肉仔雞腸道健康攻略課件

1、CONFIDENTIAL12013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略 INTESTINAL INTEGRITY IN BROILERS: SHORT CONSIDERATIONS肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Dr. Enrico BoselliPhibro Animal HealthTeaneck, NJ, USACONFIDENTIAL22013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Intestinal tissue in broiler represents about 5% of body weight, but requires: 肉雞腸道組織重量約占其體重的肉雞腸道組織重量約占

2、其體重的5%，但需要消耗的是：，但需要消耗的是：15-30% of protein ingested (Gaskins, 2001) 15%-30%蛋白質(zhì)蛋白質(zhì)(Gaskins, 2001) 20% of gross energy ingested 20%的總能的總能due to high renewal rate and to the intense cells metabolic activity (McBride & Kelly, 1990) 原因：細(xì)胞更新快速和細(xì)胞新陳代謝活動活躍原因：細(xì)胞更新快速和細(xì)胞新陳代謝活動活躍(McBride & Kelly, 1990)Ga

3、stro intestinal tract 胃腸道胃腸道CONFIDENTIAL32013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略 Several infective and not-infective agents can damage the mucosa layers of the gastro-intestinal tract, thus affecting the digestive and absorption process (Ito et al., 2000) 許多傳染性和非傳染性許多傳染性和非傳染性因素?fù)p害胃腸道粘膜，從而影響消化和吸收因素?fù)p害胃腸道粘膜，從而影響消化和吸收(It

4、o et al., 2000)MICRO-ORGANISMS微微生物生物Bacteria 細(xì)菌細(xì)菌Protozoa 原蟲原蟲Viruses 病毒病毒Fungi 霉菌霉菌FEEDING飼料飼料Phytates植酸鹽植酸鹽Haemagglutinin血凝素血凝素NSPs非淀粉多糖非淀粉多糖Tannins單寧單寧Peroxides過氧化物過氧化物Mycotoxins霉菌毒素霉菌毒素Biogenic amines生物胺生物胺Physical form飼料物理形態(tài)飼料物理形態(tài)MANAGEMENT飼養(yǎng)管理飼養(yǎng)管理Fasting after disclosure 出殼后禁食出殼后禁食Cycling Temp

5、erature 舍溫舍溫Gastro intestinal tract: the challenges胃腸道面臨著挑戰(zhàn)胃腸道面臨著挑戰(zhàn)CONFIDENTIAL42013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略MANAGEMENT:FASTING AFTER DISCLOSURE飼養(yǎng)管理：出殼后禁食飼養(yǎng)管理：出殼后禁食CONFIDENTIAL52013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Some practices adopted at first day after hatching can affect chick development, especially the following sy

6、stems: 實踐證明，出殼后第實踐證明，出殼后第一天的飼喂方式影響雛雞生長發(fā)育，尤其是以下系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育：一天的飼喂方式影響雛雞生長發(fā)育，尤其是以下系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育： digestive 消化系統(tǒng)消化系統(tǒng) immune免疫系統(tǒng)免疫系統(tǒng) thermo regulatory體溫調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)體溫調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)When chicks in post-hatching period are not properly managed, significant loss in global production can occur. 若雛雞在出殼后飼喂方式不妥當(dāng)，會造成整個生產(chǎn)周期的嚴(yán)重?fù)p失。若雛雞在出殼后飼喂方式不妥當(dāng)，會

7、造成整個生產(chǎn)周期的嚴(yán)重?fù)p失。Fasting after disclosure出殼后禁食出殼后禁食A. Maiorka et al.CONFIDENTIAL62013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Key factors are also interactions with: 影響肉仔雞生產(chǎn)性能的其他因素：影響肉仔雞生產(chǎn)性能的其他因素：Breeder age繁殖日齡繁殖日齡Post-hatching weight 出殼重出殼重Diet nutrients日糧營養(yǎng)日糧營養(yǎng)Water quality水質(zhì)水質(zhì)Management飼養(yǎng)管理飼養(yǎng)管理Temperature溫度溫度Humidity濕度濕度

8、Fasting after disclosure出殼后禁食出殼后禁食A. Maiorka et al.CONFIDENTIAL72013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略At hatching the digestive system is complete, but not functional在小雞出在小雞出殼時，其消化系統(tǒng)就是完整的，只是不具備任何功能性殼時，其消化系統(tǒng)就是完整的，只是不具備任何功能性Assuring feed and water at hatching will allow a fast and regular development of the intestine

