在電腦熒屏上閃了一下開關(guān)，于是一張桌子和幾把椅子就像變魔術(shù)一樣從地板下面升了上來?！盀槭?/p>

41、么不坐下來吃點東西呢？”他說道，“你第一次做這樣的時間旅行，可能會感到有些困難。今天沒有任何出行計劃，你可以好好休息一下。明天你還要準(zhǔn)備參觀幾個地方。”說完這些，他把食物擺在桌子上，又從地板下拿出一張床來。他離開后，我快速吃了些東西，洗了個熱水澡。我感到累極了，溜到 床上很快就睡著了。以后再談吧！你們親愛的兒子，李強(qiáng)MY FIRST WORK ASSIGNMENTUnforgettable ” says new journalistNever will Zhou Yang (ZY)forget his first assignment at the office of a popular En

42、glish newspaper.His discussion with his new boss, Hu Xin (HX) , was to stronglyinfluence his life as a journalist.HX Welcome.Were delighted youre coming to work with us.Your first job here will be an assistant journalist.Do you have any questions?ZY： Can I go out on a story immediately?HX (laughing

43、) Thats admirable , but Im afraid it would be unusual ! Wait till youre more experienced.First well put you as anassistant to an experiencedjournalist.Later you can cover a story andsubmit the article yourself.ZY： Wonderful.What do I need to take with me ? I already have a notebook and camera.HX No

44、need for a camera.Youll have a professional photographer with you to take photographs .Youll find your colleagues very eager to assist you , so you may be able to concentrate on photography later if youre interested.ZY： Thank you.Not only am I interested in photography, but I took an amateurcourse a

45、t university to update my skills.HX Good.ZY： What do I need to remember when I go out to cover a story?HX You need to be curious.Only if you ask many different questions will youacquire all the information you need to know.We say a good journalist must have agood nose for a story.That means you must

46、 be able toassess when people are nottelling the whole truth and then try to discover it.They must use research to inform themselves of the missing parts of the story.ZY: What should I keep in mind.HX Here comes my list of dos and don ts : dont miss your deadline , dont be rude , dont talk too much

47、, but make sure you listen to the interviewee carefully.ZY： Why is listening so important?HX Well , you have to listen for detailed facts.Meanwhile you have to preparethe next question depending on what the person says.ZY： But how can I listen carefully while taking notes?HX This is a trick of the t

48、rade.If the interviewee agrees , you can use a recorder to get the facts straight.Its also useful if a person wants to challenge you.You have the evidence to support your story.ZY： I see! Have you ever had a case where someone accused your journalists of getting the wrong end of the stick?HX Yes, bu

49、t it was a long time ago.This is how the story goes.A footballer was accused of taking money for deliberately not scoring goals so as to let the other team win.We went to interview him.He denied taking money but we weresceptical .Sowe arranged an interview between the footballer and the man supposed

50、 to bribe him.When we saw them together we guessed from the footballers body language that he was not telling the truth.So we wrote an article suggesting he was guilty .It was a dilemma because the footballer could have demanded damages if we were wrong.He tried to stop us publishing it but later we

51、 were proved right.ZY： Wow That was a real“scoop” . Im looking forward to my first assignmentnow.Perhaps Ill get a scoop too!HX Perhaps you will.You never know.我的第一項工作任務(wù)“難以忘懷”，新聞記者說周陽永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記他在一家很受歡迎的英語報社的第一項工作任務(wù)。他同新上司胡新的討論對他的記者生涯必將產(chǎn)生重大的影響。胡：歡迎你。非常高興你來和我們一起工作。你在這里首先是當(dāng)助理記者。有什么問題嗎？周：我可以馬上外出采訪嗎？胡：（笑）值得表揚

52、，但是恐怕這樣就不太合乎常規(guī)了！等到你比較有經(jīng)驗以后才行。首 先我們要派你給有經(jīng)驗的記者做助手。以后你就可以自己采訪新聞，提交新聞稿了。周：太棒了。我需要帶什么？我有一個筆記本和一個相機(jī)。胡：不需要相機(jī)。你將帶上一名專業(yè)攝影師去拍照。你將發(fā)現(xiàn)同事們會熱情地幫助你， 因此如果你對攝影感興趣，以后你可以集中精力去研究它。周：謝謝你。對攝影我不僅僅是感興趣， 在大學(xué)里我還參加過業(yè)余攝影班提高我的水平 呢。胡：很好。周：我外出采訪時還需要記住些什么呢？胡：你需要保持好奇心。只有問很多問題，你才能得到你想得到的信息。我們說，一個 好的記者必須有對新聞非常敏銳的“嗅覺”。那就是說，在人們還沒有說出全部真相

53、之前， 記者就要能夠作出判斷，并力求發(fā)現(xiàn)真相。他們必須通過調(diào)查研究， 來使自己了解被遺漏的那部分情況。周：我還要注意些什么呢？胡：下面是我的行為準(zhǔn)則：不要超過最后期限，不可對人粗魯，不可自己說得太多，務(wù) 必認(rèn)真傾聽被采訪人的回答。周：為什么傾聽這么重要呢？胡：你得聽清楚事實的細(xì)節(jié)。同時，你還要根據(jù)被采訪人所說的話準(zhǔn)備提出下一個問題。周：但是怎樣才能在作記錄的同時聽清對方的話呢？胡：這就是我們職業(yè)的訣竅了。 如果被采訪人允許， 你可以使用小型錄音機(jī)來記錄下全 部事實。如果有人提出質(zhì)疑，這也有用。你就有證據(jù)來支持你的報道。周：我明白了！你有沒有遇到過這種情況：別人控告你的記者，說他的報道失實呢？胡

54、：有，不過這是很久以前的事了。事情是這樣的：一位足球運動員被指控受賄，故意 不進(jìn)球，好讓別的隊贏球。我們?nèi)ゲ稍L了他。他否認(rèn)受賄，但我們很懷疑。因此我們?yōu)樽闱?運動員和那個被認(rèn)為行賄的人安排了一場采訪。當(dāng)我們看見他們在一起時，從足球運動員的身體語言猜出他沒有說出真相。所以我們寫了一篇文章暗示他曾受賄。這事有些為難，因為如果我們出錯，足球運動員會要求賠償。 他試圖阻止我們公布該消息， 但后來我們被證明是 對的。周：哇！那真是獨家新聞。我現(xiàn)在盼望得到第一個任務(wù)?；蛟S我也能找到獨家新聞！ 胡：你也許會。誰知道呢。專業(yè).資料整理FIRST AID FOR BURNSThe skin is an esse

55、ntial part of your body and its largest organ .You have three layers of skin which act as a barrier against disease , poisons and the suns harmful rays .The functions of your skin are also verycomplex : it keeps you warm or cool ;it prevents your body from losing too much water; it is where you feel

56、 cold , heator pain and it gives you your sense of touch.So as you can imagine, if your skingets burned it can be very serious.First aid is a very important first step in the treatment of burns.Causes of burnsYou can get burned by a varietyof things : hot liquids , steam, fire , radiation(by being c

57、lose to high heat or fire, etc) , the sun , electricity or chemicals.Types of burnsThere are three types of burns.Burns are called first, second or third degreeburns , depending on which layers of the skin are burned.? First degree burns These affect only the top layer of the skin.These burns are no

58、t serious and should feel better within a day or two.Examples includemildsunburn and burns caused by touching a hotpan, stove or iron for a moment.? Second degree burns These affect both the top and the second layer of the skin.These burns are serious and take a few weeks to heal.Examples include severe sunburn and burns caused by hot liquids.? T