中大本科生化試題重點_第1頁
中大本科生化試題重點_第2頁
中大本科生化試題重點_第3頁
中大本科生化試題重點_第4頁
中大本科生化試題重點_第5頁
已閱讀5頁,還剩50頁未讀, 繼續(xù)免費閱讀

下載本文檔

版權說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內容提供方,若內容存在侵權,請進行舉報或認領

文檔簡介

1、05年生物化學期末試卷班級學號姓名一名詞解釋(10分)1. 蛋白質變性作用 2.Edman降解 3. 同工酶 4. 增色效應 5. 別構效應二說明生化外文縮寫符號(10分)1. tRNA 2. NAD 3.Ribozyme 4.cAMP 5. GSH 6. TPP 7. Tm 8.pI 9. FAD 10. CoA 三填空題(20分)1. 1.        分離蛋白質混合物的各種方法主要是根據(jù)蛋白質在溶液中的下列性質()、()、()、()和()。2. 2.     

2、0;  常用于氨基酸定量分析的顏色反應是()。3. 3.        肽鏈的N末端可以用()法、()法、()法和()法測定;而()法和()法則是測定C末端氨基酸最常用的方法。4. 4.        氨基酸在蛋白質中都是L型的,其中()、()和苯丙氨酸在紫外光區(qū)有吸收。5. 5.        磺胺藥物是()的結構類似物,能抑制()酶的活性,最后導致對細菌生長繁殖的抑制。6.

3、 6.        1953年,Watson 和Crick提出了DNA的()模型,該構象是最常見的()構象,穩(wěn)定該構象的作用力主要有()、()。7. 7.        能使蛋白質沉淀的方法有()、()、()、()、()。8. 8.        金屬離子對酶的激活作用有兩種,一是作為(),二是作為()。9. 9.      

4、  pH影響酶活力的原因可能有:(1)();(2)();(3)()。10. 10.     DNA變性后,紫外吸收能力(),沉降速度(),粘度()。四判斷正誤。若是錯誤的,請改正或說明(20分)1. 1.        某一生物樣品,與茚三酮反應呈陰性,用羧肽酶A和B作用后測不到游離氨基酸,用胰凝乳蛋白酶作用后也不失活,因此可以肯定它屬于非肽類物質。()2. 2.        含有四個二硫鍵的胰臟核糖核酸

5、酶,若用巰基乙醇和尿素使其還原和變性,由于化學鍵遭到破壞和高級結構松散,已經(jīng)無法恢復其原有功能。()3. 3.        鐮刀型紅細胞貧血病是一種先天遺傳性的分子病,其病因是由于正常血紅蛋白分子中的一個谷氨酸殘基被纈氨酸殘基所置換。()4. 4.        輔基和輔酶的區(qū)別只在于它們與蛋白質結合的牢固程度不同,并無嚴格的界限。()5. 5.        別構酶除有與底物結合的活

6、性部位外,還有與別構效應物結合的別構中心。()6. 6.        具有正協(xié)同效應的酶,其Hill系數(shù)總是小于1。()7. 7.        雙鏈DNA中一條鏈上某一片斷為pCCATATTG,那么另一條鏈相應的片斷為pGGTATAAC。()8. 8.        Southern印跡法、Northern印跡法和Western印跡法是分別用于研究RNA、DNA和蛋白質的有關技術。(

7、)9. 9.        生物體內核酸和蛋白質兩種大分子均能吸收紫外光,但最大吸收峰不同。()10. 10.    甲狀旁腺激素的生理效應是調節(jié)鈣磷的正常代謝,降低血鈣。()五單項選擇題(20分)1. 1.        下列那一項不是輔酶的功能: A. 轉移基團 B. 傳遞氫 C. 傳遞電子 D. 決定酶的專一性2. 2.        酶的競爭性抑制劑

8、具有下列那種動力學效應: A. Vmax不變,Km 減小 B. Vmax不變,Km增大 C. Vmax增大,Km不變 D. Vmax減小,Km不變3. 3.        如果要測定一個小肽的氨基酸順序,下列試劑中你認為最合適的是: A. 茚三酮 B. CNBr C. 胰蛋白酶 D. 苯異硫氰酸酯4. 4.        tRNA在3末端有: A.CCAOH B. polyA尾巴 C. 帽子結構 D.啟動子5. 5.   &#

