句子成分及基本句型

1、句子成分及基本句型【句子的成分】 在英文中句子成分包括：主語、謂語、賓語（直接賓語、間接賓語）、表語、定語和狀語、賓語補足語等。 （一）主語：主語是謂語講述的對象，表示所說的“是什么”或“是誰”。一般由名詞、代詞、不定式或相當于名詞的詞或短語來充當。它在句首。如： （1）Lucy is a beautiful nurse. （名詞作主語） （2）He reads newspapers every day. （代詞作主語） （3）Smoking is harmful to the health. （動名詞作主語） （4）To swim in Kunming Lake is a great ple

2、asure.（不定式作主語） （5）What we should do is not yet decided. （主語從句作主語） （二）謂語 說明主語“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么樣”。謂語（謂語部分里主要的詞）必須是動詞。謂語和主語在人稱和數(shù)兩方面必須一致。它在主語后面。 如：His parents are teachers. （系動詞和表語一起作謂語） We study hard. （行為動詞作謂語） We dont finish reading the book. （助動詞和行為動詞一起作謂語） He can speak English. （情態(tài)動詞和行為動詞一起作謂語） （三）賓語 賓

3、語是動作、行為的對象，由名詞、代詞、不定式或相當于名詞的詞、短語來擔(dān)任，它和及物動詞一起說明主語做什么。一般放在謂語之后。 She is doing her homework now.（名詞作賓語） She says（that）she is ill.（賓語從句作動詞賓語） We often help him.（代詞作賓語） He likes to play basketball.（不定式作賓語） We enjoy listening to the music. 我們喜歡聽音樂。（動名詞短語作賓語） 說明1：賓語是及物動詞涉及到的人或物，賓語一般放在及物動詞之后。介詞后面的名詞或代詞或動名詞，稱

4、為介詞賓語。名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞常在句中做動詞賓語或介詞賓語。另外，動詞不定式可作動詞賓語；動名詞和賓語從句也可用作動詞賓語。 說明2：及物動詞作謂語時，后面要跟賓語。賓語分直接賓語和間接賓語。直接賓語是及物動詞的直接對象，直接賓語指物，間接賓語通常是及物動詞的動作所及的人，間接賓語指人。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語之前。 不是所有的及物動詞都可以用雙賓語。有的動詞可以跟。如：give, show（給看），bring, pass, buy等。如：（1）Our teacher tells us a story. （2）The sun gives us light. 間接賓語如果放在直接賓語之后，在表示“

5、人”的間接賓語之前會出現(xiàn)介詞“to”或“for”。 間接賓語前加“to”的有： give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, promise（答應(yīng)）, refuse（拒絕）等。 間接賓語加“for”的有：make, buy, do, get, play, order（命令）, sing, pay等 （1）I give him a book. 改成： （2）He passes me the book. 改成： （3）He writes me a letter. 改成： （4）

6、He will buy me some books. 改成： （5）She is making me a cake. 改成： （四）賓語補足語 在賓語后面補充說明賓語的動作、狀態(tài)、特征的成分，稱為賓語補足語。名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語以及動詞不定式、分詞等可用作賓語補足語。賓語和賓語補足語稱為復(fù)合賓語。 如：They make her happy.（形容詞） I see her dance.（不定式） Well help you to make the Olympics a success.（名詞） Please let him in.（副詞） We heard her singing a

7、song.（分詞短語） （五）表語 表語說明主語“是什么”或者“怎么樣”，由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞、不定式及相當于名詞或形容詞或短語來擔(dān)任。它的位置在系動詞后面。 如：I am a teacher.（名詞） He is always happy.（形容詞） They are on the playground now.（介詞短語） It gets cold.（形容詞） Be動詞（am，is，are, was, were）表保持（keep, stay, remain） 系動詞表改變（get， become， turn） 感官動詞（feel，sound（聽起來），seem/look（看起來），t

8、aste（嘗起來），smell（聞起來） 如：It sounds interesting.（sound為系動詞，interesting為表語） We should all remain careful. Remain（為系動詞， careful為表語）（六）定語 定語是用來修飾名詞或代詞的。形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、介詞短語、不等式或相當于形容詞的詞或短語等。 單個詞作定語時，通常放在它所修飾的名詞之前。 如：The black bike is mine.（形容詞） Whats your name?（代詞） They make paper flowers.（名詞） 說明1：當定語修飾不定代詞：

9、nothing, anything, everything, something等時，定語在不定代詞后面。 如：I tell him something interesting. （形容詞interesting作不定代詞something的后置定語） He has something to do. （to do為不定式作后置定語） 說明2：短語或從句作定語時，也放在被修飾的名詞之后。 如：The boys in the room are in Class Four. （in the room是介詞短語作the boys的后置定語。） （七）狀語 修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞。一般表示行為發(fā)生的時間、

10、地點、目的、方式、程度等意義，一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式或相當于副詞的詞或短語來表示。狀語一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。 如：He did it carefully.（副詞） We often help him.（副詞） Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.（介詞短語） When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher.（從句作時間狀語） He sits there.（副詞地點狀語） 【簡單句的五種基本句型】 A. 主語+不及物動詞(主謂) 如：The sun rises. 太陽升起

11、來。 The car stopped. 小汽車停下來了。 rise和stop都是不及物動詞，因此后邊不必加賓語。 B. 主語+及物動詞+賓語(主謂賓) 如：I love my country. He helps me. I like action movies. I buy a book. C. 主語+系動詞+表語(主系表) 如：Her brother is a driver. We feel happy.（feel為系動詞，表示感到） It gets dark.天黑了。（get為系動詞，表示變得） Tom looks ill. Tom看上去病了。（look為系動詞，表示看上去，看起來）D.