9、 structure出殼后立即供給飼料和水，可使腸道出殼后立即供給飼料和水，可使腸道組織快速且規(guī)律地發(fā)育組織快速且規(guī)律地發(fā)育The complete adaptation of the gastro intestinal tract to exogenous diet requires 3-4 days胃腸道需要胃腸道需要3-4天才能完全發(fā)育至適應(yīng)外源飼料的狀態(tài)天才能完全發(fā)育至適應(yīng)外源飼料的狀態(tài)Disaccharides ？activity during embryo development is extremely limited, due to low carbohydrates rese

10、rves, but increases by 4 times in the first two days of life and is extremely susceptible to diet composition 胚胎發(fā)育期，二糖酶活性極低，因為碳水化合物的儲備低；但是出殼后胚胎發(fā)育期，二糖酶活性極低，因為碳水化合物的儲備低；但是出殼后2天內(nèi)天內(nèi)活力會提高活力會提高4倍，完全可以適應(yīng)日糧成分倍，完全可以適應(yīng)日糧成分Fasting after disclosure出殼后禁食出殼后禁食Maiorka, MoranCONFIDENTIAL82013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Not a

11、ll eggs hatch at the same time; delays of 24-36 hours can occur; if transport time is added 48 hours fasting chick will use the yolk sac resources不是不是所有的蛋都在同一時間入孵；有的會延遲所有的蛋都在同一時間入孵；有的會延遲24-36小時；若運輸時間增加小時；若運輸時間增加 禁食禁食48小時小時 雛雞會動用卵黃囊內(nèi)的營養(yǎng)儲備雛雞會動用卵黃囊內(nèi)的營養(yǎng)儲備This can theoretically provide 9 kcal, while the

12、baby chick requires at least 11 kcal, in the first day negative balance理論上，卵黃囊儲備可提供理論上，卵黃囊儲備可提供9大卡能量，但大卡能量，但是這段時間雛雞機(jī)體至少需要是這段時間雛雞機(jī)體至少需要11大卡能量，出殼后第一天大卡能量，出殼后第一天 負(fù)平衡負(fù)平衡Chicks receiving feed at hatch use reserves of yolk sac in a much faster way, compared to chick deprived of feed與雛雞出殼后禁食相比，立即進(jìn)食可以使雛雞以更與

13、雛雞出殼后禁食相比，立即進(jìn)食可以使雛雞以更有效更快速的方式利用卵黃囊儲備有效更快速的方式利用卵黃囊儲備Using yolk sac nutrients also diverts resources from developing the immune system 動用卵黃囊儲備也把用于免疫器官發(fā)育的營養(yǎng)轉(zhuǎn)移了動用卵黃囊儲備也把用于免疫器官發(fā)育的營養(yǎng)轉(zhuǎn)移了Fasting after disclosure出殼后禁食出殼后禁食A. Maiorka, Master Intestine QualityCONFIDENTIAL92013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Small Intestine

14、villi小腸絨毛小腸絨毛A. Maiorka, Master Intestine QualitySmall intestine at hatch剛出殼時小腸絨毛剛出殼時小腸絨毛Small intestine at 3 days孵化后第孵化后第3天小腸絨毛天小腸絨毛CONFIDENTIAL102013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Effect of fasting after disclosure on small intestine villi出殼后禁食對小腸絨毛的影響出殼后禁食對小腸絨毛的影響A. Maiorka, Master Intestine QualityFeed avail

15、able進(jìn)食進(jìn)食Fasting禁食禁食NoImageCONFIDENTIAL112013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略After disclosure the major part of dietary protein and energy are devoted to the development of the gastro intestinal tract出殼后，出殼后，日糧蛋白質(zhì)和能量主要用于胃腸道系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育日糧蛋白質(zhì)和能量主要用于胃腸道系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育During the first week of life the intestine increases his size by 2

16、00%, if chicks are fed at hatch, but only by 60%, when deprived of feed若出殼后進(jìn)食，第一周雛雞腸道長度增加若出殼后進(jìn)食，第一周雛雞腸道長度增加200%；若禁食，則只；若禁食，則只增加增加60%Chicks receiving feed at disclosure have 11% more live weight at day 40, when compared to chicks deprived of feed與雛雞出殼后禁與雛雞出殼后禁食相比，進(jìn)食雛雞的食相比，進(jìn)食雛雞的40日齡活體重會增加日齡活體重會增加11%Fa