9、160;    加入下列那種試劑不會導致蛋白質變性: A. 尿素 B. 鹽酸胍 C. SDS D. 硫酸胺6. 6.        下列那種輔酶分子中不含核苷酸成分: A.TPP B. NADP C. FMN D. CoA-SH 7. 7.        細胞內cAMP發(fā)揮作用時首先需要激活的酶是: A. 磷酸二酯酶 B. 磷酸化激酶 C. 蛋白激酶 D. 磷酸化酶a8. 8.    &

10、#160;   胰島素對代謝的影響是多方面的,它能: A. 增加糖原的分解 B. 引起細胞內cAMP增加 C. 促進脂肪分解 D. 增加蛋白質和糖原的合成9. 9.        在凝血過程中發(fā)揮作用的許多凝血因子的生物合成依賴于下列哪種維生素: A. 維生素K B. 維生素E C. 維生素C D. 維生素A10. 10.    米氏方程雙倒數(shù)作圖的縱軸截距所對應的動力學常數(shù)為() A. Km B. Vmax C. KmVmax D. VmaxKm11. 11. &

11、#160;  對于具有正協(xié)同效應的酶,其反應速度分別為0.9 Vmax和0.1Vmax時的底物濃度之比(S0.9S0.1)應是() A. 81 B. 81 C. 81 D. 不確定六問答與計算(20分)1. 1.        簡述酶(蛋白質)分離純化的基本原則。試舉出至少兩種純化蛋白質的常用方法,并說明其原理。2. 2.        舉例說明激素的兩種作用方式。3. 3.      

12、   稱取25毫克蛋白酶粉配制成25毫升酶溶液,從中取出0.1毫升酶液,以酪蛋白為底物用Folin-酚比色法測定酶活力,得知每小時產生1500微克酪氨酸。另取2毫升酶液用凱氏定氮法測得蛋白氮為0.2毫克。若以每分鐘產生1微克酪氨酸的酶量為1個活力單位計算,根據(jù)以上數(shù)據(jù),求出:(1)1毫升酶液中所含蛋白質量及活力單位。(2)比活力。(3)1克酶制劑的總蛋白含量及總活力。成績06年生物化學期末試卷校名_ 系名_ 專業(yè)_姓名_ 學號_ 日期_(請考生注意:本試卷共頁)大題一二三四五六成績一、選擇題(從4個備選答案中選出1個唯一正確的答案,把答案代碼填入題末的括號內)(本大題分11

13、小題, 每小題1分, 共11分)1、進行肽的人工合成時,采用下列哪種方法可以活化氨基?乙?;?;烷基化;加入三乙胺;疊氮化。答()2、下面哪位學者用不含酵母細胞的酵母汁實現(xiàn)了發(fā)酵,證明了發(fā)酵與細胞的活動無直接關系?Lavoisier;Scheele;Pasteur;Bchner兄弟答()3、HMS(磷酸已糖支路)是糖的一條有氧代謝途徑,下列哪項陳述是錯誤的?該途徑與還原性的合成反應密切相關;該途徑的中間物可進入酵解途徑;該途徑聯(lián)系戊糖代謝與已糖代謝;該途徑存在于線粒體基質。答()4、目前對生物氧化的研究越來越多地采用:純化電子傳遞鏈片段或電子傳遞體復合物進行體外重組的研究方法;同位素標記電子傳遞

14、體的方法;SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳法;組織化學法。答()5、下列關于電子傳遞鏈的敘述,哪項正確?電子傳遞過程依賴于氧化磷酸化;電子從NADH轉移給氧的過程,形成3分子ATP;電子從NADH轉移給氧的過程,自由能變化為正值;電子可從CoQ直接轉移到分子氧。答()6、下列激素中,能促進血糖濃度升高的是胰島素;腎上腺素;甲狀腺素;胃泌素。答()7、如果用14C標記葡萄糖的C1位,經(jīng)酵解途徑,14C將出現(xiàn)在丙酮酸的什么部位?C1位;C2位;C3位;C1和C3位。答()8、合成卵磷脂所需要的是哪一種活性膽堿?GDP-膽堿;ADP-膽堿;CDP-膽堿;UDP-膽堿。答()9、下列哪一種是合成膽固醇的限速

