二手汽車-外文文獻翻譯

1、學校代碼： 10128學 號： 200920302070 英文參考文獻及譯文題 目：The Used Car Industry姓 名：馬威學 院：能源與動力工程系 別：交通運輸系專 業(yè)：交通運輸班 級：交通運輸09-2指導教師：高志鷹 副教授二 一 三 年 六 月The Used Car Industry With annual sales of nearly $370 billion, the used vehicle industry represents almost half of the U.S. auto retail market and is the largest retai

2、l segment of the economy. In 2005, about 44 million used cars were sold in the U.S., which is more than double that of the nearly 17 million new cars sold. In 1898, the Empire State Motor Wagon Company is one of the very first used car companies. The used vehicle market is substantially larger than

3、other large retail sectors, such as the school and office products market ($206 billion in estimated annual sales) and the home improvement market ($291 billion in Estimated annual sales).The Federal Trade Commission recommends that consumers consider a car retailers reputation when deciding where t

4、o purchase a used car. In the United States, an estimated 34% of consumers (in 2006) are buying a Vehicle history report for used cars. Vehicle history reports are one way to check the track record of any used vehicle. The report may indicate minor/moderate collision damage or improper vehicle maint

5、enance. These reports will indicate items of public record, such as vehicle title branding, lemon law buybacks, odometer fraud, and product recall vehicle history reports provide customers with a record based on the vehicle's serial number. An attempt to identify vehicles which have been previou

6、sly owned by hire car rental agencies, police and emergency services or taxi fleets is also made. Consumers should research vehicles carefully, as these reporting services only report the information to which they have access. In some places the government is a provider of vehicle history, but this

7、is usually a limited service providing information on just one aspect of the history. Two vehicle history reporting services used to offer the service for free namely Install VIN and Vin Check. But currently customers need to pay to view vehicle reports through Instating. Vin Check became part of Au

8、to Check and provides very little information for free, and customers need to buy a detailed report. Several of the services, most notably those in the United Kingdom and the United States, sell reports to dealers and then encourage the dealers to display the reports on their Internet sites. These r

9、eports are paid for by the dealer and then offered for free to potential buyers of the vehicle. Car check service is available online for the public and motor trade. Companies may add to the reports additional information gathered from police, finance and insurance companies. In the UK, the DVLA pro

10、vides information (Car check) on the registration of vehicles to certain companies for consumer protection and anti-fraud purposes. Used car pricing reports typically produce three forms of pricing information. Dealer or Retail Price is the price you should expect to pay if buying from a licensed ne

11、w-car or used-car dealer retail price. Dealer Trade-in Price or wholesale price is the price you should expect to receive from a dealer if you trade in a car. This is also the price that a dealer will typically pay for a car at a dealer wholesale auction. Private-Party Price is the price you should

12、expect to pay if you were buying from an individual. A private-party seller is hoping to get more money than they would with a trade-in to a dealer. A private-party buyer is hoping to pay less than the dealer retail price. The growth of the Internet has fueled the availability of information on the

13、prices of used cars. This information was once only available in trade publications that dealers had access to. There are now numerous sources for used car pricing. Multiple sources of used car pricing means that listed values from different sources may differ. Each pricing guide receiving data from

14、 different sources and makes different judgments about that data. Pricing of used cars can be affected by geography. For example, convertibles have a higher demand in warmer climates than in cooler areas. Similarly, pickup trucks may be more in demand in rural than urban settings. The overall condit

15、ion of the vehicle has a major impact on pricing. Condition is based on appearances, vehicle history, mechanical condition and mileage. There is much subjectivity in how the condition of a car is evaluated. There are various theories as to how the market determines the prices of used cars sold by pr

16、ivate parties, especially relative to new cars. One theory suggests that new car dealers are able to put more effort into selling a car, and can therefore stimulate stronger demand. Another theory suggests that owners of problematic cars ("lemons") are more likely to want to sell their car

17、s than owners of perfectly functioning vehicles. Therefore, someone buying a used car bears a higher risk of buying a lemon. A car dealership or vehicle local distribution is a business that sells new and/or used cars at the retail level, based on a dealership contract with an automaker or its sales

18、 subsidiary. It employs automobile salespeople to do the selling. It may also provide maintenance services for cars, thus employing automobile mechanics, stock and sell spare automobile parts, and process warranty claims. In China, an authorized car dealership is called 4S car shops. The 4S represen

19、ts Sale, Spare part, Service and Survey .In most cases, brand-name new cars can be purchased only from 4S shops. For new cars in high demand, a premium is sometimes added for instant delivery or just placing an order. Likewise, cars with high supply are often discounted. The profit of car dealers in