17、sting after disclosure出殼后禁食出殼后禁食Noy et al.CONFIDENTIAL122013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Effect of fasting on body weight (BW) loose or gain in day old chick禁食對出殼雛雞體重?fù)p失或增重的影響禁食對出殼雛雞體重?fù)p失或增重的影響 A. Maiorka, Master Intestine Quality%出殼后出殼后24小時體重?fù)p失小時體重?fù)p失出殼后出殼后72小時增重小時增重進(jìn)食進(jìn)食禁食禁食CONFIDENTIAL132013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Ta

18、ke care of them!悉心照料雛雞！悉心照料雛雞！CONFIDENTIAL142013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略MANAGEMENT:CYCLING TEMPERATURES飼養(yǎng)管理：舍溫飼養(yǎng)管理：舍溫CONFIDENTIAL152013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Effect of cycling temperatures on jejunum flora in broiler舍溫對肉舍溫對肉 雞空腸微生態(tài)區(qū)系的影響雞空腸微生態(tài)區(qū)系的影響 Suzuky et al .days38 C# microbes log10/g細(xì)菌細(xì)菌log10/克克20 C38 C20

19、C日齡日齡乳酸菌乳酸菌鏈球菌鏈球菌+葡萄葡萄球菌球菌CONFIDENTIAL162013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Effect of cycling temperatures on duodenal flora in broiler (35 days)舍溫對肉仔雞十二指腸微舍溫對肉仔雞十二指腸微生態(tài)區(qū)系的影響生態(tài)區(qū)系的影響 （35日齡）日齡） Suzuky et al. Mean log of bacterial count/g contents菌數(shù)菌數(shù)log均值均值/g內(nèi)內(nèi)容物容物25 C35 CStreptococcus鏈球菌鏈球菌3.30 a6.09 bStaphylococc

20、us葡萄球菌葡萄球菌2.73 a6.21 bLactobacillus乳酸菌乳酸菌7.25 a6.96 aClostridium產(chǎn)氣莢膜梭菌產(chǎn)氣莢膜梭菌2.82 a5.10 bTotal aerobes需氧菌需氧菌4.01 a6.72 bTotal anaerobes厭氧菌厭氧菌7.21 a7.02 aP 0.01CONFIDENTIAL172013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略FEEDING:飼料飼料Phytates植酸鹽植酸鹽Haemagglutinin血凝素（植物凝集素）血凝素（植物凝集素）Non Starch Polysaccharides非淀粉多糖非淀粉多糖Tannins單寧單

21、寧Peroxides過氧化物過氧化物Micotoxins霉菌毒素霉菌毒素Biogenic amines生物胺生物胺Physical form物理形態(tài)物理形態(tài)CONFIDENTIAL182013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略FEEDING:PHYTATES飼料：植酸鹽飼料：植酸鹽CONFIDENTIAL192013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Phytate can constitute up to 2% of weight in cereals and leguminous植酸鹽占谷物和植酸鹽占谷物和豆科植物重量的豆科植物重量的2%About 70 % of dietary P i

22、s present as phytate大約大約70%植物中的磷以植酸鹽的形式存在植物中的磷以植酸鹽的形式存在Phytate is phytic acid salt, myo-inositol ring, associated with up to 6 phosphate anions (IP6 = 1,2,3,4,5,6 hexakis dihydrogen phosphate)植酸鹽是肌醇六磷酸鹽，肌醇植酸鹽是肌醇六磷酸鹽，肌醇環(huán)結(jié)合環(huán)結(jié)合6個磷酸根離子個磷酸根離子(IP6 = 1,2,3,4,5,6 六磷酸二氫酯六磷酸二氫酯)Is generated during the maturat

23、ion process產(chǎn)生于植物成熟時產(chǎn)生于植物成熟時Hydrolysis of bonds phosphate: inositol ring is necessary for absorption硫酸根的水硫酸根的水解：吸收過程必不可少的物質(zhì)是肌醇環(huán)解：吸收過程必不可少的物質(zhì)是肌醇環(huán)Broiler do not posses effective phytase肉仔雞胃腸道不能分泌有效的植酸酶肉仔雞胃腸道不能分泌有效的植酸酶Phytates植酸鹽植酸鹽Cowieson, Nunes, Dari, SelleCONFIDENTIAL202013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Can gene

