初高中英語重點(diǎn)語法網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖表

1、高中英語重點(diǎn)語法網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖表英語常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)1、S + vi2、S + link verb + predicative3、S + vt +o4、S + vt + o (間接) + o (直接)5、S +vt+ o + o c6、There be + s + 簡(jiǎn)單句的五個(gè)基本句型種類句型主語S.謂語部分謂語動(dòng)詞V.表語P.賓語O.賓語補(bǔ)足語OC.第1種S +VWework.(不及物)第2種S+V+OHeplays(及物) the piano.第3種S+V+PWeare(系動(dòng)詞)students.第4種S+V+ino(間接賓語)+Do(直接賓語)She gave(及物)me a pen.第5種S+V

2、+O+CHemade(及物)the boylaugh.第6種There be+SThere are thirty days this month.主語部分謂語部分謂語動(dòng)詞修飾語/補(bǔ)語/賓語..FlowersFlowersMany beautiful flowersIBetty, your younger sister,Some students in my classyou(You)bloom。bloombloomgolooksspeakDo. understandReadin the gardens.in the gardens in spring.to scho

3、ol by bicycle every day.very pretty.English very well.these sentences?Lesson Two, Mary.句子的成分1. 主語主語是謂語講述的對(duì)象，表示所說的“是什么”或“是誰”。一般由名詞、代詞、不定式或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語來充當(dāng)。它在句首。注意：不定式作主語時(shí)，常用形式主語it句型。2. 謂語說明主語“做什么”，“是什么”或“怎么樣”。謂語(謂語部分里主要的詞)必須用動(dòng)詞。謂語和主語在人稱和數(shù)兩方面必須一致。它在主語后面。3. 表語表語說明主語“是什么”或者“怎么樣”，由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞、不定式及相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞

4、的詞或短語來擔(dān)任。它的位置在系動(dòng)詞后面。*注意區(qū)別：My job is teaching.(teaching 為表語) 與 I am teaching now.(am teaching 為謂語)4. 賓語賓語是動(dòng)作、行為的對(duì)象，由名詞、代詞、不定式或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞、短語來擔(dān)任，它和及物動(dòng)詞一起說明主語做什么，在謂語之后。5. 狀語狀語用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞。一般表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、方式、程度等意義，一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語來表示。狀語一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。6. 定語定語是用來修飾名詞或代詞的。形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、介詞短

5、語、不定式或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞或短語等都可以擔(dān)任定語。因?yàn)樗切揎椕~或代詞的，而名詞和代詞又可以作主語，還可以作表語和賓語，所以定語的位置很靈活，凡是有名詞、代詞的地方都可以有定語。簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、復(fù)合句1. 簡(jiǎn)單句句型：主語+謂語只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，而句子的各個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)都只由單詞或短語表示。2. 并列句句型： 簡(jiǎn)單句+并列連詞（或連接副詞）+簡(jiǎn)單句*由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句并列連接起來的句子叫并列句。并列句中的各簡(jiǎn)單句意義同等重要，相互之間沒有從屬關(guān)系，是平行并列的關(guān)系。它們之間用連詞連結(jié)。1、聯(lián)合關(guān)系：常用的連詞有and, not onlybut(also), neithernor等。Eg.

6、Tom doesnt smoke, nor does his brother.2、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系常用的連詞有but, yet, still, however, while(而，然而)，when（那時(shí)，然后）等。Eg. He got up very early, (and) yet he failed to catch the morning train. We played outside till sunset, when it began to rain. She is tired, (but) still she will make another test.*yet 和still是連接副詞，

7、又叫半連接句。*however(然而，不過，但是)意義接近yet,可放在句首、句末或插入句子中間。3、選擇關(guān)系：常用的連詞有or（或者，還是，否則），otherwise, or else, eitheror等。Eg. Hurry up, or well be late for school.4、因果關(guān)系連詞有：for, so, thus, therefore, and so 等。Eg. He studied hard, thus he succeeded in passing the exam. The Frenchman coughed loudly, so he decided to go