12、主語+及物動詞+雙賓語（直接賓語、間接賓語）(主謂+直賓+間賓) 如：He gives Tom a present.（雙賓語） 他給湯姆一件禮物。 Mother make a new dress for me.（雙賓語） 媽媽為我做了一件衣服。 E. 主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補足語(主+謂+賓+賓補) 如：They call her Mary.（賓補） 他們叫她Mary。 We make our classroom clean and tidy.（賓補）我們使我們的教室干凈整齊。 He always makes us laugh.（賓補） 他總使我們笑。 一、 典型例題 寫出劃線部分的句子成

13、分。 1. Lily is cleaning the desk now. 2. Her garden is the best in our town. 3. Liu Ming is thirteen years old. 4. I like this book very much. 5. The girl on the blue bike is Janes sister. 6. She didnt come to my party because she was ill. 7. Wang Ping does his homework carefully. 8. We will go to th

14、e Childrens Palace once a week. 9. They are in the classroom. 10. It sounds good. 11. His name is Paul. 12. We always go to school early. 二、 課后練習(xí) (一) 挑出下列句中的賓語 My brother doesn't do his homework. A B C D People all over the world speak English. A B C D You must pay good attention to your pronunc

15、iation. A B C D How many new words do you learn ? A B C D Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? A B C D (二) 挑出下列句中的表語 The old man is feeling very tired. A B C D Why is he worried about Jim? A B C D The leaves have turned yellow. A B C D Soon they all become intereste

16、d in the subject. A B C D She is the first to learn about it. A B C D(三) 挑出下列句中的定語 They use Mr. with the family name. A B C D What is your given name? A B C D On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. A B C D I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. A B C D The man downstairs was trying to

17、 sleep. A B C D(四) 挑出下列句中的賓語補足語 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. A B C D He asks her to take the boy out of school. A B C D She find it difficult to do the work. A B C D They call me Lily sometimes. A B C D I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. A B C D (五) 挑出下列句中的狀語

18、There is a big smile on her face. A B C D Every night he heard the noise upstairs. A B C D He began to learn English when he was eleven. A B C D The man on the motorbike is travelling to fast. A B C D With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. A B C D (六) 劃出句中的直接賓語( )和間接賓語（ ） Please t

19、ell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Does he leave any message for me? 典型例題答案 一.寫出劃線部分的句子成分。 1. 主，謂，賓，狀 2. 定，狀 3. 表 4. 謂，賓，狀 5. 定，定 6. 謂，狀 7. 謂，賓，狀 8. 謂，狀 9. 表 10. 表 11. 定，表 12. 狀，狀 課后練習(xí) (三) D D B

20、A B (四) D B D C B (五) C C A B B (六) C C C C D (七) D A D D A (八) us, 間接賓語 a story, 直接賓語 me, 間接賓語 a new bike, 直接賓語 us, 間接賓語 history, 直接賓語 Tom, 間接賓語 it, 直接賓語 me, 間接賓語 message, 直接賓語Passage 1On Sunday morning, Mr Baker takes Mike and Joan to a plane. He opens the door of the plane and lets the children i

21、n. Soon the plane begins to up. Joan looks out of the window, “Oh, were like birds in the sky!” She says. She looks at the houses, but they are like toy houses. Mike looks out of the window, too. He sees some buses. They look like toy buses. The people on the ground look very, very small, too. Then

22、the plane comes down and down, and stops on the ground. Mike and Joan are very happy. Passage 2Lily and Lucy are twins. They come from America. They came to China in 2004 because their parents came to China to work. Their father is an engineer, and their mother is a teacher. Lily and Lucy are 12 yea

23、rs old. They are in Grade 5, but they are in different classes. Lily is in Class 1 and Mary is in Class 3. They walk to school every day. They have many friends in China. The girls and their friends often play together. They like hiking with their friends in summer and making snowmen with them in wi

24、nter. They enjoy their life in China. Passage 3In a small village, there is a teacher, a doctor, a driver and a policeman. They are all good friends. What are their names? One is Mike, one is Jack, one is Tom and the other is John. Mikes, Jacks and Toms children are classmates. John has not any chil

25、dren. He teaches his friends children at school. Mike has many hens and he gives the driver and the doctor eggs. Jacks child goes to school to the doctors house. The doctors is behind Jacks. Passage 4Mr Black and Mrs. Black live at 15King Road. They have two children. One is seven and the other is n