20、 China is quite high compared to the rest of the world, in most cases 10%. This is due to the non-transparent invoice price as announced by manufacturers and to the premiums they charge for quick delivery. Due to the lack of knowledge for most customers, dealers can sell add-ons at much higher price

21、s than the aftermarket. This field is ruled by Commission Regulation (EC) NO 1400/2002 of 31 July 2002, on the application of article 81(3) of the Treaty to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices in the motor vehicle sector. In the Member States of the European Union, motor vehicl

22、e and spare part manufacturers distribute their products through networks of distributors. As far as motor vehicles are concerned, these distributors are commonly known as dealers. Motor vehicle manufacturers and other undertakings also operate networks of authorized repairers. Such a distribution o

23、r repair network consists of a bundle of similar agreements between the manufacturer and the individual distributors or body shops. For the purposes of EU competition law, these agreements are referred to as vertical agreements, as the manufacturer and distributor or repairer each operate at differe

24、nt levels of the production or distribution chain.Whether a vertical agreement actually restricts competition and whether in that case the benefits outweigh the anti-competitive effects will often depend on the market structure. The new Regulation 1400/2002, which entered into force on 1 October 200

25、2, introduces a number of substantial changes as regards the exemption of distribution agreements for new motor vehicles and spare parts. It also introduces major changes as regards the exemption of agreements for the provision of repair and maintenance services by authorized and independent repaire

26、rs and other independent operators, such as onroad assistance operators, distributors of spare parts and providers of training for repairers. Auto Transport is used to move the vehicle from the factory to the dealerships. This includes country to country shipping as well as state to state shipping.

27、Auto shipping and transport was largely a commercial activity conducted by dealers, manufacturers and brokers until the last ten to fifteen years. The explosion of Internet use has allowed this niche service to grow and reach the general consumer marketplace. This car shipping industry has grown exp

28、losively since the advent of the Internet. People are now able to purchase cars from anywhere in the world and have them shipped to their doorstep. Used Car Roadshow is a car programme that was originally aired on the Men & Motors channel, but now it is also shown on ITV4. The show is presented

29、by Penny Mallory and Jason Dawe. The show airs for one hour. Each programme is filmed at car shows throughout the UK, where enthusiasts display their cars and collections, as well as some who want to sell and buy cars. Penny and Jason always attempt to pick the most eye catching and unusual cars at

30、these shows, as well as demonstrating bargains that can be had from the used car market. Every programme has a different scenario, where a viewing member of the public is looking to buy a used car. Scenarios can vary from the budget-conscious student wanting to spend no more than £1500, to the

31、mid 20 year old wanting a sports car for no more than £20,000. There are also in betweens who want something economical, or good for long distance touring, or for the family. They give Jason the specifications they want, and the things they would like and not like. Throughout the show Jason com

32、es up with different cars to suit the buyer's needs, summarizing the positives and negatives. He often picks three cars, with one mystery car thrown in to interest the buyer. Normally the buyer is given three cars to examine and decide from with the guidance of Penny and Jason throughout, from w

33、hich one has to be dropped before the other two can be tested. The test drive is normally taken with Penny on board, who gives her opinions on the car to give the buyer a better insight as to what they may want. If the buyer decides that he/she does not like one of the cars, then Jason will throw in

34、 his mystery car to liven things up. In the end the buyer usually makes a decision on the car they want, and attempts to negotiate with Jason, who consequently rings the seller on air from a mobile and tries to achieve the best deal possible for the buying member of the public. As of 2009, no new se

35、ries/episodes had aired.二 手 車 行 業(yè) 隨著每年接近3700億的成交量，二手車行業(yè)占據(jù)了美國接近半數(shù)的汽車零售市場，它也成為了最大的零售業(yè)務的經(jīng)濟體。 在2005年，美國大約有4400萬輛二手車成功交易，比新車交易量1700萬輛的兩倍還要多。在1898年， 帝國汽車旅行公司是很早有很多二手車的公司之一。二手車市場明顯大于其他的一些大型零售行業(yè)，比如學校和辦公用品市場（每年的年銷售大概是2060億）以及家裝市場（每年的年銷售大概是2910億）。聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會建議消費者在決定在哪里購買二手車的時候考慮汽車零售商的聲譽。 在美國，預計34的消費者（2006年）為二手車購買