8、 and get some medicine for it.*for 表示附加或推斷的理由、原因。 Therefore較so更正式，and so 較口語化。3. 復(fù)合句句型：主句+連詞+從句；或連詞+從句+主句（包含一個(gè)主句、一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句，或只包含一個(gè)從句，但有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主句的句子叫復(fù)合句。）動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)，被動(dòng)語態(tài)一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作、客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)、格言，目前的特征、狀態(tài)、能力等。 2.主句是一般將來時(shí),時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。如： Ill go there after I finish my work./ If it rai

9、ns tomorrow, I wont go there.3.在以here, there開頭的句子里，go, come等少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的一般在時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：There goes the bell.鈴響了。There comes the bus.汽車來了。Here she comes.她來了。二、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 1.表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。2.表示按計(jì)劃安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。He is working as a teacher tomorrow.從明天起他要做老師。My father is coming to see me t

10、his Saturday.這個(gè)星期六我爸爸要來看我。3.代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，描繪更加生動(dòng)。例如:The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滾滾向東流。The sun is rising in the east.太陽從東方冉冉升起。 4.大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞可用于進(jìn)行時(shí)，但也有些動(dòng)詞不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。常見的有：exist, live, understand, mean, owe, belong to, know, doubt, suppose, remember, forget,believe,trust,want,wish,refuse,like,hate,

11、dislike,prefer,mind,hope等。三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1.表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，或說話時(shí)已完成的動(dòng)作。例如：I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room. 2.表示從過去開始，待續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，往往和“for”, “since”表述的一段時(shí)間狀語連用。例如：He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college. 3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別： 1）用兩種時(shí)態(tài)來表述發(fā)生在過去的某

12、一動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一過去動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果，而一般過去時(shí)只表達(dá)過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在關(guān)系不大。例如：She has cleaned the room. Its very clean now.(此句has cleaned就不能改為cleaned.一是因?yàn)閏leaned與現(xiàn)狀無關(guān)，二是因?yàn)橐话氵^去時(shí)不可突然跳到Its這樣的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。) 2）漢語中的“了”、“過”、“曾”等詞常用完成表達(dá)，如：I have seen that film.（我看過那部電影了。）但是如果是在特定的過去時(shí)間“看了”、“做過”，就不可用完成時(shí)而必須用一般過去進(jìn)來表達(dá)。例如：When did you see

13、that film? I saw it yesterday.(你什么時(shí)候看了那部電影？我昨天看的。)不能說：When have you seen that film? I have seen it yesterday. 4.表示“曾經(jīng)到過某地（人已回來）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（還未回來）”用“have/has gone to”.例如：Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai.She has been there. 5.短暫動(dòng)詞（即瞬間動(dòng)詞），

14、join, lose, buy, borrow, leave, go, come, arrive, die, marry, finish, complete, begin, start, break out等，在完成時(shí)態(tài)中，其肯定式不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。例如不能說：He has finished the work for three hours.要翻譯“他已完成工作三小時(shí)了?！笨刹捎?）“ago法”：He finished the work three hours ago.2）“延續(xù)法”：He has been through(with)the work for three hours

15、.3）“since法”：It is/has been three hours since he finished the work.四、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 1.用來表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在（或今后還要繼續(xù)一去）的動(dòng)作。例如：He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00./ It has been raining for two days. 2.凡是不能用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞均不能用于現(xiàn)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。五、一般過去時(shí) 表達(dá)特定的過去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，或過去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為。六、過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 1.表示過去某一時(shí)

16、刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作（這一過去時(shí)間須用時(shí)間狀語表示）。例如：He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday. 2.表示動(dòng)作在另一過去動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)進(jìn)行。例如：They were still working when I left. 3.用在兩個(gè)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如：I was writing while he was watching TV. 4.表示過去將來動(dòng)作。例如：He said she was arriving the next day.七、過去完成時(shí) 1.表示在過去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。例如：He had shut t