15、酶?b-羥-b-甲基戊二酸單酰CoA還原酶;b-羥-b-甲基戊二酸單酰CoA合成酶;b,d-二羥-b-甲基戊酸激酶;鯊烯合成酶。答()10、下列化合物中哪一種是三脂酰甘油生物合成的第一個中間產物?單脂酰甘油;二脂酰甘油;溶血磷脂酸;磷脂酸。答()11、下列關于肉堿功能的敘述,哪一種是正確的?轉運長碳鏈的脂肪酸進入腸上皮細胞;轉運中短碳鏈的脂肪酸通過線粒體內膜;參與脂酰移位酶促反應;為脂肪酸合成時所需的一種載體。答()二、填空題(本大題共8小題,總計17分)1、(本小題1分)當?shù)鞍踪|氨基酸殘基疏水側鏈折疊到分子內部時,環(huán)境中水的熵_。2、(本小題1分)參與琥珀酸脫氫生成延胡索酸反應的輔酶是_。3

16、、(本小題1分)由于細胞內色氨酸濃度的增加而使色氨酸合成酶基因表達減少的機制稱為_ _。4、(本小題2分)蛋白質主鏈構象的單元包括_、_、_和_。5、(本小題2分)維生素D的化學本質是_化合物,它在人體內具有生物活性的分子形式為_。6、(本小題3分)脂肪組織中的脂肪酶有_,_和_三種。7、(本小題3分)氨基酸分解代謝中能產生乙酰CoA再進入三羧酸循環(huán)的途徑有3條:轉變?yōu)開再形成乙酰CoA;經(jīng)_再形成乙酰CoA;_形成乙酰CoA。8、(本小題4分)大腸桿菌pol經(jīng)枯草蛋白酶水解可得分子量為不同大小的兩個片段,其中大片段稱為_片段,具有_和_,小片段則具有_。三、判斷題(答案填在題尾的括號內,正確

17、的填“是”,錯誤的填“否”。答錯者倒扣1分)(本大題分11小題, 每小題1分, 共11分)1、酮體在肝臟產生和分解。答()2、賴氨酸與亞硝酸作用時,不僅a-氨基,e-氨基也能與亞硝酸反應。答()3、所有的肽都具有雙縮脲反應,無一例外。答()4、含F(xiàn)AD或FMN的黃素蛋白能與電子受體起反應。答()5、NAD+和NADH的互變在于吡啶環(huán)上氮原子價數(shù)的改變和C4的加氫和去氫。答()6、所有乙酰CoA都必需羧化轉變成丙二酸單酰CoA才能參與脂肪酸的從頭合成。答()7、氨酰tRNA上tRNA與氨基酸之間相連的鍵是個高能酯鍵。答()8、同工酶是由相同基因編碼的,具有相同催化功能的一組酶。答()9、肝臟中果

18、糖激酶催化果糖生成1-磷酸果糖,再由變位酶催化生成6-磷酸果糖,從而進入酵解途徑。答()10、蛋白激酶A,蛋白激酶C和蛋白激酶G都屬于絲氨酸、蘇氨酸蛋白激酶。答()11、限速反應決定著整個代謝途徑的反應速度,所以它在途徑中的位置是固定不變的。答()四、名詞解釋(本大題共6小題,總計18分)1、(本小題3分)抗體(antibody,Ab)2、(本小題3分)可逆抑制劑(reversible inhibitor)3、(本小題3分)聯(lián)合脫氨基作用(Co-deamination)4、(本小題3分)DNA半不連續(xù)復制(DNA semidiscontinuous replication)5、(本小題3分)無