36、一份車輛歷史報告。車輛歷史報告是檢查任何一輛二手車記錄的一種方式。車輛歷史報告提供給消費者一份根據(jù)車輛序列號的報告。這些報告將指示公共記錄的項目，例如車輛所有權的品牌，檸檬法回購，里程表欺詐以及產(chǎn)品召回。該報告可能表明輕微/中度碰撞損壞或車輛維修保養(yǎng)不當。有一種嘗試也在進行中，它可以確定先前是否為汽車租賃機構，警察和緊急服務或者出租車隊所擁有的。消費者應仔細研究車輛，因為上述所說的服務只能提供給他們有機會獲得的信息。在一些地方，政府負責提供車輛歷史報告，但是，這也是很有限的，只能提供車輛很少一部分的信息。車輛識別代碼安裝（Instating）和車輛識別代碼檢查（VinCheck）是過去免費提供

37、車輛歷史報告服務的。但是現(xiàn)在消費者需要支付一定的費用才能通過車輛識別代碼安裝（Instating）來看車輛報告。車輛識別代碼檢查（VinCheck）已經(jīng)變成了自動檢查（Auto Check）的一部分，只提供很少一部分免費的信息，而消費者需要付費才能買到一份很詳細的報告。 特別在英國和美國，一些機構銷售給經(jīng)銷商報告，然后鼓勵經(jīng)銷商在他們的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)站點上顯示報告。這些報告由經(jīng)銷商支付，然后免費提供給車輛的潛在買家。在英國，DVLA為了保護消費者和反欺騙的目的提供車輛登記信息（車輛檢查）給一些特定的公司。公司可能會增加一些從警察，金融和保險行業(yè)收集來的信息。汽車檢查服務在網(wǎng)上對于大眾和汽車交易也是可行

38、的。二手車定價報告基本提供三方面定價信息。如果你想從持牌新車或者是二手車經(jīng)銷商那里購買，那么經(jīng)銷商或者零售價的價格應該是你所預想的那個價格。經(jīng)銷商貿(mào)易價格或批發(fā)價的價格應該和你購買一輛汽車從經(jīng)銷商那里得來的報價是差不多的。同時也應該和經(jīng)銷商在汽車拍賣會上購得汽車的價格差不多。私營黨的價格應該和你個人購買的價格是一致的。一個私營黨的賣方希望得到和經(jīng)銷商交易相比更多的錢，。而一個私營黨的買方則希望花和經(jīng)銷商交易相比更少的錢。在市場上，通過私人機構有各種各樣的理論決定二手車價格,特別是相對于新的汽車。其中一個理論認為,新車經(jīng)銷商能夠把更多的精力在賣一輛車,因而能刺激強勁的需求。另一個理論表明，那些有

39、問題車的車主比擁有完美運轉的車輛的車主更有可能想賣掉他們的汽車。因此，買二手車的人要承受買到有問題的車的高風險。二手車定價會受到地理位置的影響。例如，一般在溫暖的氣候比在更冷的地方有一個更高的要求。同樣，相比于城市，鄉(xiāng)村可能更需要貨車。整個車輛的狀況對定價有重大影響。車輛狀況取決于車輛外觀，車輛的歷史、受力狀態(tài)、里程。在評價車輛狀況的時候有許多的主觀性的條件存在。因特網(wǎng)的成長已經(jīng)加強了信息對二手車價格的影響。這些信息曾經(jīng)在貿(mào)易出版物中發(fā)行，但是僅有經(jīng)銷商可以獲取。然而現(xiàn)在有許多資源來對二手車進行定價。多種二手車定價方式的出現(xiàn)意味著上市價值從不同的來源可能會有所不同。每個定價指導從不同的來源接收

40、數(shù)據(jù),然后對數(shù)據(jù)做出不同的判斷。汽車經(jīng)銷商或車輛在當?shù)氐姆植?，是一個生意，是用來在零售業(yè)務中銷售新車和/或二手車，它是基于經(jīng)銷商的合同，當然也和汽車制造商及其銷售子公司有關。它雇傭汽車銷售人員做銷售。它也可能提供汽車維修服務，再加上采用汽車力學、倉儲以及銷售備用汽車零部件、保修賠付過程。在中國，一個授權的汽車經(jīng)銷商被稱為汽車4 S店。4 S代表的整車銷售(Sale)、零配件(Sparepart)、售后服務(Service)、信息反饋(Survey)。在大多數(shù)情況下，只有從4 S店才能買到名牌新車。為了新車的高要求，對于要求立即交貨或者僅僅是下了訂單的保險費有時候會適當提高。同樣，供應量大的車型會經(jīng)常打折。與世界上其他地方相比，汽車經(jīng)銷商在中國的利潤是相當高的