17、he door before the dog came up./ Everything had been all right up till this morning. 2.表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一個(gè)過去時(shí)刻才完成，甚至還要繼續(xù)下去。例如：At the age of ten, he had learned 500 English words. He had been ill for a week when we learned about it. 3.常用hope, expect, think, intend, want, suppose等動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)來表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希

18、望、打算或意圖。例如：We had expected that you would be able to win the match.八、一般將來時(shí) 一般將來時(shí)表示將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和存在的狀況。有下列一些形式： 1.will/shall do （側(cè)重將來行為，不突出計(jì)劃安排去做某事） 2.be going to do (主觀上打算或客觀上可能發(fā)生) 3.be doing (按計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生，常和表示最近的將來時(shí)間連用) 4.be about to do (按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生)九、將來完成時(shí)用來表示在將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻（前）將完成的動(dòng)作。常和by短語，when, before引起的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如：We

19、will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.被動(dòng)語態(tài)一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句型 1.常見句式是：主語（受動(dòng)者）be過去分詞（by施動(dòng)者） 例如：He was scolded by the English teacher. 2.主語get過去分詞其它成分例如：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.注意：使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能帶有“by施動(dòng)者”3.帶有雙賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語）的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)閯?dòng)句，其主語可以是直接賓語，也可以是間接賓語。例如：

20、She lent me a bike.®被動(dòng)：1）I was lent a bike(by her). 2）A bike was lent to me(by her). 4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞be過去分詞例如：This problem must be worked out in half an hour. 5.雙重被動(dòng)式：主語被動(dòng)式謂語不定式的被動(dòng)式其它成分例如；These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room./The murderer was ordered to be shot.二、主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)的幾種情

21、況 1.不及物動(dòng)詞與狀語連用，用以表示主語的品質(zhì)和狀態(tài)。常見動(dòng)詞是：cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等。例如：This knife cuts well.這把刀好切。These books sell well.這些書好賣。The pen writes smoothly.這支筆寫起來流暢。Meat wont keep long in such hot weather.肉在這樣熱的天氣里放不長久。The cloth washes well.這種布好洗。2.一些連系動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)式形容詞。常見動(dòng)look, smell,

22、taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。例如：The apples taste good./The flower smells wonderful./The news proved/turned out true./Cotton feels soft.注：prove也可用于被動(dòng)式，如：His answer(was) proved right. 3.不定式在某些形容詞之后，且與主語有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。常見形容詞有：hard, difficult, easy, heavy, fit, good, comfortable, convenient, impossible等。例

23、如：The problem is easy to do./The question is difficult to answer./The box is heavy to carry./The project is impossible to complete in a year.比較：The problem is to be done./The question is to be answered.沒有形容詞時(shí)，雖然不定式與主語是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，但必須用被動(dòng)式。三、容易誤用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的幾種情況： 1.I teach myself French.不可變?yōu)镸yself is taught French.

24、因?yàn)榉瓷泶~不可作主語。 2.We help each other/one another.不可變?yōu)镋ach other/One another is helped by us.因?yàn)橄嗷ゴ~不可作主語。 3.He lost heart.不可變?yōu)镠eart was lost by him.因?yàn)橄髄ose heart, make a face, keep silence, lose in thought這類動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)的固定短語只能用于主動(dòng)式，不能用被動(dòng)式。 4.She took part in the sports meet.不能變?yōu)門he sports meet was taken part in

25、 by her.因?yàn)橄髏ake part in, belong to ,own, have, hate, fail, contain等表狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主謂一致Agreement在英語的句子中，謂語動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)與主語的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。如何判定，則要看句子的意思。多數(shù)情況下，根據(jù)句子的主語形式就能判定，但有的則要看整句的意思，及強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容。下面我們就常用的、易混的幾種情況作一下解釋。1、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞短語或從句作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：1）To work hard is necessary.（It is necessary to work hard.） 2）H