24、rate complexes with:可與以下物質(zhì)結(jié)合產(chǎn)生復(fù)合物：可與以下物質(zhì)結(jié)合產(chǎn)生復(fù)合物：- minerals (Ca, Na, Zn, Cu, Mg, Fe, Mn)礦物質(zhì)（礦物質(zhì)（ (Ca, Na, Zn, Cu, Mg, Fe, Mn)- amino acids氨基酸氨基酸- carbohydrates 碳水化合物碳水化合物Negative effect on:對如下過程產(chǎn)生不利影響：對如下過程產(chǎn)生不利影響：- enzymatic activity (amylases , proteases)酶活（淀粉酶、蛋白酶）酶活（淀粉酶、蛋白酶）- energy and protein me

25、tabolism/availability能量和蛋白代謝能量和蛋白代謝/利用率利用率- Ca+ phytate complex + fatty acids not soluble soaps鈣鈣+植酸鹽復(fù)合植酸鹽復(fù)合物物+脂肪酸脂肪酸 不溶性的脂肪酸鹽不溶性的脂肪酸鹽Phytates植酸鹽植酸鹽Cowieson, Nunes, Dari, SelleCONFIDENTIAL212013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Crop 嗉囊嗉囊Proventriculus腺胃腺胃Gizzard肌胃肌胃Proteins and Phytates in diet日糧中的蛋白和植酸鹽日糧中的蛋白和植酸鹽L

26、ow pH = formation of complex phytates+protein低低pH=形成植酸鹽形成植酸鹽+蛋白復(fù)合物蛋白復(fù)合物High secretion of HCl and pepsine HCl和胃蛋白酶大量分泌和胃蛋白酶大量分泌Extra secretion of mucine 粘液蛋白的過量分泌粘液蛋白的過量分泌Duodenum十二指腸十二指腸Jejunum空腸空腸leum回腸回腸Low pH secretion of NaHCO3 pancreatic enzymes低低pH- NaHCO3 分泌分泌 胰蛋白酶胰蛋白酶Increase of Na in intest

27、ine小腸小腸Na濃度提高濃度提高Reduced activity of Na-K-ATPase降低降低Na-K-ATP酶活性酶活性Reduced transport of nutrients (glucose and AA)降低降低營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)（葡萄糖和氨基酸）的轉(zhuǎn)運速度營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)（葡萄糖和氨基酸）的轉(zhuǎn)運速度Increased production of mucine in intestine增加腸內(nèi)增加腸內(nèi)粘液蛋白分泌量粘液蛋白分泌量Increased flux of endogenous AA, minerals and energy提高內(nèi)源氨基酸，礦物質(zhì)和能量分泌量提高內(nèi)源氨基酸，礦物質(zhì)和能

28、量分泌量Increase in loss of endogenous nutrients 內(nèi)源營養(yǎng)素流失增加內(nèi)源營養(yǎng)素流失增加Growth of micro organisms (increased protein in intestine)細(xì)菌細(xì)菌增殖（腸內(nèi)蛋白質(zhì)含量增加）增殖（腸內(nèi)蛋白質(zhì)含量增加）Cowieson et al., 2009Phytates植酸鹽植酸鹽Colon結(jié)腸結(jié)腸CONFIDENTIAL222013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Sialic acid are compounds of the oligosaccharide units of glycoprotei

29、ns and mucins唾液酸是由糖蛋白和粘蛋白這類低聚糖復(fù)合而成的唾液酸是由糖蛋白和粘蛋白這類低聚糖復(fù)合而成的Mucins play a key role in maintaining the integrity of the gastro-intestinal tract粘蛋白在維持胃腸道完整性方面起著至關(guān)重要的作用粘蛋白在維持胃腸道完整性方面起著至關(guān)重要的作用Glycoproteins containing sialic acid are constituent of plasma membrane組成唾液酸的糖蛋白是胞漿膜的成分組成唾液酸的糖蛋白是胞漿膜的成分No sialic ac

30、id was fed to birds in study indication of excess endogenous production of mucins 在研究中，禽類不飼喂唾液酸在研究中，禽類不飼喂唾液酸 內(nèi)源內(nèi)源粘蛋白產(chǎn)生過量粘蛋白產(chǎn)生過量Phytates植酸鹽植酸鹽Cowieson et al.CONFIDENTIAL232013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Sialic acid mg唾液酸唾液酸mgCowieson et al. Effect of IP6 on sialic acid excretionIP6對唾液酸分泌的影響對唾液酸分泌的影響+185%- 54%P