19、義突變(nonsense mutation)6、(本小題3分)持家基因(housekeeping gene)五、問答題(本大題共5小題,總計24分)1、(本小題4分)試述大腸桿菌新合成的多肽的主要去向。2、(本小題5分)維生素分類依據(jù)是什么?每類包含哪些維生素?3、(本小題5分)生物體內核苷酸有兩條完全不同的合成途徑,試簡述兩條途徑的名稱和特點。4、(本小題5分)應用遺傳學方法可以間接證明了大腸桿菌的DNA分子是環(huán)狀的,生物化學上如何應用同位素標記直接證明?5、(本小題5分)試以脂肪酸代謝為例說明生物膜的分隔效應在代謝調節(jié)中的意義。六、分析計算(本大題共3小題,總計19分)1、(本小題5分)某

20、酶的底物是弱酸性的A-離子(pKa=4.5)。該酶活性部位含有表現(xiàn)活性所必需的質子化的His殘基(pK=6.5)。問這個催化反應的最適pH可能是多少?2、(本小題5分)設1mol葡萄糖酵解產生2mol乳酸,DG0'=-196.6kJ/mol,1mol葡萄糖完全氧化成CO2和水,DG0'=-2870kJ/mol。計算乳酸完全氧化時的氧化磷酸化效率(每生成1mol ATP以貯能30.5kJ計算)。3、(本小題9分)某一斷裂環(huán)狀DNA分子(Mr=8´106),在pH12.5時得到四個線狀ssDNA(單鏈DNA),它們的Mr分別為:Mr1=4´106,Mr2=2&#

21、180;106,Mr3=1.5´106,Mr4=0.5´106;試問該斷裂環(huán)狀DNA分子有幾個裂口?請畫出各個裂口的相對位置。Answer Sheet for Biochemistry (I)Final Exam (fall, 2004)NameClass ScorePart I1. B 2.C 3.E 4.D 5. B 6. C 7.D 8.B 9.B 10. E 11. D 12.A 13.B 14.E 15. B 16. D 17.E 18. B Part II19: a) B b) C c) H d) F e) E 20: a) B b) D c) A d) B e

22、) B 21: a) A b) E c) D d) C e) B f) F 22: a) A b) E c) F d) B e) C f) D 23: a) A b) D c) B d) C e) C f) D 24: a) A b) B c) C d) D e) F 25: a) A b) C c) D d) E e) B 26: a) C b) A c) E d) B e) D f) F 27: a) E b) G c) H d) D e) C f) A g) B 28: a) A b) B c) C d) D e) A f) B,C,D g) B,C h) K i) I j) E k)

23、H l) F m) G n) L o) M,N p) L NameClass ScoreBiochemistry (I) Final Exam (fall, 2004)NOTE: You must write your answer on the answer sheet!Part I: For the following multiple choice questions, one answer is most appropriate (2.5´18 = 45 points).1. With regard to amino acids, which statement is fal

24、se?A) Amino acids can act as proton donors and acceptors.B) All amino acids discovered in organism are L enantiomers.C) An L amino acid can be Dextrorotary.D) A conjugate acid/base pair is at its greatest buffering capacity when the pH equals its pK.E) Non-standard amino acids can be found in the hy

25、drolysis product of a protein.2. A mixture of Ala, Arg, and Asp in a pH 5.5 buffer was placed on a cation exchange column (the column isnegatively charged) and eluted with the same buffer. What is the order of elution from the column? Use these pKa values:terminal COOH - 2, terminal NH3+- 9, R-amino

26、 - 10, R-COOH - 3A)Arg, Ala then AspB)Arg, Asp then AlaC)Asp, Ala then ArgD)Asp, Arg then AspE)Ala, Asp then Arg3. Proteins can be chromatographically separated by their different A) Charge.B) Molecular weight.C) Hydrophobicity.D) Affinity for other molecules.E) All of above.4. A peptide was found t

27、o have a molecular mass of about 650 and upon hydrolysis produced Ala, Cys, Lys,Phe, and Val in a 1:1:1:1:1 ratio. The peptide upon treatment with Sanger's reagent (FDNB) produced NP-Cysand exposure to carboxypeptidase produced valine. Chymotrypsin treatment of the peptide produced a dipeptideth

28、at contained sulfur and has a UV absorbance, and a tripeptide. Exposure of the peptide to trypsin produced adipeptide and a tripeptide. The sequence of the peptide isA) val-ala-lys-phe-cysB) cys-lys-phe-ala-valC) cys-ala-lys-phe-valD) cys-phe-lys-ala-valE) val-phe-lys-ala-cys5. With regard to protei