26、ow you get there is a problem.2、復(fù)數(shù)主語跟復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。3、在倒裝句中, 動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)和它后面的主語的數(shù)一致。如以here, there開頭，be 動(dòng)詞與后面第一個(gè)名詞一致。如：1）Here comes the bus. 2）On the wall were two famous paintings. 3）Here is Mr Brown and his children.4、and連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如果主語后跟有with, together with, except, but, perhaps , like, including, as

27、 well as, no less than, more than, rather than等引起的短語，謂語動(dòng)詞仍與短語前的主語的形式保持一致。如：1）Jane, Mary and I are good friends. 2）He and my father work in the same factory.3）His sister, no less than you, is wrong. 4）The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the accident.5）He, like you and Xiao Liu is

28、 very diligent. 6）Every picture except these two has been sold.7）Alice with her parents often goes to the park on Sundays.8）Alice as well as her friends was invited to the concert.9）Nobody but Mary and I was in the classroom at that time.5、并列主語如果指的是同一個(gè)人、同一事物或同一概念時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，and后面的名詞沒有冠詞。如：1）The writer

29、 and worker is coming to our school tomorrow. 這位工人作家明天要來我們學(xué)校。2）Bread and butter is their daily food. 面包和黃油是他們每日的食品。3）The writer and the worker are coming to our school tomorrow.（兩個(gè)人）6、and連接的并列單數(shù)名詞前如有each, every, no, many a修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：1）Every boy and girl has been invited to the party. 所有的孩子都被邀請(qǐng)

30、參加這次聚會(huì)。2）No teacher and no student is absent today. 3）Many a student is busy with their lessons.7、each, either, one, another, the other, neither作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：1）Each takes a cup of tea. 2）Either is correct. 3）Neither of them likes this picture.8、由every, some, any, no構(gòu)成的合成代詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：1）Is ev

31、eryone here? 2）Nothing is to be done. 沒有什么要干的事兒了。9、關(guān)系代詞who, that, which等在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。如：1）Those who want to go please sign their names here.2）Anyone who is against this opinion may speak out.3）He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.10、表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、度量衡等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞或短語作為一個(gè)整體看

32、待時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式。11、復(fù)數(shù)形式的專有名詞作為整體看待（如人名、地點(diǎn)、國家、組織、書籍、報(bào)刊等），動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：1）The United States is in North America.2）The United Nations has passed a resolution(決議)。3）“The Arabian Nights”（天方夜譚）is an interesting book.12、有些集體名詞如family, team, group, class, audience（聽眾，觀眾），government等作主語時(shí)，如看作是一個(gè)整體，謂語動(dòng)詞則用單數(shù)形式；如強(qiáng)調(diào)各個(gè)

33、成員時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：1）My family is going to have a long journey.2）My family are fond of music.3）The class has won the honour. 這班獲得了榮譽(yù)。4）The class were jumping for joy.13、all, more, most, some, any, none, half, the rest等作主語時(shí)，既可表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，也可表示單數(shù)意義，謂語動(dòng)詞要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況而定。如：1）All of the apple is rotten. 整個(gè)蘋果都爛了。2）All o

34、f the apples are rotten. 所有的蘋果都爛了。3）Most of the wood was used to make furniture (家具)。14、the + 形容詞（或分詞）作主語時(shí)，常指一類人，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如指的是抽象概念，謂語動(dòng)詞則用單數(shù)形式。如：1）The young are usually very active. 2）The wounded are being taken good care of here now.15、or, eitheror, neithernor, whetheror, not onlybut (also)連接的是主語,謂

35、語動(dòng)詞與后一個(gè)主語一致。如：1）Either you or I am going to the movies.2）Not only you but also he is wrong.16、不可數(shù)名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：1）Water is a kind of matter.2）The news at six oclock is true.17、集合名詞如：people, police ,cattle等作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：1）The police are searching for him.2）The cattle are grassing (吃草)。18

36、、population當(dāng)人口講時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；當(dāng)人們講時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：1）The population of China is larger than that of Japan.2）One third of the population here are workers.19、the number of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù)，是表示“的數(shù)字”，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；a (large / great) number of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù)，表示許多，作主語時(shí)；謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。1）The number of the students in our school is increa