31、0.01aabcb對照組對照組植酸酶植酸酶IP6植酸酶植酸酶+IP6CONFIDENTIAL242013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略mg/kg DM intake mg/kg攝入攝入DMCowieson ,Ravindran ,SelleEffect of phytic acid (PA) and bacterial enzyme on ileal endogenous flow of some amino acids植酸（植酸（PA）和細(xì)菌酶對回腸內(nèi)源性氨基酸流的影響）和細(xì)菌酶對回腸內(nèi)源性氨基酸流的影響P0.05abcabcabcabc對照組對照組PAPA+酶酶異亮氨酸異亮氨酸亮氨酸

32、亮氨酸苯丙氨酸苯丙氨酸賴氨酸賴氨酸CONFIDENTIAL252013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Dietary phytate has the capacity to influence secretion and absorption dynamics in the gastro - intestinal tract 飼料中的植酸鹽影響胃腸道分泌和吸飼料中的植酸鹽影響胃腸道分泌和吸收功能收功能This is most probably due to the reactive nature of phytate and electrostatic aggregation of die

33、tary protein主要是由于植酸鹽和飼料中的蛋白主要是由于植酸鹽和飼料中的蛋白質(zhì)發(fā)生靜電聚集質(zhì)發(fā)生靜電聚集1 g of phytate can bind 10 g of protein up to 50% of dietary protein level can be negatively influenced by the phytate: protein complex formation 1g植酸鹽可以結(jié)合植酸鹽可以結(jié)合10g蛋白質(zhì)蛋白質(zhì) 植酸鹽：蛋白質(zhì)的復(fù)合物對植酸鹽：蛋白質(zhì)的復(fù)合物對50%以上的日糧蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)生不良影響以上的日糧蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)生不良影響The loss of endog

34、enous protein has a direct effect on the digestible energy value of the diet內(nèi)源蛋白質(zhì)損失直接影響日糧消化能內(nèi)源蛋白質(zhì)損失直接影響日糧消化能Phytates: effect on endogenous loss植酸鹽：對內(nèi)源損失的影響植酸鹽：對內(nèi)源損失的影響 Cowieson & RavindranCONFIDENTIAL262013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略FEEDING:HEMAGGLUTINS飼料：血凝素飼料：血凝素CONFIDENTIAL272013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Borg

35、es et al.Cheeke, MaenzHemagglutins (lectins) are glycoprotein present in many vegetables, especially in Phaseolus spp. 血凝素（植物凝集素）是一種糖蛋白，存在于多種血凝素（植物凝集素）是一種糖蛋白，存在于多種植物，特別是菜豆中植物，特別是菜豆中The definition “hemagglutin” is due to the capacity to agglutinate erytrocites of various spp.“血凝素血凝素”-各種豆科植物使血細(xì)胞凝結(jié)的能力各

36、種豆科植物使血細(xì)胞凝結(jié)的能力They react with the intestine mucosa, causing severe damage, impaired nutrient absorption and poor growth與腸粘膜反應(yīng)，導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的粘膜損傷，影與腸粘膜反應(yīng)，導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的粘膜損傷，影響營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)吸收、引起生長受阻響營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)吸收、引起生長受阻60% of soybean lectins get intact into small intestine link with carbohydrates of cell membrane micro villi distructi

37、on and increased turnover of intestine cells 60%大豆凝集素可以完整大豆凝集素可以完整到達(dá)小腸到達(dá)小腸 與細(xì)胞膜上的碳水化合物結(jié)合與細(xì)胞膜上的碳水化合物結(jié)合 微絨毛損傷，小腸細(xì)胞周轉(zhuǎn)率微絨毛損傷，小腸細(xì)胞周轉(zhuǎn)率加快加快Hemagglutins (lectins) 血凝素（植物凝集素）血凝素（植物凝集素）CONFIDENTIAL282013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略They can also link with carbohydrates present in the intestine mucosa :凝集素也能與小腸粘膜上的碳水化合物結(jié)

38、合：凝集素也能與小腸粘膜上的碳水化合物結(jié)合：Breaking of the intestinal ephytelium reduced villi height/ surface破壞小腸上皮細(xì)胞破壞小腸上皮細(xì)胞 降低絨毛高度降低絨毛高度/表面積表面積Changes in the enzymatic activity of the mucosa of the brush border刷狀緣粘膜上的酶活性改變刷狀緣粘膜上的酶活性改變Hyper secretion of endogenous protein hyperplasia in small intestine內(nèi)源蛋白質(zhì)過度分泌內(nèi)源蛋白質(zhì)過度