29、n structure, which statement is false?A) The dominant force that drives a water-soluble protein to fold is hydrophobic interaction.B) The number of hydrogen bonds within a protein intends to be minimized.C) The conformations of a native protein are possibly the lowest energy state.D) The conformatio

30、ns of a native protein are countless.E) Disulfde bridges can increase the stability of a protein.6. Which structure is unique to collagen?A) The alpha helix.B) The double helix.C) The triple helix.D) The beta structure.E) The beta barrel.7. Which protein has quaternary structure?A) Insulin.B) A natu

31、ral antibody.C) Chymotrypsin.D) Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase).E) Myoglobin.8. Which of the following are "broad themes used in discussing enzyme reaction mechanisms"?A) Proximity stabilizationB) Transition state stabilizationC) Acid-base catalysisD) Covalent catalysisE) All of the a

32、bove9. Under physiological conditions, which of the following processes is not an important method forregulating the activity of enzymes?A) PhosphorylationB) Temperature changesC) AdenylationD) Allosteric regulationE) Protein processing10. The conversion of glucose to pyruvate is a multistep process

33、 requiring ten enzymes. If a mutation occursresulting in a lack of activity for one of these enzymes, which of the following happens?A)The concentration of the metabolic intermediate which is the substrate of the missing enzyme islikely to increase andaccumulateB)The concentration of pyruvate will i

34、ncreaseC)The cell will produce more of the other nine enzymes to maintain steady stateD)The concentration of the metabolic intermediate which is the product of the missing enzyme willdecreaseE) A and D11. Indicate which is true about enzymes.A) Enzymes are permanently changed during the conversion o

35、f substrate into product.B) Enzymes interact irreversibly with their substrates.C) Enzymes change the energy difference between substrates and products.D) Enzymes reduce the energy of activation for the conversion of reactant intoproduct.E) Enzymes increase the energy content of the products.12. Con

36、sider a reaction as follows:A + B <=> C + D, G'0 =+10.0 Kj/molHow can this reaction go forward?A) Coupling of this reaction to a highly exergonic reaction through a common intermediate.B) Immediate removal of the products.C) Addition of the appropriate enzyme.D) A and B.E) All of the above

37、.13. Which statement is not true of enzyme inhibitors? A) A competitive inhibitor binds the active site of the enzyme. B) Allosteric enzymes exhibit Michaelis-Menton kinetics. C) A noncompetitive enzyme binds elsewhere than the active site. D) Noncompetitive inhibitors cannot be completely overcome

38、by adding more substrate. E) Competitive inhibition can be completely overcome by adding more substrate.14. You could most dramatically destabilize a duplex DNA molecule in an aqueous solutionbyA) Decreasing the temperature.B) Decreasing the concentration of salt.C) Decreasing the concentration of o

39、rganic solvents.D) Adjusting the pH to a value near 7.E) Adding a detergent.15. With regard to DNA, which statement is false?A) Triple helix and tetraplextend to appear at sites where replication, recombination or transcription is initiated or regulated.B) Hydrogen bonds are the only force to stabil

40、ize DNA structure.C) The absorbance of DNA at 260 nm will rise when it is denatured.D) Z-DNA tracts may play an role in the regulation of the expression of some genes or in genetic recombination.E) B-DNA is the most stable structure in physiological condition.16. With regard to biological membrane,

41、which statement is false?A) The ratio of proteins to lipids is various in different membranes.B) The membrane with more proteins has more complicated function than that with fewer proteins. C) Each membrane has a characteristic composition oflipids.D) Lipids symmetrically distribute in the two leafl

42、ets of a membrane.E) The flip-flop movement of lipids is done by a kind of enzyme.17. Which of the following statements are true about the interactions between substrate and active site? Youcan assume that the catalysis goes to completion. Catalytic residues can be affected by pHThe majority of bond

43、s in E-S interactions are covalent bonds such as disulfide and peptide bondsThe components of a mixture of the two mirror-image isomers of a compound, called a racemicmixture, will be acted upon equally by an enzymeThe active site can alter itself to better fit the substrateThe active site is perman