37、sing year after year.2）A number of students have gone for an outing.20、means, politics, physics, plastics等作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。復(fù)合句( 1 ) 定語從句I. 定語從句起了形容詞的作用，在句中修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞，他的作用一是放在先行詞與定語從句中間起了連接作用，二是在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分，并與先行詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關(guān)系代詞Who人主語Do you know the man who is talking with

38、 your mother?Whom, which和that在從句中做賓語時(shí)，?？梢允÷裕樵~提前時(shí)后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用thatWhom人賓語Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the war.Whose人，物定語I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. That人，物主語，賓語A plane is a m

39、achine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.Which物主語，賓語The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.As人，物主語，賓語He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. As做賓語一般不省略關(guān)系副詞When時(shí)間時(shí)

40、間狀語I will never forget the day when we met there.可用on whichWhere地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)狀語This is the house where I was born.可用in whichwhy原因原因狀語I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for whichII. That與which, who, whom的用法區(qū)別：情況用法說明例句只用that的情況1 先行詞為all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代詞時(shí)。2

41、 先行詞被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修飾時(shí)3 先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)4 先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)5 先行詞被the only, the very修飾時(shí)6 句中已經(jīng)有who時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)時(shí)1.He told me everything that he knows.2.All the books that you offered has been given out.3.This is the best film that I have ever read.4.We talked about the person

42、s and things that we remembered.5.He is the only man that I want to see.6.Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情況1 在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2 在由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3 先行詞本身是that時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用which, 先行詞為those, one, he時(shí)多用who。He has a son, who has gone abroad for fu

43、rther study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.III. As與which的區(qū)別：定語從句區(qū)別例句限制性定語從句中名詞前有such和the same修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such books as you cant understand. 非限制性定語從句中as和which都可以指代前面整個(gè)主句。如果有“

44、正如，象”的含義，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放主句后，并無“正如”的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.IV. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：類別語法意義及特征例句限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫時(shí)不用逗號(hào)分開。The accid

45、ent happened at the time when I left.非限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞作附加的說明，與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，較松散。從句和主句之間用逗號(hào)分開, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)插入語, 不能用that引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞做賓語時(shí)也不能省略。His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.( 2 )狀語從句狀語從句在主從復(fù)合句中修飾主句中的動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞等，按意義可分為地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方式、比較等。1、時(shí)間狀語從句由從屬連詞when, whenever, as, while, before, since, once, t

46、ill. Eg. I waited till he had finished his work.A. when, as, while 作時(shí)間從屬連詞的區(qū)別。When可引導(dǎo)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，又可引導(dǎo)短暫性動(dòng)作。它可表示主從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前。 Eg. When I was a boy, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays. (同時(shí))B. as 引導(dǎo)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作，側(cè)重表示主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 Eg. He hurried home, looking behind as he went.C. while “在某一段時(shí)間里”、“在期

47、間”While引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作必須是持續(xù)性的，它也強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句動(dòng)作的同時(shí)發(fā)生，往往側(cè)重主句和從句動(dòng)作的對(duì)比。Eg. Please dont talk so loud while others are working.*當(dāng)when, as, while(正當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候)表示主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，可以換用。*當(dāng)when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句是系表結(jié)構(gòu)（名詞作表語），其主語又和主句主語一致時(shí)，往往可用as引導(dǎo)的省略從句代替，應(yīng)注意as在這里是連詞，不是介詞，后邊名詞與年齡有關(guān)。Eg. As a young man(=when he was a young man)he was a postmaster.D.