39、分泌 小腸增生小腸增生Increase of the number of caliciform cells increased mucus production and reduced absorption of nutrients 杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加 粘液增加，降低營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)吸收粘液增加，降低營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)吸收 Hemagglutins (lectins)血凝素（植物凝集素）血凝素（植物凝集素）Borges et al.CONFIDENTIAL292013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Accumulation of nutrients in GI tract胃腸道營養(yǎng)物富積胃腸道

40、營養(yǎng)物富積Loss of endogenous protein內(nèi)源蛋白損失內(nèi)源蛋白損失Cells fusion細(xì)胞融合細(xì)胞融合 Cells lesions細(xì)胞病變細(xì)胞病變Hemagglutins in feed飼料中的凝集素飼料中的凝集素Link with enterocytes與腸細(xì)胞結(jié)合與腸細(xì)胞結(jié)合Digestion消化消化 Absorption吸收吸收Performance生產(chǎn)性能生產(chǎn)性能Hemagglutins (lectins)血凝素（植物凝集素）血凝素（植物凝集素）A. Maiorka, Master Intestine Quality吸收細(xì)胞隱窩杯狀細(xì)胞固有層粘膜肌層內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞C

41、ONFIDENTIAL302013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Raw soybean mealfed for 3 days飼喂生豆粕飼喂生豆粕3天天Raw soybean mealfed for 10 days飼喂生豆粕飼喂生豆粕10天天Processed soybean meal fed for 10 days飼喂加工后的豆粕飼喂加工后的豆粕10天天Durigan, by Borges et al.Hemagglutins (lectins): effect on small intestine villi血凝素（植物凝集素）：對小腸絨毛的影響血凝素（植物凝集素）：對小腸絨毛的影響C

42、ONFIDENTIAL312013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Intestinal lesions caused by hemagglutins凝集素引起小腸病變凝集素引起小腸病變VI = Normal villi VI=正常絨毛正常絨毛VE = Damaged villi extrudedVE=受損絨毛受損絨毛-倒伏的倒伏的VEAB = antinutritional factorB=抗?fàn)I養(yǎng)因子抗?fàn)I養(yǎng)因子A. Maiorka, Master Intestine Quality (Giachetto)A = normal A=正常正常VIHemagglutins (lectins)血凝

43、素（植物凝集素）血凝素（植物凝集素）CONFIDENTIAL322013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Soybean meal豆粕豆粕TIA (mg/g)Lectin(mg/g)凝集素凝集素Weight gain (g)增重增重Raw Conventional生的傳統(tǒng)的生的傳統(tǒng)的30.308.375 dRaw low TIA 生的低生的低TIA的的0.048.3134 bRaw low lectin生的低凝集素的生的低凝集素的28.400.093 cCommercial商業(yè)性的商業(yè)性的199 aPerssonAntinutritional effect of soybean on bro

44、iler performance (day 8-17 of age) 大豆對肉仔雞生產(chǎn)性能的不良影響（大豆對肉仔雞生產(chǎn)性能的不良影響（8-17日齡）日齡）Hemagglutins (lectins)血凝素（植物凝集素）血凝素（植物凝集素）TIA = Trypsin Inhibitory ActivityTIA=胰蛋白酶抑制因子胰蛋白酶抑制因子P0.05CONFIDENTIAL332013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略FEEDING:NON STARCH POLYSACCHARIDES飼料：非淀粉多糖飼料：非淀粉多糖CONFIDENTIAL342013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略L

45、ong chain carbohydrates, mainly present in the cell wall of vegetables長鏈碳水化合物，主要存在于植物細(xì)胞壁中長鏈碳水化合物，主要存在于植物細(xì)胞壁中All cereals used in broiler diets contain NSPs用于肉仔雞飼料中的所用于肉仔雞飼料中的所有谷物都含有有谷物都含有NSPsNon Starch Polysaccharides非淀粉多糖非淀粉多糖Souza, Cousins, YeganiCONFIDENTIAL352013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略CATEGORY類別類別MONO