44、ently altered by its interaction with substrateThe substrate is permanently altered by its interaction with active site Competitive inhibitors have no affect on the active siteA), , B), , C), , D), , E), , 18. Which of the following statements refer to glycogen ("G") and which refer to cel

45、lulose ("C")? Contains beta-1,4 glycosidic bondsCannot be digested by mammalian enzymes Straight-chain molecule of high tensile strength Contains alpha 1,6-glycosidic bonds Branched molecule Used as a structural component Used as a nutritional storage moleculeA) G= , , ; C= , , , B) G= , ,

46、 ; C= , , , C) G= , , , ; C= , , D) G= , ; C= , , , , E) G= , , ; C= , , , Part II: According to the figures and conditions provided, fill the blanks (Fewer have two or more answers, 55 points).19. Protein secondary structures and their organization (5 points).A) Parallel b-pleated sheet;B) Antipara

47、llel b-pleated sheet;C) Residues of Pro and Gly;D) Residues of Pro and Val;E) Residues of hydrophilic amino acids;F) Residues of hydrophobic amino acids;G) Residue of Arg, Lys, or His;H) Residue of Asp, or Glu.a) One domain of the protein is composed ofb) What amino acids are frequently found in 5c)

48、 If the residues at 6 is positively charged, then the residue at 7 is bestd) What residues occur mostly at 1 and 2?e) What residues occur mostly at 3 and 4?20. Several oxygen dissociation curves are shown in the following figure. (5 points).Assume that curve C corresponds to purified hemoglobin plac

49、ed in a solution containing physiologicalconcentrations of CO2 and BPG at a pH of 7.0.Below, indicate which of the curves reflects the changes noted in physiological conditions by placingthe curve # on the lines below (Use only one curve choice/physiological change):a. Decreased CO2 concentration_ b

50、. Increase BPG concentration_ c. Dissociation of hemoglobin into subunitsd. A mutation that eliminates ion pairs that stabilize the T or deoxygenated state e. Fetal hemoglobin or a mutation which increase binding affinity for oxygen 21. Supersecondary structure of proteins (5 points).A) b-a-b Loop;

51、B) Greek Key; C) a-a Corner;D) Right-handed connection between b strands; E) Not observed; F) Very rare. a. b. c. D d. e. f.22. Protein classification (5 points).A) All a; B) All b: C) a/b; D) a+b; E) Superfamily; F) Speciesa. A d. e.f.23. Kinetics of enzyme inhibition or double-substrate reaction (

52、5 points).a. Competitive inhibition Ab. Non-competitive inhibitionc. Uncompetitive inhibitiond. Mixed competitive inhibitionIf S2 and â substitute for I and á respectively, then:e. Double-substrate enzyme reaction involving a ternary complexf. Double-substrate enzyme reaction with a ping-p

53、ong mechanism24. Structure about Nucleotides and DNA (5 points) a. Exo-2´ / Endo-2´configuration of riboseb. Exo-3´ / Endo-3´configuration of ribosec. Hoogsteen Pairsd. Can form cruciform structuree. Can form H-DNA25. Biomembrane lipids (5 points)a. Sphingolipidsb. Phospholipase

54、A1c. Phospholipase A2d. Phospholipase Ce. Sphingosine26. Classes of membrane transports (5 points)a. Passive-transporters C b. Primary Active transportc. Secondary Active transportd. Channelse. Pumpsf. Active co-transporters27.Mechanism of Ach-gated ion channel (left, a cross section at the gate) or voltage-gated Na+ channel (right, vertical views).A) Inactive / activateable state of Na+ channel;B) Inactive / inactivateable state of Na+ channel;C) Inactivateable state of Na+ channel;D) Active state of Na+ channel;E) The 2nd tansmembrane helix of a, b, g, or d subunit;F)

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內容里面會有圖紙預覽,若沒有圖紙預覽就沒有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權益所有人同意不得將文件中的內容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內容負責。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權或不適當內容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準確性、安全性和完整性, 同時也不承擔用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

評論

0/150

提交評論