48、before 如果when和before引導(dǎo)的句子位于主句之后，有時(shí)要譯為“才”、“這時(shí)”等。Eg. He almost knocked me down before he saw me. I was having lunch when someone knocked at the door.E. by the time, each time, every time, immediately, the moment, soon after, shortly after等也可以作為連詞，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。Eg. Each time he came to Beijing on business,

49、he would call on me. I recognized you the moment I saw you.F. 時(shí)間狀語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞一般不能用任何一種將來時(shí),只能用現(xiàn)在時(shí)或過去時(shí)態(tài)表示將來時(shí)。E. hardlywhen; no sooner .than=as soon as這兩個(gè)句組只能用于過去時(shí)，即從句謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)，主句謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)。Hardly、no nooner放在句首時(shí)，主句主謂倒裝。Eg. He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.Hardly had h

50、e fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.Eg. I had no sooner come home than it began to rain. No sooner had I come home than it began to rain.2、 地點(diǎn)狀語從句：where, wherever引導(dǎo)Eg. Go back where you came from. Where there is water, there is life.3、原因狀語從句由連詞because, as, since, now than (既然，由

51、于)because引導(dǎo)的從句是全句意思的重心所在。在有上下文的情況下，可以不要主句而單獨(dú)成句。as與since則不能。在回答why開始的問句時(shí)只能用because。*在強(qiáng)調(diào)句式中強(qiáng)調(diào)原因狀語從句，只能用because引導(dǎo)從句，不能用as或since.Eg. It was because he was ill that he didnt go with us.*as （由于）所引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在主句之前，說明原因；后邊的主句說明結(jié)果。主句和從句表達(dá)的內(nèi)容同等重要。 Eg. As there was no answer, I wrote again.以as引導(dǎo)的從句位于主句之后時(shí)，它的力量更弱一些

52、，類似一種附帶的說明。As在口語中使用較多。*since(既然，因?yàn)?：用以表示顯然的或已知的理由、原因。從句的意思是次要的，主句是全句意思的重心所在。Eg. Since he can not answer the question, youd better ask someone else.*now that與since, as 同義。其區(qū)別是now that用來說明一種新情況，然后再加以推論，從句與主句的因果關(guān)系很小，而since和as連接的句子因果關(guān)系比較明顯。Eg. Now that you have finished the work, you are free to do what

53、 you like.注意：*用了以上表示原因的從屬連詞，主句不可再用并列連詞so.*并列連詞for有時(shí)表示因果關(guān)系，有時(shí)是對(duì)前面分句的內(nèi)容加以解釋或推斷。當(dāng)for表示因果關(guān)系時(shí)，可和從屬連詞because同樣使用，但語氣較弱。Eg. He could not have seen me, for (or: because) I was not there.4、目的狀語從句that, so that, in order that, for fear that(以免，唯恐)，lest(唯恐，免得)：lest從句中謂語(should)+v, in case (萬一)等。Eg. We remained

54、at home lest(=for fear that) they should come in our absence.目的狀語從句的消語常含有may(might),can, could, should, will等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。通常主句在前，從句在后，主句與從句之間沒有逗號(hào)。*lest 只用于正式文體，在現(xiàn)代英語中多以for fear that, so thatnot等代替。5、結(jié)果狀語從句由連詞that, so that, sothat , suchthat etc.注意區(qū)別that, so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句和結(jié)果狀語從句。根據(jù)上下文來判斷，從句之前有逗號(hào)的常是結(jié)果狀語從句；從句中

55、有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的多半是目的狀語從句。Eg. She hurried, so that she caught the bus. (結(jié)果) She hurried so that she might catch the bus.(目的)6、條件狀語從句通常由if, unless(除非)，as long as, so long as只要，in case (that)萬一*unless 從句的謂語只能用肯定式*主將從現(xiàn)7、方式狀語從句連詞as, as if(as though)等引導(dǎo)從句多用虛擬語氣。 Eg. He walked as if he were drunk.8、比較狀語從句asas, not

56、so (as)as, than等引導(dǎo) eg. Peter swims as well as Tom does.*the +比較級(jí)（從句），the+比較級(jí)（主句） eg. The harder we work, the happier we feel.9、讓步狀語從句though, although, as(雖然)，even if, even though, whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, however, no matter who (what, which, etc)eg. Wherever you work, you can always find time to study. Whether he com