46、MERIC RESIDUES殘基殘基SOURCES來源來源Cellulose纖維素纖維素Glucose葡萄糖葡萄糖Most cereals & legumes大部分谷物和豆類大部分谷物和豆類Mixed linked glucans 葡聚糖葡聚糖Glucose葡萄糖葡萄糖Barley, oats, rye大麥，燕麥，黑麥大麥，燕麥，黑麥Arabinoxylans阿拉伯木聚糖阿拉伯木聚糖Xylose, arabinose木糖，阿拉伯糖木糖，阿拉伯糖Rye, wheat, barley黑麥，小麥，大麥黑麥，小麥，大麥Arabinogalactans阿拉伯半乳聚糖阿拉伯半乳聚糖Galactos

47、e, arabinose半乳糖，阿拉伯糖半乳糖，阿拉伯糖Cereals & by products谷物及其副產(chǎn)品谷物及其副產(chǎn)品Xyloglucans木葡聚糖木葡聚糖Glucose, xylose葡萄糖，木糖葡萄糖，木糖Cereal & cereal flours谷物以谷物以及谷物面粉及谷物面粉Rhamnogalacturans鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸聚糖鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸聚糖Uronic acids, rhamnose糖醛酸，鼠李糖糖醛酸，鼠李糖Pea hulls豌豆殼豌豆殼Galactans半乳聚糖半乳聚糖Galactose半乳糖半乳糖Soybean meal, sugar beet

48、pulp豆粕，甜菜粕豆粕，甜菜粕YeganiCell wall NSPs細(xì)胞壁細(xì)胞壁NSPsCONFIDENTIAL362013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略CATEGORY類別類別MONOMERIC RESIDUES殘基殘基SOURCES來源來源Fructans果聚糖果聚糖Fructose果糖果糖Rye黑麥黑麥Mannans甘露聚糖甘露聚糖Mannose甘露糖甘露糖Coconut cake, palm cake椰子餅，棕櫚餅椰子餅，棕櫚餅Pectins果膠果膠Uronic acids, rhamnose糖醛酸，鼠李糖糖醛酸，鼠李糖Apple, sugar beet pulp 蘋果，甜菜

49、粕蘋果，甜菜粕Galactomannans半半乳甘露聚糖乳甘露聚糖Galactose, mannose半乳糖，甘露糖半乳糖，甘露糖Guar gum瓜爾豆膠瓜爾豆膠YeganiNon cell wall NSPs非細(xì)胞壁非細(xì)胞壁NSPsCONFIDENTIAL372013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Negative effect on:不良作用于：不良作用于：- enzymatic activity酶活酶活- bile salt activity膽汁鹽分泌膽汁鹽分泌- transport of nutrients營養(yǎng)素轉(zhuǎn)運營養(yǎng)素轉(zhuǎn)運They absorb water and increa

50、se the intestine viscosity非淀粉多非淀粉多糖吸收水，增加腸道食糜粘度糖吸收水，增加腸道食糜粘度Diets with high viscosity increase microbial activity, due to more undigested nutrients available in the anterior part of the gastro-intestinal tract, resulting in higher microbial fermentation 日糧粘度高可日糧粘度高可提高微生物活性，由于未消化的可被利用營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)蓄積在胃腸道前端，引起提

51、高微生物活性，由于未消化的可被利用營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)蓄積在胃腸道前端，引起微生物大量發(fā)酵微生物大量發(fā)酵 Reduced performance降低生產(chǎn)性能降低生產(chǎn)性能Non Starch Polysaccharides非淀粉多糖非淀粉多糖Souza, CousinsCONFIDENTIAL382013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略 Non Starch Polysaccharides非淀粉多糖非淀粉多糖Increased prod. of endogenous enzymes提高內(nèi)源酶產(chǎn)生量提高內(nèi)源酶產(chǎn)生量Increased substrate concentration增加底物濃度增加底物濃度N

52、SP非淀粉多糖非淀粉多糖Reduced digestion and absorption消化和吸收受阻消化和吸收受阻Reduced weight gain Worse FCR降低日增重和飼料轉(zhuǎn)化效率降低日增重和飼料轉(zhuǎn)化效率Proliferation of intestinal flora腸道微生物增殖腸道微生物增殖Reduced intestinal transit降低降低腸道營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運速率腸道營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運速率Increased intestinal viscosity增加腸道食糜粘度增加腸道食糜粘度Reduced interactionenzymes /substrate減弱酶減弱酶/底物

53、相互作用底物相互作用Increased production of mucopolisaccarides提高粘多糖生成量提高粘多糖生成量Increased losses for maintenance維持代謝增強維持代謝增強A. Maiorka, Master Intestine Quality (Buhler et al.) CONFIDENTIAL392013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略 Effect of NPS on the metabolism of intestine AA and flora非淀粉多糖對小腸氨基酸和微生物區(qū)系代謝的影響非淀粉多糖對小腸氨基酸和微生物區(qū)系代謝

54、的影響Dietary amino acids日糧氨基酸日糧氨基酸Antimicrobials抗生素抗生素 Increase CytokinesPre inflamation炎性細(xì)胞因子增加炎性細(xì)胞因子增加Increased use of AA by mucosa粘膜對氨粘膜對氨基酸的利用提高基酸的利用提高Proliferating crypt cells隱窩細(xì)胞增殖隱窩細(xì)胞增殖Bacterias細(xì)菌細(xì)菌Villi絨毛絨毛Reduced AA absorption氨基酸吸收降低氨基酸吸收降低Blood血液血液NH4Toxins毒素毒素A. Maiorka, Master Intestine Qu

55、ality (Burrin & Stoll)CONFIDENTIAL402013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Colony forming units (log CFU/g) and viscosity (Pa-s) in cecal content in broilers fed with corn or wheat + barley diets玉米或小麥玉米或小麥+大麥日糧對肉仔雞大麥日糧對肉仔雞盲腸內(nèi)容物中微生物定植盲腸內(nèi)容物中微生物定植(log CFU/g)和粘度和粘度(Pa-s)的影響的影響 Diet日糧日糧Corn玉米玉米Wheat + barley小麥小麥+大麥大麥

56、Facultative兼性菌兼性菌8.9 a10.0 bE. Coli大腸桿菌大腸桿菌5.6 a6.5 bViscosity*粘度粘度1,074 a1,638 b* Supernatant of intestinal content (Pascal-seconds)腸道內(nèi)容物上清液（帕斯卡腸道內(nèi)容物上清液（帕斯卡/秒）秒） A. Maiorka, Master Intestine Quality (Mathlouthi et al.)Non Starch Polysaccharides非淀粉多糖非淀粉多糖P0.05CONFIDENTIAL412013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略Non

57、Starch Polysaccharides非淀粉多糖非淀粉多糖A. Maiorka, Master Intestine QualityCONFIDENTIAL422013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略FEEDING:TANNINS飼料：單寧飼料：單寧CONFIDENTIAL432013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略 Naturally phenolic compounds, based on gallic esters of glucose or oligomers of flavanoids自然存在的酚醛類化合物，是葡萄糖酸酯或自然存在的酚醛類化合物，是葡萄糖酸酯或類黃酮低聚物

58、類黃酮低聚物Present in sorghum, millet, barley, faba beans, .存在于高粱、粟、存在于高粱、粟、大麥、蠶豆中大麥、蠶豆中High molecular weight分子量大分子量大Can precipitate (different from others phenolic compounds/ polyphenols )可沉淀（不同于其它酚醛化合物可沉淀（不同于其它酚醛化合物/多酚）多酚）- proteins蛋白蛋白- lipids脂類脂類- metallic iones金屬離子金屬離子- amino acids氨基酸氨基酸- polysaccha

59、rides 多糖多糖Tannins - basic characteristics單寧單寧-特性特性Maiorka, Master Intestine QualityT. AcamovicCONFIDENTIAL442013肉仔雞腸道健康攻略肉仔雞腸道健康攻略 Similar to many others anti nutritional factors, they 與其它抗?fàn)I養(yǎng)因子相似：與其它抗?fàn)I養(yǎng)因子相似：stimulate the secretion of endogenous protein in the intestine刺激刺激腸內(nèi)源蛋白質(zhì)分泌腸內(nèi)源蛋白質(zhì)分泌cause the e

60、rosion of the intestinal mucosa損害腸粘膜損害腸粘膜cause necropsy of villi導(dǎo)致絨毛倒伏受損導(dǎo)致絨毛倒伏受損increase the number of goblet (caliciform )cells增加杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加杯狀細(xì)胞數(shù)量create insoluble complex that can be used by the intestinal population as a substrate, favoring the development of Necrotic Enteritis產(chǎn)生不溶性復(fù)合物，此類物質(zhì)被腸道菌群作為基質(zhì)，引起壞死性產(chǎn)生不溶性復(fù)合物，此類物質(zhì)被腸道菌群作為基